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diff --git a/src/lib/log/logger_manager_impl.cc b/src/lib/log/logger_manager_impl.cc
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+++ b/src/lib/log/logger_manager_impl.cc
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+// Copyright (C) 2011-2022 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+//
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+#include <config.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <array>
+
+#include <log4cplus/logger.h>
+#include <log4cplus/configurator.h>
+#include <log4cplus/hierarchy.h>
+#include <log4cplus/consoleappender.h>
+#include <log4cplus/fileappender.h>
+#include <log4cplus/syslogappender.h>
+#include <log4cplus/helpers/loglog.h>
+#include <log4cplus/version.h>
+
+#include <log/logger.h>
+#include <log/logger_support.h>
+#include <log/logger_level_impl.h>
+#include <log/logger_manager.h>
+#include <log/logger_manager_impl.h>
+#include <log/log_messages.h>
+#include <log/logger_name.h>
+#include <log/logger_specification.h>
+#include <log/buffer_appender_impl.h>
+
+#include <exceptions/isc_assert.h>
+
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+
+using namespace std;
+using boost::lexical_cast;
+
+namespace isc {
+namespace log {
+
+// Reset hierarchy of loggers back to default settings.  This removes all
+// appenders from loggers, sets their severity to NOT_SET (so that events are
+// passed back to the parent) and resets the root logger to logging
+// informational messages.  (This last is not a log4cplus default, so we have to
+// explicitly reset the logging severity.)
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::processInit() {
+    storeBufferAppenders();
+
+    log4cplus::Logger::getDefaultHierarchy().resetConfiguration();
+    initRootLogger();
+}
+
+// Flush the BufferAppenders at the end of processing a new specification
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::processEnd() {
+    flushBufferAppenders();
+}
+
+// Process logging specification.  Set up the common states then dispatch to
+// add output specifications.
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::processSpecification(const LoggerSpecification& spec) {
+    string const& name(spec.getName());
+    string const& root_logger_name(getRootLoggerName());
+
+    log4cplus::Logger logger = log4cplus::Logger::getInstance(expandLoggerName(name));
+
+    // Set severity level according to specification entry.
+    logger.setLogLevel(LoggerLevelImpl::convertFromBindLevel(
+                       Level(spec.getSeverity(), spec.getDbglevel())));
+
+    // Set the additive flag.
+    logger.setAdditivity(spec.getAdditive());
+
+    // Replace all appenders for this logger.
+    logger.removeAllAppenders();
+
+    if (name == root_logger_name) {
+        // Store a copy of the root specification. It might be required later.
+        root_spec_ = spec;
+    }
+
+    // Output options given?
+    if (spec.optionCount() > 0) {
+        // If there are output options provided, continue with the given spec.
+        appenderFactory(logger, spec);
+    } else {
+        // If there are no output options, inherit them from the root logger.
+        // It's important that root_spec_.getName() is not used further since it
+        // may be different than the logger being configured here.
+        appenderFactory(logger, root_spec_);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::appenderFactory(log4cplus::Logger& logger,
+                                   LoggerSpecification const& spec) {
+    for (OutputOption const& i : spec) {
+        switch (i.destination) {
+        case OutputOption::DEST_CONSOLE:
+            createConsoleAppender(logger, i);
+            break;
+
+        case OutputOption::DEST_FILE:
+            createFileAppender(logger, i);
+            break;
+
+        case OutputOption::DEST_SYSLOG:
+            createSyslogAppender(logger, i);
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            // Not a valid destination.  As we are in the middle of updating
+            // logging destinations, we could be in the situation where
+            // there are no valid appenders.  For this reason, throw an
+            // exception.
+            isc_throw(UnknownLoggingDestination,
+                      "Unknown logging destination, code = " << i.destination);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Console appender - log to either stdout or stderr.
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::createConsoleAppender(log4cplus::Logger& logger,
+                                         const OutputOption& opt)
+{
+    log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr console(
+        new log4cplus::ConsoleAppender(
+            (opt.stream == OutputOption::STR_STDERR), opt.flush));
+
+    setAppenderLayout(console, (opt.pattern.empty() ?
+                                OutputOption::DEFAULT_CONSOLE_PATTERN : opt.pattern));
+    logger.addAppender(console);
+}
+
+// File appender.  Depending on whether a maximum size is given, either
+// a standard file appender or a rolling file appender will be created.
+// In the case of the latter, we set "UseLockFile" to true so that
+// log4cplus internally avoids race in rolling over the files by multiple
+// processes.  This feature isn't supported in log4cplus 1.0.x, but setting
+// the property unconditionally is okay as unknown properties are simply
+// ignored.
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::createFileAppender(log4cplus::Logger& logger,
+                                      const OutputOption& opt)
+{
+    // Append to existing file
+    const std::ios::openmode mode = std::ios::app;
+
+    log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr fileapp;
+    if (opt.maxsize == 0) {
+        fileapp = log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr(new log4cplus::FileAppender(
+            opt.filename, mode, opt.flush));
+    } else {
+        log4cplus::helpers::Properties properties;
+        properties.setProperty("File", opt.filename);
+
+        // log4cplus supports file sizes past INT_MAX only in suffixed format.
+        // Convert from integer.
+        uint64_t maxsize(opt.maxsize);
+        size_t i(0);
+        while (std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() < maxsize && i < 2) {
+            maxsize /= 1000;
+            ++i;
+        }
+        std::array<std::string, 3> const suffixes({"", "KB", "MB"});
+        std::string const max_file_size(to_string(maxsize) + suffixes[i]);
+
+        // If maxsize is still past INT_MAX, it will overflow in log4cplus,
+        // so stop here instead.
