Adding upstream version 6.6.15.upstream/6.6.15

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 7283 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41644336e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@
+	acpi=		[HW,ACPI,X86,ARM64,RISCV64]
+			Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
+			Format: { force | on | off | strict | noirq | rsdt |
+				  copy_dsdt }
+			force -- enable ACPI if default was off
+			on -- enable ACPI but allow fallback to DT [arm64,riscv64]
+			off -- disable ACPI if default was on
+			noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
+			strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
+				strictly ACPI specification compliant.
+			rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
+			copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
+			For ARM64 and RISCV64, ONLY "acpi=off", "acpi=on" or
+			"acpi=force" are available
+
+			See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.rst, pci=noacpi
+
+	acpi_apic_instance=	[ACPI, IOAPIC]
+			Format: <int>
+			2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
+			1,0: use 1st APIC table
+			default: 0
+
+	acpi_backlight=	[HW,ACPI]
+			{ vendor | video | native | none }
+			If set to vendor, prefer vendor-specific driver
+			(e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
+			of the ACPI video.ko driver.
+			If set to video, use the ACPI video.ko driver.
+			If set to native, use the device's native backlight mode.
+			If set to none, disable the ACPI backlight interface.
+
+	acpi_force_32bit_fadt_addr
+			force FADT to use 32 bit addresses rather than the
+			64 bit X_* addresses. Some firmware have broken 64
+			bit addresses for force ACPI ignore these and use
+			the older legacy 32 bit addresses.
+
+	acpica_no_return_repair [HW, ACPI]
+			Disable AML predefined validation mechanism
+			This mechanism can repair the evaluation result to make
+			the return objects more ACPI specification compliant.
+			This option is useful for developers to identify the
+			root cause of an AML interpreter issue when the issue
+			has something to do with the repair mechanism.
+
+	acpi.debug_layer=	[HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
+	acpi.debug_level=	[HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
+			Format: <int>
+			CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
+			debug output.  Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
+			_COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
+			    #define _COMPONENT ACPI_EVENTS
+			Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
+			ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
+			    ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
+			The debug_level mask defaults to "info".  See
+			Documentation/firmware-guide/acpi/debug.rst for more information about
+			debug layers and levels.
+
+			Enable processor driver info messages:
+			    acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
+			Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
+			object while interpreting AML:
+			    acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
+			Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
+			    acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
+
+			Some values produce so much output that the system is
+			unusable.  The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
+			if you need to capture more output.
+
+	acpi_enforce_resources=	[ACPI]
+			{ strict | lax | no }
+			Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
+			and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
+			only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
+			used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
+			can interfere with legacy drivers.
+			strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
+			is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
+			resources will fail to bind to device using them.
+			lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
+			legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
+			will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
+			no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
+			no further checks are performed.
+
+	acpi_force_table_verification	[HW,ACPI]
+			Enable table checksum verification during early stage.
+			By default, this is disabled due to x86 early mapping
+			size limitation.
+
+	acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
+			ACPI will balance active IRQs
+			default in APIC mode
+
+	acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
+			ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
+			default in PIC mode
+
+	acpi_irq_isa=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
+			Format: <irq>,<irq>...
+
+	acpi_irq_pci=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
+			use by PCI
+			Format: <irq>,<irq>...
+
+	acpi_mask_gpe=	[HW,ACPI]
+			Due to the existence of _Lxx/_Exx, some GPEs triggered
+			by unsupported hardware/firmware features can result in
+			GPE floodings that cannot be automatically disabled by
+			the GPE dispatcher.
+			This facility can be used to prevent such uncontrolled
+			GPE floodings.
+			Format: <byte> or <bitmap-list>
+
+	acpi_no_auto_serialize	[HW,ACPI]
+			Disable auto-serialization of AML methods
+			AML control methods that contain the opcodes to create
+			named objects will be marked as "Serialized" by the
+			auto-serialization feature.
+			This feature is enabled by default.
+			This option allows to turn off the feature.
+
+	acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug.  Useful for kdump
+			   kernels.
+
+	acpi_no_static_ssdt	[HW,ACPI]
+			Disable installation of static SSDTs at early boot time
+			By default, SSDTs contained in the RSDT/XSDT will be
+			installed automatically and they will appear under
+			/sys/firmware/acpi/tables.
+			This option turns off this feature.
+			Note that specifying this option does not affect
+			dynamic table installation which will install SSDT
+			tables to /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/dynamic.
+
+	acpi_no_watchdog	[HW,ACPI,WDT]
+			Ignore the ACPI-based watchdog interface (WDAT) and let
+			a native driver control the watchdog device instead.
+
+	acpi_rsdp=	[ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
+			Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
+			on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
+			second kernel for kdump.
+
+	acpi_os_name=	[HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
+			Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
+
+	acpi_rev_override [ACPI] Override the _REV object to return 5 (instead
+			of 2 which is mandated by ACPI 6) as the supported ACPI
+			specification revision (when using this switch, it may
+			be necessary to carry out a cold reboot _twice_ in a
+			row to make it take effect on the platform firmware).
+
+	acpi_osi=	[HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
+			acpi_osi="string1"	# add string1
+			acpi_osi="!string2"	# remove string2
+			acpi_osi=!*		# remove all strings
+			acpi_osi=!		# disable all built-in OS vendor
+						  strings
+			acpi_osi=!!		# enable all built-in OS vendor
+						  strings
+			acpi_osi=		# disable all strings
+
+			'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or
+			multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS
+			vendor string(s).  Note that such command can only
+			affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus
+			it cannot affect the default state of the feature group
+			strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings,
+			specifying it multiple times through kernel command line
+			is meaningless.  This command is useful when one do not
+			care about the state of the feature group strings which
+			should be controlled by the OSPM.
+			Examples:
+			  1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent
+			     to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all
+			     can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
+
+			'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other
+			'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not
+			exist in the ACPI namespace.  NOTE that such command can
+			only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it
+			multiple times through kernel command line is also
+			meaningless.
+			Examples:
+			  1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)'
+			     FALSE.
+
+			'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or
+			multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific
+			string(s).  Note that such command can affect the
+			current state of both the OS vendor strings and the
+			feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times
+			through kernel command line is meaningful.  But it may
+			still not able to affect the final state of a string if
+			there are quirks related to this string.  This command
+			is useful when one want to control the state of the
+			feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to
+			the OSPM features.
+			Examples:
+			  1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make
+			     '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE.
+			  2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make
+			     '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE.
+			  3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is
+			     equivalent to
+			     'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"'
+			     and
+			     'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!',
+			     they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
+
+	acpi_pm_good	[X86]
+			Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
+			to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
+			and always returns good values.
+
+	acpi_sci=	[HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
+			Format: { level | edge | high | low }
+
+	acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
+			Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
+			For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
+
+	acpi_sleep=	[HW,ACPI] Sleep options
+			Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_hwsig,
+				  s4_nohwsig, old_ordering, nonvs,
+				  sci_force_enable, nobl }
+			See Documentation/power/video.rst for information on
+			s3_bios and s3_mode.
+			s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
+			as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
+			s4_hwsig causes the kernel to check the ACPI hardware
+			signature during resume from hibernation, and gracefully
+			refuse to resume if it has changed. This complies with
+			the ACPI specification but not with reality, since
+			Windows does not do this and many laptops do change it
+			on docking. So the default behaviour is to allow resume
+			and simply warn when the signature changes, unless the
+			s4_hwsig option is enabled.
+			s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
+			used (or even warned about) during resume.
+			old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
+			control method, with respect to putting devices into
+			low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
+			of _PTS is used by default).
+			nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
+			ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
+			sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
+			on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
+			but some broken systems don't work without it).
+			nobl causes the internal blacklist of systems known to
+			behave incorrectly in some ways with respect to system
+			suspend and resume to be ignored (use wisely).
+
+	acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
+			Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
+			that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
+
+	add_efi_memmap	[EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
+			kernel's map of available physical RAM.
+
+	agp=		[AGP]
+			{ off | try_unsupported }
+			off: disable AGP support
+			try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
+				(may crash computer or cause data corruption)
+
+	ALSA		[HW,ALSA]
+			See Documentation/sound/alsa-configuration.rst
+
+	alignment=	[KNL,ARM]
+			Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
+			behaviour to be specified.  Bit 0 enables warnings,
+			bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
+
+	align_va_addr=	[X86-64]
+			Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
+			allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
+			gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
+			machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
+			CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
+			a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
+
+			32: only for 32-bit processes
+			64: only for 64-bit processes
+			on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
+			off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
+
+	alloc_snapshot	[FTRACE]
+			Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the
+			main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging
+			and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and
+			do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs
+			to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed.
+
+	allow_mismatched_32bit_el0 [ARM64]
+			Allow execve() of 32-bit applications and setting of the
+			PER_LINUX32 personality on systems where only a strict
+			subset of the CPUs support 32-bit EL0. When this
+			parameter is present, the set of CPUs supporting 32-bit
+			EL0 is indicated by /sys/devices/system/cpu/aarch32_el0
+			and hot-unplug operations may be restricted.
+
+			See Documentation/arch/arm64/asymmetric-32bit.rst for more
+			information.
+
+	amd_iommu=	[HW,X86-64]
+			Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
+			Possible values are:
+			fullflush - Deprecated, equivalent to iommu.strict=1
+			off	  - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
+				    the system
+			force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
+					  devices. The IOMMU driver is not
+					  allowed anymore to lift isolation
+					  requirements as needed. This option
+					  does not override iommu=pt
+			force_enable - Force enable the IOMMU on platforms known
+				       to be buggy with IOMMU enabled. Use this
+				       option with care.
+			pgtbl_v1     - Use v1 page table for DMA-API (Default).
+			pgtbl_v2     - Use v2 page table for DMA-API.
+			irtcachedis  - Disable Interrupt Remapping Table (IRT) caching.
+
+	amd_iommu_dump=	[HW,X86-64]
+			Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
+			for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
+			driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
+			IOMMU initialization.
+
+	amd_iommu_intr=	[HW,X86-64]
+			Specifies one of the following AMD IOMMU interrupt
+			remapping modes:
+			legacy     - Use legacy interrupt remapping mode.
+			vapic      - Use virtual APIC mode, which allows IOMMU
+			             to inject interrupts directly into guest.
+			             This mode requires kvm-amd.avic=1.
+			             (Default when IOMMU HW support is present.)
+
+	amd_pstate=	[X86]
+			disable
+			  Do not enable amd_pstate as the default
+			  scaling driver for the supported processors
+			passive
+			  Use amd_pstate with passive mode as a scaling driver.
+			  In this mode autonomous selection is disabled.
+			  Driver requests a desired performance level and platform
+			  tries to match the same performance level if it is
+			  satisfied by guaranteed performance level.
+			active
+			  Use amd_pstate_epp driver instance as the scaling driver,
+			  driver provides a hint to the hardware if software wants
+			  to bias toward performance (0x0) or energy efficiency (0xff)
+			  to the CPPC firmware. then CPPC power algorithm will
+			  calculate the runtime workload and adjust the realtime cores
+			  frequency.
+			guided
+			  Activate guided autonomous mode. Driver requests minimum and
+			  maximum performance level and the platform autonomously
+			  selects a performance level in this range and appropriate
+			  to the current workload.
+
+	amijoy.map=	[HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
+			Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
+			Format: <a>,<b>
+			See also Documentation/input/joydev/joystick.rst
+
+	analog.map=	[HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
+			Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
+			connected to one of 16 gameports
+			Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
+
+	apc=		[HW,SPARC]
+			Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
+			Format: noidle
+			Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
+			not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
+			APC and your system crashes randomly.
+
+	apic=		[APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
+			Change the output verbosity while booting
+			Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
+			Change the amount of debugging information output
+			when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
+			For X86-32, this can also be used to specify an APIC
+			driver name.
+			Format: apic=driver_name
+			Examples: apic=bigsmp
+
+	apic_extnmi=	[APIC,X86] External NMI delivery setting
+			Format: { bsp (default) | all | none }
+			bsp:  External NMI is delivered only to CPU 0
+			all:  External NMIs are broadcast to all CPUs as a
+			      backup of CPU 0
+			none: External NMI is masked for all CPUs. This is
+			      useful so that a dump capture kernel won't be
+			      shot down by NMI
+
+	autoconf=	[IPV6]
+			See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst.
+
+	apm=		[APM] Advanced Power Management
+			See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
+
+	apparmor=	[APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
+			0 -- disable.
+			1 -- enable.
+			Default value is set via kernel config option.
+
+	arcrimi=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
+			Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
+
+	arm64.nobti	[ARM64] Unconditionally disable Branch Target
+			Identification support
+
+	arm64.nomops	[ARM64] Unconditionally disable Memory Copy and Memory
+			Set instructions support
+
+	arm64.nomte	[ARM64] Unconditionally disable Memory Tagging Extension
+			support
+
+	arm64.nopauth	[ARM64] Unconditionally disable Pointer Authentication
+			support
+
+	arm64.nosme	[ARM64] Unconditionally disable Scalable Matrix
+			Extension support
+
+	arm64.nosve	[ARM64] Unconditionally disable Scalable Vector
+			Extension support
+
+	ataflop=	[HW,M68k]
+
+	atarimouse=	[HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
+
+	atkbd.extra=	[HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
+			EzKey and similar keyboards
+
+	atkbd.reset=	[HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
+
+	atkbd.set=	[HW] Select keyboard code set
+			Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
+
+	atkbd.scroll=	[HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
+			keyboards
+
+	atkbd.softraw=	[HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
+			Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
+
+	atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
+			Use software keyboard repeat
+
+	audit=		[KNL] Enable the audit sub-system
+			Format: { "0" | "1" | "off" | "on" }
+			0 | off - kernel audit is disabled and can not be
+			    enabled until the next reboot
+			unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and
+			    will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd.
+			1 | on - kernel audit is initialized and partially
+			    enabled, storing at most audit_backlog_limit
+			    messages in RAM until it is fully enabled by the
+			    userspace auditd.
+			Default: unset
+
+	audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit.
+			Format: <int> (must be >=0)
+			Default: 64
+
+	bau=		[X86_UV] Enable the BAU on SGI UV.  The default
+			behavior is to disable the BAU (i.e. bau=0).
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			0 - Disable the BAU.
+			1 - Enable the BAU.
+			unset - Disable the BAU.
+
+	baycom_epp=	[HW,AX25]
+			Format: <io>,<mode>
+
+	baycom_par=	[HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
+			Format: <io>,<mode>
+			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
+
+	baycom_ser_fdx=	[HW,AX25]
+			BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
+			Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
+			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
+
+	baycom_ser_hdx=	[HW,AX25]
+			BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
+			Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
+			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
+
+	bert_disable	[ACPI]
+			Disable BERT OS support on buggy BIOSes.
+
+	bgrt_disable	[ACPI][X86]
+			Disable BGRT to avoid flickering OEM logo.
+
+	blkdevparts=	Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for
+			embedded devices based on command line input.
+			See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.rst
+
+	boot_delay=	Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
+			Only works if CONFIG_BOOT_PRINTK_DELAY is enabled,
+			and you may also have to specify "lpj=".  Boot_delay
+			values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are assumed
+			erroneous and ignored.
+			Format: integer
+
+	bootconfig	[KNL]
+			Extended command line options can be added to an initrd
+			and this will cause the kernel to look for it.
+
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/bootconfig.rst
+
+	bttv.card=	[HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
+	bttv.radio=	Most important insmod options are available as
+			kernel args too.
+	bttv.pll=	See Documentation/admin-guide/media/bttv.rst
+	bttv.tuner=
+
+	bulk_remove=off	[PPC]  This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
+			firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
+			at a time.
+
+	c101=		[NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
+
+	cachesize=	[BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
+			Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
+			size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
+			to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
+			possible to determine what the correct size should be.
+			This option provides an override for these situations.
+
+	carrier_timeout=
+			[NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
+			the kernel should wait for a network carrier. By default
+			it waits 120 seconds.
+
+	ca_keys=	[KEYS] This parameter identifies a specific key(s) on
+			the system trusted keyring to be used for certificate
+			trust validation.
+			format: { id:<keyid> | builtin }
+
+	cca=		[MIPS] Override the kernel pages' cache coherency
+			algorithm.  Accepted values range from 0 to 7
+			inclusive. See arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-bits.h
+			for platform specific values (SB1, Loongson3 and
+			others).
+
+	ccw_timeout_log	[S390]
+			See Documentation/arch/s390/common_io.rst for details.
+
+	cgroup_disable=	[KNL] Disable a particular controller or optional feature
+			Format: {name of the controller(s) or feature(s) to disable}
+			The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are:
+			- foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in
+			  a single hierarchy
+			- foo isn't visible as an individually mountable
+			  subsystem
+			- if foo is an optional feature then the feature is
+			  disabled and corresponding cgroup files are not
+			  created
+			{Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and
+			cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So
+			only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy}
+			Specifying "pressure" disables per-cgroup pressure
+			stall information accounting feature
+
+	cgroup_no_v1=	[KNL] Disable cgroup controllers and named hierarchies in v1
+			Format: { { controller | "all" | "named" }
+			          [,{ controller | "all" | "named" }...] }
+			Like cgroup_disable, but only applies to cgroup v1;
+			the blacklisted controllers remain available in cgroup2.
+			"all" blacklists all controllers and "named" disables
+			named mounts. Specifying both "all" and "named" disables
+			all v1 hierarchies.
+
+	cgroup.memory=	[KNL] Pass options to the cgroup memory controller.
+			Format: <string>
+			nosocket -- Disable socket memory accounting.
+			nokmem -- Disable kernel memory accounting.
+			nobpf -- Disable BPF memory accounting.
+
+	checkreqprot=	[SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
+			0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
+				any implied execute protection).
+			1 -- check protection requested by application.
+			Default value is set via a kernel config option.
+			Value can be changed at runtime via
+				/sys/fs/selinux/checkreqprot.
+			Setting checkreqprot to 1 is deprecated.
+
+	cio_ignore=	[S390]
+			See Documentation/arch/s390/common_io.rst for details.
+
+	clearcpuid=X[,X...] [X86]
+			Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
+			arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h for the valid bit
+			numbers X. Note the Linux-specific bits are not necessarily
+			stable over kernel options, but the vendor-specific
+			ones should be.