+        if (std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() < maxsize) {
+            isc_throw(BadValue, "expected maxsize < "
+                                << std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()
+                                << "MB, but instead got " << max_file_size);
+        }
+
+        properties.setProperty("MaxFileSize", max_file_size);
+        properties.setProperty("MaxBackupIndex",
+                               lexical_cast<string>(opt.maxver));
+        properties.setProperty("ImmediateFlush", opt.flush ? "true" : "false");
+        properties.setProperty("UseLockFile", "true");
+        fileapp = log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr(
+            new log4cplus::RollingFileAppender(properties));
+    }
+
+    setAppenderLayout(fileapp, (opt.pattern.empty() ?
+                                OutputOption::DEFAULT_FILE_PATTERN : opt.pattern));
+    logger.addAppender(fileapp);
+}
+
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::createBufferAppender(log4cplus::Logger& logger) {
+    log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr bufferapp(new internal::BufferAppender());
+    bufferapp->setName("buffer");
+    logger.addAppender(bufferapp);
+    // Since we do not know at what level the loggers will end up
+    // running, set it to the highest for now
+    logger.setLogLevel(log4cplus::TRACE_LOG_LEVEL);
+}
+
+// Syslog appender.
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::createSyslogAppender(log4cplus::Logger& logger,
+                                         const OutputOption& opt)
+{
+    log4cplus::helpers::Properties properties;
+    properties.setProperty("ident", getRootLoggerName());
+    properties.setProperty("facility", opt.facility);
+    log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr syslogapp(
+        new log4cplus::SysLogAppender(properties));
+    setAppenderLayout(syslogapp, (opt.pattern.empty() ?
+                                  OutputOption::DEFAULT_SYSLOG_PATTERN : opt.pattern));
+    logger.addAppender(syslogapp);
+}
+
+
+// One-time initialization of the log4cplus system
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::init(isc::log::Severity severity, int dbglevel,
+                        bool buffer)
+{
+    // Set up basic configurator.  This attaches a ConsoleAppender to the
+    // root logger with suitable output.  This is used until we we have
+    // actually read the logging configuration, in which case the output
+    // may well be changed.
+    log4cplus::BasicConfigurator config;
+    config.configure();
+
+    // Add the additional debug levels
+    LoggerLevelImpl::init();
+
+    initRootLogger(severity, dbglevel, buffer);
+}
+
+// Reset logging to default configuration.  This closes all appenders
+// and resets the root logger to output INFO messages to the console.
+// It is principally used in testing.
+void
+LoggerManagerImpl::reset(isc::log::Severity severity, int dbglevel)
+{
+    // Initialize the root logger
+    initRootLogger(severity, dbglevel);
+}
+
+// Initialize the root logger
+void LoggerManagerImpl::initRootLogger(isc::log::Severity severity,
+                                       int dbglevel, bool buffer)
+{
+    log4cplus::Logger::getDefaultHierarchy().resetConfiguration();
+
+    // Disable log4cplus' own logging, unless --enable-debug was
+    // specified to configure. Note that this does not change
+    // LogLog's levels (that is still just INFO).
+#ifndef ENABLE_DEBUG
+    log4cplus::helpers::LogLog::getLogLog()->setQuietMode(true);
+#endif
+
+    // Set the log4cplus root to not output anything - effectively we are
+    // ignoring it.
+    log4cplus::Logger::getRoot().setLogLevel(log4cplus::OFF_LOG_LEVEL);
+
+    // Set the level for the Kea root logger to the given severity and
+    // debug level.
+    log4cplus::Logger kea_root = log4cplus::Logger::getInstance(
+                                                    getRootLoggerName());
+    kea_root.setLogLevel(LoggerLevelImpl::convertFromBindLevel(
+                                                    Level(severity, dbglevel)));
+
+    if (buffer) {
+        createBufferAppender(kea_root);
+    } else {
+        OutputOption opt;
+        createConsoleAppender(kea_root, opt);
+    }
+}
+
+
+void LoggerManagerImpl::setAppenderLayout(
+        log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr& appender,
+        std::string pattern)
+{
+    // Finally the text of the message
+    appender->setLayout(
+#if LOG4CPLUS_VERSION < LOG4CPLUS_MAKE_VERSION(2, 0, 0)
+                        auto_ptr<log4cplus::Layout>
+#else
+                        unique_ptr<log4cplus::Layout>
+#endif
+                        (new log4cplus::PatternLayout(pattern)));
+}
+
+void LoggerManagerImpl::storeBufferAppenders() {
+    // Walk through all loggers, and find any buffer appenders there
+    log4cplus::LoggerList loggers = log4cplus::Logger::getCurrentLoggers();
+    log4cplus::LoggerList::iterator it;
+    for (it = loggers.begin(); it != loggers.end(); ++it) {
+        log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr buffer_appender =
+            it->getAppender("buffer");
+        if (buffer_appender) {
+            buffer_appender_store_.push_back(buffer_appender);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void LoggerManagerImpl::flushBufferAppenders() {
+    std::vector<log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr> copy;
+    buffer_appender_store_.swap(copy);
+
+    std::vector<log4cplus::SharedAppenderPtr>::iterator it;
+    for (it = copy.begin(); it != copy.end(); ++it) {
+        internal::BufferAppender* app =
+            dynamic_cast<internal::BufferAppender*>(it->get());
+        isc_throw_assert(app);
+        app->flush();
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace log
+} // namespace isc