+			X can also be a string as appearing in the flags: line
+			in /proc/cpuinfo which does not have the above
+			instability issue. However, not all features have names
+			in /proc/cpuinfo.
+			Note that using this option will taint your kernel.
+			Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
+			or using the feature without checking anything
+			will still see it. This just prevents it from
+			being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
+			Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
+			some critical bits.
+
+	clk_ignore_unused
+			[CLK]
+			Prevents the clock framework from automatically gating
+			clocks that have not been explicitly enabled by a Linux
+			device driver but are enabled in hardware at reset or
+			by the bootloader/firmware. Note that this does not
+			force such clocks to be always-on nor does it reserve
+			those clocks in any way. This parameter is useful for
+			debug and development, but should not be needed on a
+			platform with proper driver support.  For more
+			information, see Documentation/driver-api/clk.rst.
+
+	clock=		[BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
+			[Deprecated]
+			Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
+			when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
+			clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
+			Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
+
+	clocksource=	Override the default clocksource
+			Format: <string>
+			Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
+			with the name specified.
+			Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
+			the platform:
+			[all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
+			[ACPI] acpi_pm
+			[ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
+				pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
+			[X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
+				scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
+			[MIPS] MIPS
+			[PARISC] cr16
+			[S390] tod
+			[SH] SuperH
+			[SPARC64] tick
+			[X86-64] hpet,tsc
+
+	clocksource.arm_arch_timer.evtstrm=
+			[ARM,ARM64]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Enable/disable the eventstream feature of the ARM
+			architected timer so that code using WFE-based polling
+			loops can be debugged more effectively on production
+			systems.
+
+	clocksource.max_cswd_read_retries= [KNL]
+			Number of clocksource_watchdog() retries due to
+			external delays before the clock will be marked
+			unstable.  Defaults to two retries, that is,
+			three attempts to read the clock under test.
+
+	clocksource.verify_n_cpus= [KNL]
+			Limit the number of CPUs checked for clocksources
+			marked with CLOCK_SOURCE_VERIFY_PERCPU that
+			are marked unstable due to excessive skew.
+			A negative value says to check all CPUs, while
+			zero says not to check any.  Values larger than
+			nr_cpu_ids are silently truncated to nr_cpu_ids.
+			The actual CPUs are chosen randomly, with
+			no replacement if the same CPU is chosen twice.
+
+	clocksource-wdtest.holdoff= [KNL]
+			Set the time in seconds that the clocksource
+			watchdog test waits before commencing its tests.
+			Defaults to zero when built as a module and to
+			10 seconds when built into the kernel.
+
+	cma=nn[MG]@[start[MG][-end[MG]]]
+			[KNL,CMA]
+			Sets the size of kernel global memory area for
+			contiguous memory allocations and optionally the
+			placement constraint by the physical address range of
+			memory allocations. A value of 0 disables CMA
+			altogether. For more information, see
+			kernel/dma/contiguous.c
+
+	cma_pernuma=nn[MG]
+			[KNL,CMA]
+			Sets the size of kernel per-numa memory area for
+			contiguous memory allocations. A value of 0 disables
+			per-numa CMA altogether. And If this option is not
+			specified, the default value is 0.
+			With per-numa CMA enabled, DMA users on node nid will
+			first try to allocate buffer from the pernuma area
+			which is located in node nid, if the allocation fails,
+			they will fallback to the global default memory area.
+
+	numa_cma=<node>:nn[MG][,<node>:nn[MG]]
+			[KNL,CMA]
+			Sets the size of kernel numa memory area for
+			contiguous memory allocations. It will reserve CMA
+			area for the specified node.
+
+			With numa CMA enabled, DMA users on node nid will
+			first try to allocate buffer from the numa area
+			which is located in node nid, if the allocation fails,
+			they will fallback to the global default memory area.
+
+	cmo_free_hint=	[PPC] Format: { yes | no }
+			Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
+			when they are freed.  This is used in CMO environments
+			to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
+			a hypervisor.
+			Default: yes
+
+	coherent_pool=nn[KMG]	[ARM,KNL]
+			Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
+			allocations, by default set to 256K.
+
+	com20020=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
+			Format:
+			<io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
+
+	com90io=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
+			Format: <io>[,<irq>]
+
+	com90xx=	[HW,NET]
+			ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
+			Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
+
+	condev=		[HW,S390] console device
+	conmode=
+
+	con3215_drop=	[S390] 3215 console drop mode.
+			Format: y|n|Y|N|1|0
+			When set to true, drop data on the 3215 console when
+			the console buffer is full. In this case the
+			operator using a 3270 terminal emulator (for example
+			x3270) does not have to enter the clear key for the
+			console output to advance and the kernel to continue.
+			This leads to a much faster boot time when a 3270
+			terminal emulator is active. If no 3270 terminal
+			emulator is used, this parameter has no effect.
+
+	console=	[KNL] Output console device and options.
+
+		tty<n>	Use the virtual console device <n>.
+
+		ttyS<n>[,options]
+		ttyUSB0[,options]
+			Use the specified serial port.  The options are of
+			the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
+			"p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
+			bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
+			omit it).  Default is "9600n8".
+
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/serial-console.rst for more
+			information.  See
+			Documentation/networking/netconsole.rst for an
+			alternative.
+
+		uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
+		uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
+		uart[8250],mmio16,<addr>[,options]
+		uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
+		uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
+			UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
+			switching to the matching ttyS device later.
+			MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
+			(mmio), 16-bit (mmio16), or 32-bit (mmio32).
+			If none of [io|mmio|mmio16|mmio32], <addr> is assumed
+			to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified in
+			the same format described for ttyS above; if unspecified,
+			the h/w is not re-initialized.
+
+		hvc<n>	Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
+			both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
+
+		{ null | "" }
+			Use to disable console output, i.e., to have kernel
+			console messages discarded.
+			This must be the only console= parameter used on the
+			kernel command line.
+
+		If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
+		device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
+			console=brl,ttyS0
+		For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
+
+	console_msg_format=
+			[KNL] Change console messages format
+		default
+			By default we print messages on consoles in
+			"[time stamp] text\n" format (time stamp may not be
+			printed, depending on CONFIG_PRINTK_TIME or
+			`printk_time' param).
+		syslog
+			Switch to syslog format: "<%u>[time stamp] text\n"
+			IOW, each message will have a facility and loglevel
+			prefix. The format is similar to one used by syslog()
+			syscall, or to executing "dmesg -S --raw" or to reading
+			from /proc/kmsg.
+
+	consoleblank=	[KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
+			seconds. A value of 0 disables the blank timer.
+			Defaults to 0.
+
+	coredump_filter=
+			[KNL] Change the default value for
+			/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
+			See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.rst.
+
+	coresight_cpu_debug.enable
+			[ARM,ARM64]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Enable/disable the CPU sampling based debugging.
+			0: default value, disable debugging
+			1: enable debugging at boot time
+
+	cpcihp_generic=	[HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
+			Format:
+			<first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
+
+	cpuidle.off=1	[CPU_IDLE]
+			disable the cpuidle sub-system
+
+	cpuidle.governor=
+			[CPU_IDLE] Name of the cpuidle governor to use.
+
+	cpufreq.off=1	[CPU_FREQ]
+			disable the cpufreq sub-system
+
+	cpufreq.default_governor=
+			[CPU_FREQ] Name of the default cpufreq governor or
+			policy to use. This governor must be registered in the
+			kernel before the cpufreq driver probes.
+
+	cpu_init_udelay=N
+			[X86] Delay for N microsec between assert and de-assert
+			of APIC INIT to start processors.  This delay occurs
+			on every CPU online, such as boot, and resume from suspend.
+			Default: 10000
+
+	cpuhp.parallel=
+			[SMP] Enable/disable parallel bringup of secondary CPUs
+			Format: <bool>
+			Default is enabled if CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PARALLEL=y. Otherwise
+			the parameter has no effect.
+
+	crash_kexec_post_notifiers
+			Run kdump after running panic-notifiers and dumping
+			kmsg. This only for the users who doubt kdump always
+			succeeds in any situation.
+			Note that this also increases risks of kdump failure,
+			because some panic notifiers can make the crashed
+			kernel more unstable.
+
+	crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
+			[KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
+			upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
+			memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
+			image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
+			is selected automatically.
+			[KNL, X86-64, ARM64, RISCV] Select a region under 4G first, and
+			fall back to reserve region above 4G when '@offset'
+			hasn't been specified.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/kdump/kdump.rst for further details.
+
+	crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
+			[KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
+			in the running system. The syntax of range is
+			start-[end] where start and end are both
+			a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
+			Documentation/admin-guide/kdump/kdump.rst for an example.
+
+	crashkernel=size[KMG],high
+			[KNL, X86-64, ARM64, RISCV] range could be above 4G.
+			Allow kernel to allocate physical memory region from top,
+			so could be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram
+			installed. Otherwise memory region will be allocated
+			below 4G, if available.
+			It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
+	crashkernel=size[KMG],low
+			[KNL, X86-64, ARM64, RISCV] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
+			is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
+			above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
+			that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
+			requires at least 64M+32K low memory, also enough extra
+			low memory is needed to make sure DMA buffers for 32-bit
+			devices won't run out. Kernel would try to allocate
+			default	size of memory below 4G automatically. The default
+			size is	platform dependent.
+			  --> x86: max(swiotlb_size_or_default() + 8MiB, 256MiB)
+			  --> arm64: 128MiB
+			  --> riscv: 128MiB
+			This one lets the user specify own low range under 4G
+			for second kernel instead.
+			0: to disable low allocation.
+			It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
+			or memory reserved is below 4G.
+
+	cryptomgr.notests
+			[KNL] Disable crypto self-tests
+
+	cs89x0_dma=	[HW,NET]
+			Format: <dma>
+
+	cs89x0_media=	[HW,NET]
+			Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
+
+	csdlock_debug=	[KNL] Enable or disable debug add-ons of cross-CPU
+			function call handling. When switched on,
+			additional debug data is printed to the console
+			in case a hanging CPU is detected, and that
+			CPU is pinged again in order to try to resolve
+			the hang situation.  The default value of this
+			option depends on the CSD_LOCK_WAIT_DEBUG_DEFAULT
+			Kconfig option.
+
+	dasd=		[HW,NET]
+			See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
+
+	db9.dev[2|3]=	[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
+			(one device per port)
+			Format: <port#>,<type>
+			See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst
+
+	debug		[KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
+
+	debug_boot_weak_hash
+			[KNL] Enable printing [hashed] pointers early in the
+			boot sequence.  If enabled, we use a weak hash instead
+			of siphash to hash pointers.  Use this option if you are
+			seeing instances of '(___ptrval___)') and need to see a
+			value (hashed pointer) instead. Cryptographically
+			insecure, please do not use on production kernels.
+
+	debug_locks_verbose=
+			[KNL] verbose locking self-tests
+			Format: <int>
+			Print debugging info while doing the locking API
+			self-tests.
+			Bitmask for the various LOCKTYPE_ tests. Defaults to 0
+			(no extra messages), setting it to -1 (all bits set)
+			will print _a_lot_ more information - normally only
+			useful to lockdep developers.
+
+	debug_objects	[KNL] Enable object debugging
+
+	debug_guardpage_minorder=
+			[KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
+			parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
+			be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
+			buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
+			of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
+			amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
+			possible value is MAX_ORDER/2.  Setting this parameter
+			to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
+			memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
+			driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
+			random memory location. Note that there exists a class
+			of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
+			F/W or by drivers badly programming DMA (basically when
+			memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
+			bypassed) which are not detectable by
+			CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
+			tracking down these problems.
+
+	debug_pagealloc=
+			[KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this parameter
+			enables the feature at boot time. By default, it is
+			disabled and the system will work mostly the same as a
+			kernel built without CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC.
+			Note: to get most of debug_pagealloc error reports, it's
+			useful to also enable the page_owner functionality.
+			on: enable the feature
+
+	debugfs=    	[KNL] This parameter enables what is exposed to userspace
+			and debugfs internal clients.
+			Format: { on, no-mount, off }
+			on: 	All functions are enabled.
+			no-mount:
+				Filesystem is not registered but kernel clients can
+			        access APIs and a crashkernel can be used to read
+				its content. There is nothing to mount.
+			off: 	Filesystem is not registered and clients
+			        get a -EPERM as result when trying to register files
+				or directories within debugfs.
+				This is equivalent of the runtime functionality if
+				debugfs was not enabled in the kernel at all.
+			Default value is set in build-time with a kernel configuration.
+
+	debugpat	[X86] Enable PAT debugging
+
+	default_hugepagesz=
+			[HW] The size of the default HugeTLB page. This is
+			the size represented by the legacy /proc/ hugepages
+			APIs.  In addition, this is the default hugetlb size
+			used for shmget(), mmap() and mounting hugetlbfs
+			filesystems.  If not specified, defaults to the
+			architecture's default huge page size.  Huge page
+			sizes are architecture dependent.  See also
+			Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst.
+			Format: size[KMG]
+
+	deferred_probe_timeout=
+			[KNL] Debugging option to set a timeout in seconds for
+			deferred probe to give up waiting on dependencies to
+			probe. Only specific dependencies (subsystems or
+			drivers) that have opted in will be ignored. A timeout
+			of 0 will timeout at the end of initcalls. If the time
+			out hasn't expired, it'll be restarted by each
+			successful driver registration. This option will also
+			dump out devices still on the deferred probe list after
+			retrying.
+
+	delayacct	[KNL] Enable per-task delay accounting
+
+	dell_smm_hwmon.ignore_dmi=
+			[HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
+			indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
+			hardware.
+
+	dell_smm_hwmon.force=
+			[HW] Activate driver even if SMM BIOS signature does
+			not match list of supported models and enable otherwise
+			blacklisted features.
+
+	dell_smm_hwmon.power_status=
+			[HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
+			(disabled by default).
+
+	dell_smm_hwmon.restricted=
+			[HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
+			capability is set.
+
+	dell_smm_hwmon.fan_mult=
+			[HW] Factor to multiply fan speed with.
+
+	dell_smm_hwmon.fan_max=
+			[HW] Maximum configurable fan speed.
+
+	dfltcc=		[HW,S390]
+			Format: { on | off | def_only | inf_only | always }
+			on:       s390 zlib hardware support for compression on
+			          level 1 and decompression (default)
+			off:      No s390 zlib hardware support
+			def_only: s390 zlib hardware support for deflate
+			          only (compression on level 1)
+			inf_only: s390 zlib hardware support for inflate
+			          only (decompression)
+			always:   Same as 'on' but ignores the selected compression
+			          level always using hardware support (used for debugging)
+
+	dhash_entries=	[KNL]
+			Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
+
+	disable_1tb_segments [PPC]
+			Disables the use of 1TB hash page table segments. This
+			causes the kernel to fall back to 256MB segments which
+			can be useful when debugging issues that require an SLB
+			miss to occur.
+
+	disable=	[IPV6]
+			See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst.
+
+	disable_radix	[PPC]
+			Disable RADIX MMU mode on POWER9
+
+	disable_tlbie	[PPC]
+			Disable TLBIE instruction. Currently does not work
+			with KVM, with HASH MMU, or with coherent accelerators.
+
+	disable_cpu_apicid= [X86,APIC,SMP]
+			Format: <int>
+			The number of initial APIC ID for the
+			corresponding CPU to be disabled at boot,
+			mostly used for the kdump 2nd kernel to
+			disable BSP to wake up multiple CPUs without
+			causing system reset or hang due to sending
+			INIT from AP to BSP.
+
+	disable_ddw	[PPC/PSERIES]
+			Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this
+			to workaround buggy firmware.
+
+	disable_ipv6=	[IPV6]
+			See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst.
+
+	disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
+			The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
+			to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
+			entry later. This parameter disables that.
+
+	disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
+			By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
+			memory out of your available memory pool based on
+			MTRR settings.  This parameter disables that behavior,
+			possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
+
+	disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
+			Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
+			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
+
+	dis_ucode_ldr	[X86] Disable the microcode loader.
+
+	dma_debug=off	If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
+			this option disables the debugging code at boot.
+
+	dma_debug_entries=<number>
+			This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
+			entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
+			required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
+			DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
+			architectural default is too low.
+
+	dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
+			With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
+			filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
+			pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
+			The filter can be disabled or changed to another
+			driver later using sysfs.
+
+	driver_async_probe=  [KNL]
+			List of driver names to be probed asynchronously. *
+			matches with all driver names. If * is specified, the
+			rest of the listed driver names are those that will NOT
+			match the *.
+			Format: <driver_name1>,<driver_name2>...
+
+	drm.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>[,[<connector>:]<file>]
+			Broken monitors, graphic adapters, KVMs and EDIDless
+			panels may send no or incorrect EDID data sets.
+			This parameter allows to specify an EDID data sets
+			in the /lib/firmware directory that are used instead.
+			Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
+			edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
+			edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
+			and no file with the same name exists. Details and
+			instructions how to build your own EDID data are
+			available in Documentation/admin-guide/edid.rst. An EDID
+			data set will only be used for a particular connector,
+			if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
+			name. Each connector may use a unique EDID data
+			set by separating the files with a comma.  An EDID
+			data set with no connector name will be used for
+			any connectors not explicitly specified.
+
+	dscc4.setup=	[NET]
+
+	dt_cpu_ftrs=	[PPC]
+			Format: {"off" | "known"}
+			Control how the dt_cpu_ftrs device-tree binding is
+			used for CPU feature discovery and setup (if it
+			exists).
+			off: Do not use it, fall back to legacy cpu table.
+			known: Do not pass through unknown features to guests
+			or userspace, only those that the kernel is aware of.
+
+	dump_apple_properties	[X86]
+			Dump name and content of EFI device properties on
+			x86 Macs.  Useful for driver authors to determine
+			what data is available or for reverse-engineering.
+
+	dyndbg[="val"]		[KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
+	<module>.dyndbg[="val"]
+			Enable debug messages at boot time.  See
+			Documentation/admin-guide/dynamic-debug-howto.rst
+			for details.
+
+	early_ioremap_debug [KNL]
+			Enable debug messages in early_ioremap support. This
+			is useful for tracking down temporary early mappings
+			which are not unmapped.
+
+	earlycon=	[KNL] Output early console device and options.
+
+			When used with no options, the early console is
+			determined by stdout-path property in device tree's
+			chosen node or the ACPI SPCR table if supported by
+			the platform.
+
+		cdns,<addr>[,options]
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on a Cadence
+			(xuartps) serial port at the specified address. Only
+			supported option is baud rate. If baud rate is not
+			specified, the serial port must already be setup and
+			configured.
+
+		uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]]
+		uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]]
+		uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]]
+		uart[8250],mmio32be,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]]
+		uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
+			UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
+			MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
+			(mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32 or mmio32be).
+			If none of [io|mmio|mmio32|mmio32be], <addr> is assumed
+			to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified
+			in the same format described for "console=ttyS<n>"; if
+			unspecified, the h/w is not initialized. 'uartclk' is
+			the uart clock frequency; if unspecified, it is set
+			to 'BASE_BAUD' * 16.
+
+		pl011,<addr>
+		pl011,mmio32,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on a pl011 serial
+			port at the specified address. The pl011 serial port
+			must already be setup and configured. Options are not
+			yet supported.  If 'mmio32' is specified, then only
+			the driver will use only 32-bit accessors to read/write
+			the device registers.
+
+		liteuart,<addr>
+			Start an early console on a litex serial port at the
+			specified address. The serial port must already be
+			setup and configured. Options are not yet supported.
+
+		meson,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on a meson serial
+			port at the specified address. The serial port must
+			already be setup and configured. Options are not yet
+			supported.
+
+		msm_serial,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
+			port at the specified address. The serial port
+			must already be setup and configured. Options are not
+			yet supported.
+
+		msm_serial_dm,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
+			dm port at the specified address. The serial port
+			must already be setup and configured. Options are not
+			yet supported.
+
+		owl,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on a serial port
+			of an Actions Semi SoC, such as S500 or S900, at the
+			specified address. The serial port must already be
+			setup and configured. Options are not yet supported.
+
+		rda,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on a serial port
+			of an RDA Micro SoC, such as RDA8810PL, at the
+			specified address. The serial port must already be
+			setup and configured. Options are not yet supported.
+
+		sbi
+			Use RISC-V SBI (Supervisor Binary Interface) for early
+			console.
+
+		smh	Use ARM semihosting calls for early console.
+
+		s3c2410,<addr>
+		s3c2412,<addr>
+		s3c2440,<addr>
+		s3c6400,<addr>
+		s5pv210,<addr>
+		exynos4210,<addr>
+			Use early console provided by serial driver available
+			on Samsung SoCs, requires selecting proper type and
+			a correct base address of the selected UART port. The
+			serial port must already be setup and configured.
+			Options are not yet supported.
+
+		lantiq,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on a lantiq serial
+			(lqasc) port at the specified address. The serial port
+			must already be setup and configured. Options are not
+			yet supported.
+
+		lpuart,<addr>
+		lpuart32,<addr>
+			Use early console provided by Freescale LP UART driver
+			found on Freescale Vybrid and QorIQ LS1021A processors.
+			A valid base address must be provided, and the serial
+			port must already be setup and configured.
+
+		ec_imx21,<addr>
+		ec_imx6q,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode, output-only console on the
+			Freescale i.MX UART at the specified address. The UART
+			must already be setup and configured.
+
+		ar3700_uart,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on the
+			Armada 3700 serial port at the specified
+			address. The serial port must already be setup
+			and configured. Options are not yet supported.
+
+		qcom_geni,<addr>
+			Start an early, polled-mode console on a Qualcomm
+			Generic Interface (GENI) based serial port at the
+			specified address. The serial port must already be
+			setup and configured. Options are not yet supported.
+
+		efifb,[options]
+			Start an early, unaccelerated console on the EFI
+			memory mapped framebuffer (if available). On cache
+			coherent non-x86 systems that use system memory for
+			the framebuffer, pass the 'ram' option so that it is
+			mapped with the correct attributes.
+
+		linflex,<addr>
+			Use early console provided by Freescale LINFlexD UART
+			serial driver for NXP S32V234 SoCs. A valid base
+			address must be provided, and the serial port must
+			already be setup and configured.
+
+	earlyprintk=	[X86,SH,ARM,M68k,S390]
+			earlyprintk=vga
+			earlyprintk=sclp
+			earlyprintk=xen
+			earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
+			earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
+			earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
+			earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
+			earlyprintk=pciserial[,force],bus:device.function[,baudrate]
+			earlyprintk=xdbc[xhciController#]
+
+			earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before
+			the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
+			default because it has some cosmetic problems.
+
+			Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
+			takes over.
+
+			Only one of vga, serial, or usb debug port can
+			be used at a time.
+
+			Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by
+			name.  Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified
+			on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by
+			replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this:
+				earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200
+			You can find the port for a given device in
+			/proc/tty/driver/serial:
+				2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ...
+
+			Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
+			very good.
+
+			The VGA output is eventually overwritten by
+			the real console.
+
+			The xen option can only be used in Xen domains.
+
+			The sclp output can only be used on s390.
+
+			The optional "force" to "pciserial" enables use of a
+			PCI device even when its classcode is not of the
+			UART class.
+
+	edac_report=	[HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event
+			Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"}
+			on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden
+			by other higher priority error reporting module.
+			off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC.
+			force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event.
+			default: on.
+
+	edd=		[EDD]
+			Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
+
+	efi=		[EFI]
+			Format: { "debug", "disable_early_pci_dma",
+				  "nochunk", "noruntime", "nosoftreserve",
+				  "novamap", "no_disable_early_pci_dma" }
+			debug: enable misc debug output.
+			disable_early_pci_dma: disable the busmaster bit on all
+			PCI bridges while in the EFI boot stub.
+			nochunk: disable reading files in "chunks" in the EFI
+			boot stub, as chunking can cause problems with some
+			firmware implementations.
+			noruntime : disable EFI runtime services support
+			nosoftreserve: The EFI_MEMORY_SP (Specific Purpose)
+			attribute may cause the kernel to reserve the
+			memory range for a memory mapping driver to
+			claim. Specify efi=nosoftreserve to disable this
+			reservation and treat the memory by its base type
+			(i.e. EFI_CONVENTIONAL_MEMORY / "System RAM").
+			novamap: do not call SetVirtualAddressMap().
+			no_disable_early_pci_dma: Leave the busmaster bit set
+			on all PCI bridges while in the EFI boot stub
+
+	efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
+			Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
+			your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
+			you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
+			fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
+
+	efi_fake_mem=	nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa[,nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa,..] [EFI; X86]
+			Add arbitrary attribute to specific memory range by
+			updating original EFI memory map.
+			Region of memory which aa attribute is added to is
+			from ss to ss+nn.
+
+			If efi_fake_mem=2G@4G:0x10000,2G@0x10a0000000:0x10000
+			is specified, EFI_MEMORY_MORE_RELIABLE(0x10000)
+			attribute is added to range 0x100000000-0x180000000 and
+			0x10a0000000-0x1120000000.
+
+			If efi_fake_mem=8G@9G:0x40000 is specified, the
+			EFI_MEMORY_SP(0x40000) attribute is added to
+			range 0x240000000-0x43fffffff.
+
+			Using this parameter you can do debugging of EFI memmap
+			related features. For example, you can do debugging of
+			Address Range Mirroring feature even if your box
+			doesn't support it, or mark specific memory as
+			"soft reserved".
+
+	efivar_ssdt=	[EFI; X86] Name of an EFI variable that contains an SSDT
+			that is to be dynamically loaded by Linux. If there are
+			multiple variables with the same name but with different
+			vendor GUIDs, all of them will be loaded. See
+			Documentation/admin-guide/acpi/ssdt-overlays.rst for details.
+
+
+	eisa_irq_edge=	[PARISC,HW]
+			See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
+
+	ekgdboc=	[X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
+			Format: ekgdboc=kbd
+
+			This is designed to be used in conjunction with
+			the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
+
+			This parameter works in place of the kgdboc parameter
+			but can only be used if the backing tty is available
+			very early in the boot process. For early debugging
+			via a serial port see kgdboc_earlycon instead.
+
+	elanfreq=	[X86-32]
+			See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
+			arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
+
+	elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
+			Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
+			image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
+			kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/kdump/kdump.rst for details.
+
+	enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
+			The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
+			to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
+			entry later. This parameter enables that.
+
+	enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
+			Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
+			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
+			(in particular on some ATI chipsets).
+			The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
+
+	enforcing=	[SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
+			Format: {"0" | "1"}
+			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
+			0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
+			1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
+			Default value is 0.
+			Value can be changed at runtime via
+			/sys/fs/selinux/enforce.
+
+	erst_disable	[ACPI]
+			Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
+			support.
+
+	ether=		[HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
+			This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
+			has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
+
+	evm=		[EVM]
+			Format: { "fix" }
+			Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
+			current integrity status.
+
+	early_page_ext [KNL] Enforces page_ext initialization to earlier
+			stages so cover more early boot allocations.
+			Please note that as side effect some optimizations
+			might be disabled to achieve that (e.g. parallelized
+			memory initialization is disabled) so the boot process
+			might take longer, especially on systems with a lot of
+			memory. Available with CONFIG_PAGE_EXTENSION=y.
+
+	failslab=
+	fail_usercopy=
+	fail_page_alloc=
+	fail_make_request=[KNL]
+			General fault injection mechanism.
+			Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
+			See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
+
+	fb_tunnels=	[NET]
+			Format: { initns | none }
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/net.rst for
+			fb_tunnels_only_for_init_ns
+
+	floppy=		[HW]
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/blockdev/floppy.rst.
+
+	force_pal_cache_flush
+			[IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
+			buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
+			parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
+			ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
+
+	forcepae	[X86-32]
+			Forcefully enable Physical Address Extension (PAE).
+			Many Pentium M systems disable PAE but may have a
+			functionally usable PAE implementation.
+			Warning: use of this parameter will taint the kernel
+			and may cause unknown problems.
+
+	ftrace=[tracer]
+			[FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
+			as early as possible in order to facilitate early
+			boot debugging.
+
+	ftrace_boot_snapshot
+			[FTRACE] On boot up, a snapshot will be taken of the
+			ftrace ring buffer that can be read at:
+			/sys/kernel/tracing/snapshot.
+			This is useful if you need tracing information from kernel
+			boot up that is likely to be overridden by user space
+			start up functionality.
+
+			Optionally, the snapshot can also be defined for a tracing
+			instance that was created by the trace_instance= command
+			line parameter.
+
+			trace_instance=foo,sched_switch ftrace_boot_snapshot=foo
+
+			The above will cause the "foo" tracing instance to trigger
+			a snapshot at the end of boot up.
+
+	ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
+			[FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
+			If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
+			buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
+			dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
+			oops.
+
+	ftrace_filter=[function-list]
+			[FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
+			tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma-separated
+			list of functions. This list can be changed at run
+			time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
+			tracing directory.
+
+	ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
+			[FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
+			function-list. This list can be changed at run time
+			by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
+			tracing directory.
+
+	ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
+			[FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
+			by the function graph tracer at boot up.
+			function-list is a comma-separated list of functions
+			that can be changed at run time by the
+			set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
+
+	ftrace_graph_notrace=[function-list]
+			[FTRACE] Do not trace from the functions specified in
+			function-list.  This list is a comma-separated list of
+			functions that can be changed at run time by the
+			set_graph_notrace file in the debugfs tracing directory.
+
+	ftrace_graph_max_depth=<uint>
+			[FTRACE] Used with the function graph tracer. This is
+			the max depth it will trace into a function. This value
+			can be changed at run time by the max_graph_depth file
+			in the tracefs tracing directory. default: 0 (no limit)
+
+	fw_devlink=	[KNL] Create device links between consumer and supplier
+			devices by scanning the firmware to infer the
+			consumer/supplier relationships. This feature is
+			especially useful when drivers are loaded as modules as
+			it ensures proper ordering of tasks like device probing
+			(suppliers first, then consumers), supplier boot state
+			clean up (only after all consumers have probed),
+			suspend/resume & runtime PM (consumers first, then
+			suppliers).
+			Format: { off | permissive | on | rpm }
+			off --	Don't create device links from firmware info.
+			permissive -- Create device links from firmware info
+				but use it only for ordering boot state clean
+				up (sync_state() calls).
+			on -- 	Create device links from firmware info and use it
+				to enforce probe and suspend/resume ordering.
+			rpm --	Like "on", but also use to order runtime PM.
+
+	fw_devlink.strict=<bool>
+			[KNL] Treat all inferred dependencies as mandatory
+			dependencies. This only applies for fw_devlink=on|rpm.
+			Format: <bool>
+
+	fw_devlink.sync_state =
+			[KNL] When all devices that could probe have finished
+			probing, this parameter controls what to do with
+			devices that haven't yet received their sync_state()
+			calls.
+			Format: { strict | timeout }
+			strict -- Default. Continue waiting on consumers to
+				probe successfully.
+			timeout -- Give up waiting on consumers and call
+				sync_state() on any devices that haven't yet
+				received their sync_state() calls after
+				deferred_probe_timeout has expired or by
+				late_initcall() if !CONFIG_MODULES.
+
+	gamecon.map[2|3]=
+			[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
+			support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
+			Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
+			See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst
+
+	gamma=		[HW,DRM]
+
+	gart_fix_e820=	[X86-64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
+			Format: off | on
+			default: on
+
+	gather_data_sampling=
+			[X86,INTEL] Control the Gather Data Sampling (GDS)
+			mitigation.
+
+			Gather Data Sampling is a hardware vulnerability which
+			allows unprivileged speculative access to data which was
+			previously stored in vector registers.
+
+			This issue is mitigated by default in updated microcode.
+			The mitigation may have a performance impact but can be
+			disabled. On systems without the microcode mitigation
+			disabling AVX serves as a mitigation.
+
+			force:	Disable AVX to mitigate systems without
+				microcode mitigation. No effect if the microcode
+				mitigation is present. Known to cause crashes in
+				userspace with buggy AVX enumeration.
+
+			off:	Disable GDS mitigation.
+
+	gcov_persist=	[GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
+			kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
+			debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
+			When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
+			debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
+
+	goldfish	[X86] Enable the goldfish android emulator platform.
+			Don't use this when you are not running on the
+			android emulator
+
+	gpio-mockup.gpio_mockup_ranges
+			[HW] Sets the ranges of gpiochip of for this device.
+			Format: <start1>,<end1>,<start2>,<end2>...
+	gpio-mockup.gpio_mockup_named_lines
+			[HW] Let the driver know GPIO lines should be named.
+
+	gpt		[EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
+			invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the
+			primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate
+			GPT to be used instead.
+
+	grcan.enable0=	[HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
+			the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+			Default: 0
+	grcan.enable1=	[HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
+			the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+			Default: 0
+	grcan.select=	[HW] Select which physical interface to use.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+			Default: 0
+	grcan.txsize=	[HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
+			Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
+			Default: 1024
+	grcan.rxsize=	[HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
+			Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
+			Default: 1024
+
+	hardened_usercopy=
+			[KNL] Under CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY, whether
+			hardening is enabled for this boot. Hardened
+			usercopy checking is used to protect the kernel
+			from reading or writing beyond known memory
+			allocation boundaries as a proactive defense
+			against bounds-checking flaws in the kernel's
+			copy_to_user()/copy_from_user() interface.
+		on	Perform hardened usercopy checks (default).
+		off	Disable hardened usercopy checks.
+
+	hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
+			[KNL] Should the hard-lockup detector generate
+			backtraces on all cpus.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+
+	hashdist=	[KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
+			are distributed across NUMA nodes.  Defaults on
+			for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
+			Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
+
+	hcl=		[IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
+
+	hd=		[EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
+			Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
+
+	hest_disable	[ACPI]
+			Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
+			corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
+			logic will be disabled.
+
+	hibernate=	[HIBERNATION]
+		noresume	Don't check if there's a hibernation image
+				present during boot.
+		nocompress	Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
+		no		Disable hibernation and resume.
+		protect_image	Turn on image protection during restoration
+				(that will set all pages holding image data
+				during restoration read-only).
+
+	highmem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
+			size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
+			highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
+			size on bigger boxes.
+
+	highres=	[KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
+			Valid parameters: "on", "off"
+			Default: "on"
+
+	hlt		[BUGS=ARM,SH]
+
+	hostname=	[KNL] Set the hostname (aka UTS nodename).
+			Format: <string>
+			This allows setting the system's hostname during early
+			startup. This sets the name returned by gethostname.
+			Using this parameter to set the hostname makes it
+			possible to ensure the hostname is correctly set before
+			any userspace processes run, avoiding the possibility
+			that a process may call gethostname before the hostname
+			has been explicitly set, resulting in the calling
+			process getting an incorrect result. The string must
+			not exceed the maximum allowed hostname length (usually
+			64 characters) and will be truncated otherwise.
+
+	hpet=		[X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
+			Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
+				verbose }
+			disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
+			force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
+				VIA, nVidia)
+			verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
+
+	hpet_mmap=	[X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET
+			registers.  Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT.
+
+	hugepages=	[HW] Number of HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
+			If this follows hugepagesz (below), it specifies
+			the number of pages of hugepagesz to be allocated.
+			If this is the first HugeTLB parameter on the command
+			line, it specifies the number of pages to allocate for
+			the default huge page size. If using node format, the
+			number of pages to allocate per-node can be specified.
+			See also Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst.
+			Format: <integer> or (node format)
+				<node>:<integer>[,<node>:<integer>]
+
+	hugepagesz=
+			[HW] The size of the HugeTLB pages.  This is used in
+			conjunction with hugepages (above) to allocate huge
+			pages of a specific size at boot.  The pair
+			hugepagesz=X hugepages=Y can be specified once for
+			each supported huge page size. Huge page sizes are
+			architecture dependent.  See also
+			Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst.
+			Format: size[KMG]
+
+	hugetlb_cma=	[HW,CMA] The size of a CMA area used for allocation
+			of gigantic hugepages. Or using node format, the size
+			of a CMA area per node can be specified.
+			Format: nn[KMGTPE] or (node format)
+				<node>:nn[KMGTPE][,<node>:nn[KMGTPE]]
+
+			Reserve a CMA area of given size and allocate gigantic
+			hugepages using the CMA allocator. If enabled, the
+			boot-time allocation of gigantic hugepages is skipped.
+
+	hugetlb_free_vmemmap=
+			[KNL] Requires CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP
+			enabled.
+			Control if HugeTLB Vmemmap Optimization (HVO) is enabled.
+			Allows heavy hugetlb users to free up some more
+			memory (7 * PAGE_SIZE for each 2MB hugetlb page).
+			Format: { on | off (default) }
+
+			on: enable HVO
+			off: disable HVO
+
+			Built with CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP_DEFAULT_ON=y,
+			the default is on.
+
+			Note that the vmemmap pages may be allocated from the added
+			memory block itself when memory_hotplug.memmap_on_memory is
+			enabled, those vmemmap pages cannot be optimized even if this
+			feature is enabled.  Other vmemmap pages not allocated from
+			the added memory block itself do not be affected.
+
+	hung_task_panic=
+			[KNL] Should the hung task detector generate panics.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+
+			A value of 1 instructs the kernel to panic when a
+			hung task is detected. The default value is controlled
+			by the CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HUNG_TASK_PANIC build-time
+			option. The value selected by this boot parameter can
+			be changed later by the kernel.hung_task_panic sysctl.
+
+	hvc_iucv=	[S390]	Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
+				terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
+	hvc_iucv_allow=	[S390]	Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
+				If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
+				from listed z/VM user IDs only.
+
+	hv_nopvspin	[X86,HYPER_V] Disables the paravirt spinlock optimizations
+				      which allow the hypervisor to 'idle' the
+				      guest on lock contention.
+
+	i2c_bus=	[HW]	Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
+				or register an additional I2C bus that is not
+				registered from board initialization code.
+				Format:
+				<bus_id>,<clkrate>
+
+	i8042.debug	[HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
+	i8042.unmask_kbd_data
+			[HW] Enable printing of interrupt data from the KBD port
+			     (disabled by default, and as a pre-condition
+			     requires that i8042.debug=1 be enabled)
+	i8042.direct	[HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
+	i8042.dumbkbd	[HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
+			     keyboard and cannot control its state
+			     (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
+	i8042.noaux	[HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
+	i8042.nokbd	[HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
+	i8042.noloop	[HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
+			     for the AUX port
+	i8042.nomux	[HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
+			     controller
+	i8042.nopnp	[HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
+			     controllers
+	i8042.notimeout	[HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
+	i8042.reset	[HW] Reset the controller during init, cleanup and
+			     suspend-to-ram transitions, only during s2r
+			     transitions, or never reset
+			Format: { 1 | Y | y | 0 | N | n }
+			1, Y, y: always reset controller
+			0, N, n: don't ever reset controller
+			Default: only on s2r transitions on x86; most other
+			architectures force reset to be always executed
+	i8042.unlock	[HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
+	i8042.kbdreset	[HW] Reset device connected to KBD port
+	i8042.probe_defer
+			[HW] Allow deferred probing upon i8042 probe errors
+
+	i810=		[HW,DRM]
+
+	i915.invert_brightness=
+			[DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
+			set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
+			brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
+			and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
+			to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
+			(default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
+			is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
+			to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
+			value switches the backlight off.
+			-1 -- never invert brightness
+			 0 -- machine default
+			 1 -- force brightness inversion
+
+	icn=		[HW,ISDN]
+			Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
+
+
+	idle=		[X86]
+			Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
+			Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
+			improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
+			will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
+			Not recommended.
+			idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
+			In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
+			idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
+
+	idxd.sva=	[HW]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Allow force disabling of Shared Virtual Memory (SVA)
+			support for the idxd driver. By default it is set to
+			true (1).
+
+	idxd.tc_override= [HW]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Allow override of default traffic class configuration
+			for the device. By default it is set to false (0).
+
+	ieee754=	[MIPS] Select IEEE Std 754 conformance mode
+			Format: { strict | legacy | 2008 | relaxed }
+			Default: strict
+
+			Choose which programs will be accepted for execution
+			based on the IEEE 754 NaN encoding(s) supported by
+			the FPU and the NaN encoding requested with the value
+			of an ELF file header flag individually set by each
+			binary.  Hardware implementations are permitted to
+			support either or both of the legacy and the 2008 NaN
+			encoding mode.
+
+			Available settings are as follows:
+			strict	accept binaries that request a NaN encoding
+				supported by the FPU
+			legacy	only accept legacy-NaN binaries, if supported
+				by the FPU
+			2008	only accept 2008-NaN binaries, if supported
+				by the FPU
+			relaxed	accept any binaries regardless of whether
+				supported by the FPU
+
+			The FPU emulator is always able to support both NaN
+			encodings, so if no FPU hardware is present or it has
+			been disabled with 'nofpu', then the settings of
+			'legacy' and '2008' strap the emulator accordingly,
+			'relaxed' straps the emulator for both legacy-NaN and
+			2008-NaN, whereas 'strict' enables legacy-NaN only on
+			legacy processors and both NaN encodings on MIPS32 or
+			MIPS64 CPUs.
+
+			The setting for ABS.fmt/NEG.fmt instruction execution
+			mode generally follows that for the NaN encoding,
+			except where unsupported by hardware.
+
+	ignore_loglevel	[KNL]
+			Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
+			kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
+			We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
+			could change it dynamically, usually by
+			/sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
+
+	ignore_rlimit_data
+			Ignore RLIMIT_DATA setting for data mappings,
+			print warning at first misuse.  Can be changed via
+			/sys/module/kernel/parameters/ignore_rlimit_data.
+
+	ihash_entries=	[KNL]
+			Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
+
+	ima_appraise=	[IMA] appraise integrity measurements
+			Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" | "log" }
+			default: "enforce"
+
+	ima_appraise_tcb [IMA] Deprecated.  Use ima_policy= instead.
+			The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
+			owned by uid=0.
+
+	ima_canonical_fmt [IMA]
+			Use the canonical format for the binary runtime
+			measurements, instead of host native format.
+
+	ima_hash=	[IMA]
+			Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384
+				   | sha512 | ... }
+			default: "sha1"
+
+			The list of supported hash algorithms is defined
+			in crypto/hash_info.h.
+
+	ima_policy=	[IMA]
+			The builtin policies to load during IMA setup.
+			Format: "tcb | appraise_tcb | secure_boot |
+				 fail_securely | critical_data"
+
+			The "tcb" policy measures all programs exec'd, files
+			mmap'd for exec, and all files opened with the read
+			mode bit set by either the effective uid (euid=0) or
+			uid=0.
+
+			The "appraise_tcb" policy appraises the integrity of
+			all files owned by root.
+
+			The "secure_boot" policy appraises the integrity
+			of files (eg. kexec kernel image, kernel modules,
+			firmware, policy, etc) based on file signatures.
+
+			The "fail_securely" policy forces file signature
+			verification failure also on privileged mounted
+			filesystems with the SB_I_UNVERIFIABLE_SIGNATURE
+			flag.
+
+			The "critical_data" policy measures kernel integrity
+			critical data.
+
+	ima_tcb		[IMA] Deprecated.  Use ima_policy= instead.
+			Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
+			Computing Base.  This means IMA will measure all
+			programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
+			opened for read by uid=0.
+
+	ima_template=	[IMA]
+			Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats.
+			Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" | "ima-ngv2" | "ima-sig" |
+				   "ima-sigv2" }
+			Default: "ima-ng"
+
+	ima_template_fmt=
+			[IMA] Define a custom template format.
+			Format: { "field1|...|fieldN" }
+
+	ima.ahash_minsize= [IMA] Minimum file size for asynchronous hash usage
+			Format: <min_file_size>
+			Set the minimal file size for using asynchronous hash.
+			If left unspecified, ahash usage is disabled.
+
+			ahash performance varies for different data sizes on
+			different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
+			to achieve the best performance for a particular HW.
+
+	ima.ahash_bufsize= [IMA] Asynchronous hash buffer size
+			Format: <bufsize>
+			Set hashing buffer size. Default: 4k.
+
+			ahash performance varies for different chunk sizes on
+			different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
+			to achieve best performance for particular HW.
+
+	init=		[KNL]
+			Format: <full_path>
+			Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
+			process.
+
+	initcall_debug	[KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed.  Useful
+			for working out where the kernel is dying during
+			startup.
+
+	initcall_blacklist=  [KNL] Do not execute a comma-separated list of
+			initcall functions.  Useful for debugging built-in
+			modules and initcalls.
+
+	initramfs_async= [KNL]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Default: 1
+			This parameter controls whether the initramfs
+			image is unpacked asynchronously, concurrently
+			with devices being probed and
+			initialized. This should normally just work,
+			but as a debugging aid, one can get the
+			historical behaviour of the initramfs
+			unpacking being completed before device_ and
+			late_ initcalls.
+
+	initrd=		[BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
+
+	initrdmem=	[KNL] Specify a physical address and size from which to
+			load the initrd. If an initrd is compiled in or
+			specified in the bootparams, it takes priority over this
+			setting.
+			Format: ss[KMG],nn[KMG]
+			Default is 0, 0
+
+	init_on_alloc=	[MM] Fill newly allocated pages and heap objects with
+			zeroes.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+			Default set by CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON.
+
+	init_on_free=	[MM] Fill freed pages and heap objects with zeroes.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+			Default set by CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON.
+
+	init_pkru=	[X86] Specify the default memory protection keys rights
+			register contents for all processes.  0x55555554 by
+			default (disallow access to all but pkey 0).  Can
+			override in debugfs after boot.
+
+	inport.irq=	[HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
+			Format: <irq>
+
+	int_pln_enable	[X86] Enable power limit notification interrupt
+
+	integrity_audit=[IMA]
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default)
+			1 -- additional integrity auditing messages.
+
+	intel_iommu=	[DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
+		on
+			Enable intel iommu driver.
+		off
+			Disable intel iommu driver.
+		igfx_off [Default Off]
+			By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
+			device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
+			bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
+			this case, gfx device will use physical address for
+			DMA.
+		strict [Default Off]
+			Deprecated, equivalent to iommu.strict=1.
+		sp_off [Default Off]
+			By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
+			has the capability. With this option, super page will
+			not be supported.
+		sm_on
+			Enable the Intel IOMMU scalable mode if the hardware
+			advertises that it has support for the scalable mode
+			translation.
+		sm_off
+			Disallow use of the Intel IOMMU scalable mode.
+		tboot_noforce [Default Off]
+			Do not force the Intel IOMMU enabled under tboot.
+			By default, tboot will force Intel IOMMU on, which
+			could harm performance of some high-throughput
+			devices like 40GBit network cards, even if identity
+			mapping is enabled.
+			Note that using this option lowers the security
+			provided by tboot because it makes the system
+			vulnerable to DMA attacks.
+
+	intel_idle.max_cstate=	[KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
+			0	disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
+			1 to 9	specify maximum depth of C-state.
+
+	intel_pstate=	[X86]
+			disable
+			  Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
+			  scaling driver for the supported processors
+                        active
+                          Use intel_pstate driver to bypass the scaling
+                          governors layer of cpufreq and provides it own
+                          algorithms for p-state selection. There are two
+                          P-state selection algorithms provided by
+                          intel_pstate in the active mode: powersave and
+                          performance.  The way they both operate depends
+                          on whether or not the hardware managed P-states
+                          (HWP) feature has been enabled in the processor
+                          and possibly on the processor model.
+			passive
+			  Use intel_pstate as a scaling driver, but configure it
+			  to work with generic cpufreq governors (instead of
+			  enabling its internal governor).  This mode cannot be
+			  used along with the hardware-managed P-states (HWP)
+			  feature.
+			force
+			  Enable intel_pstate on systems that prohibit it by default
+			  in favor of acpi-cpufreq. Forcing the intel_pstate driver
+			  instead of acpi-cpufreq may disable platform features, such
+			  as thermal controls and power capping, that rely on ACPI
+			  P-States information being indicated to OSPM and therefore
+			  should be used with caution. This option does not work with
+			  processors that aren't supported by the intel_pstate driver
+			  or on platforms that use pcc-cpufreq instead of acpi-cpufreq.
+			no_hwp
+			  Do not enable hardware P state control (HWP)
+			  if available.
+			hwp_only
+			  Only load intel_pstate on systems which support
+			  hardware P state control (HWP) if available.
+			support_acpi_ppc
+			  Enforce ACPI _PPC performance limits. If the Fixed ACPI
+			  Description Table, specifies preferred power management
+			  profile as "Enterprise Server" or "Performance Server",
+			  then this feature is turned on by default.
+			per_cpu_perf_limits
+			  Allow per-logical-CPU P-State performance control limits using
+			  cpufreq sysfs interface
+
+	intremap=	[X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
+			on	enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
+			off	disable Interrupt Remapping
+			nosid	disable Source ID checking
+			no_x2apic_optout
+				BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
+			nopost	disable Interrupt Posting
+
+	iomem=		Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
+		strict	regions from userspace.
+		relaxed
+
+	iommu=		[X86]
+		off
+		force
+		noforce
+		biomerge
+		panic
+		nopanic
+		merge
+		nomerge
+		soft
+		pt		[X86]
+		nopt		[X86]
+		nobypass	[PPC/POWERNV]
+			Disable IOMMU bypass, using IOMMU for PCI devices.
+
+	iommu.forcedac=	[ARM64, X86] Control IOVA allocation for PCI devices.
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			0 - Try to allocate a 32-bit DMA address first, before
+			  falling back to the full range if needed.
+			1 - Allocate directly from the full usable range,
+			  forcing Dual Address Cycle for PCI cards supporting
+			  greater than 32-bit addressing.
+
+	iommu.strict=	[ARM64, X86] Configure TLB invalidation behaviour
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			0 - Lazy mode.
+			  Request that DMA unmap operations use deferred
+			  invalidation of hardware TLBs, for increased
+			  throughput at the cost of reduced device isolation.
+			  Will fall back to strict mode if not supported by
+			  the relevant IOMMU driver.
+			1 - Strict mode.
+			  DMA unmap operations invalidate IOMMU hardware TLBs
+			  synchronously.
+			unset - Use value of CONFIG_IOMMU_DEFAULT_DMA_{LAZY,STRICT}.
+			Note: on x86, strict mode specified via one of the
+			legacy driver-specific options takes precedence.
+
+	iommu.passthrough=
+			[ARM64, X86] Configure DMA to bypass the IOMMU by default.
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			0 - Use IOMMU translation for DMA.
+			1 - Bypass the IOMMU for DMA.
+			unset - Use value of CONFIG_IOMMU_DEFAULT_PASSTHROUGH.
+
+	io7=		[HW] IO7 for Marvel-based Alpha systems
+			See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
+			arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
+
+	io_delay=	[X86] I/O delay method
+		0x80
+			Standard port 0x80 based delay
+		0xed
+			Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
+		udelay
+			Simple two microseconds delay
+		none
+			No delay
+
+	ip=		[IP_PNP]
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst.
+
+	ipcmni_extend	[KNL] Extend the maximum number of unique System V
+			IPC identifiers from 32,768 to 16,777,216.
+
+	irqaffinity=	[SMP] Set the default irq affinity mask
+			The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
+
+	irqchip.gicv2_force_probe=
+			[ARM, ARM64]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Force the kernel to look for the second 4kB page
+			of a GICv2 controller even if the memory range
+			exposed by the device tree is too small.
+
+	irqchip.gicv3_nolpi=
+			[ARM, ARM64]
+			Force the kernel to ignore the availability of
+			LPIs (and by consequence ITSs). Intended for system
+			that use the kernel as a bootloader, and thus want
+			to let secondary kernels in charge of setting up
+			LPIs.
+
+	irqchip.gicv3_pseudo_nmi= [ARM64]
+			Enables support for pseudo-NMIs in the kernel. This
+			requires the kernel to be built with
+			CONFIG_ARM64_PSEUDO_NMI.
+
+	irqfixup	[HW]
+			When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
+			for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
+			firmware running.
+
+	irqpoll		[HW]
+			When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
+			for it. Also check all handlers each timer
+			interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
+			firmware running.
+
+	isapnp=		[ISAPNP]
+			Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
+
+	isolcpus=	[KNL,SMP,ISOL] Isolate a given set of CPUs from disturbance.
+			[Deprecated - use cpusets instead]
+			Format: [flag-list,]<cpu-list>
+
+			Specify one or more CPUs to isolate from disturbances
+			specified in the flag list (default: domain):
+
+			nohz
+			  Disable the tick when a single task runs.
+
+			  A residual 1Hz tick is offloaded to workqueues, which you
+			  need to affine to housekeeping through the global
+			  workqueue's affinity configured via the
+			  /sys/devices/virtual/workqueue/cpumask sysfs file, or
+			  by using the 'domain' flag described below.
+
+			  NOTE: by default the global workqueue runs on all CPUs,
+			  so to protect individual CPUs the 'cpumask' file has to
+			  be configured manually after bootup.
+
+			domain
+			  Isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
+			  algorithms. Note that performing domain isolation this way
+			  is irreversible: it's not possible to bring back a CPU to
+			  the domains once isolated through isolcpus. It's strongly
+			  advised to use cpusets instead to disable scheduler load
+			  balancing through the "cpuset.sched_load_balance" file.
+			  It offers a much more flexible interface where CPUs can
+			  move in and out of an isolated set anytime.
+
+			  You can move a process onto or off an "isolated" CPU via
+			  the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
+			  <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
+			  "number of CPUs in system - 1".
+
+			managed_irq
+
+			  Isolate from being targeted by managed interrupts
+			  which have an interrupt mask containing isolated
+			  CPUs. The affinity of managed interrupts is
+			  handled by the kernel and cannot be changed via
+			  the /proc/irq/* interfaces.
+
+			  This isolation is best effort and only effective
+			  if the automatically assigned interrupt mask of a
+			  device queue contains isolated and housekeeping
+			  CPUs. If housekeeping CPUs are online then such
+			  interrupts are directed to the housekeeping CPU
+			  so that IO submitted on the housekeeping CPU
+			  cannot disturb the isolated CPU.
+
+			  If a queue's affinity mask contains only isolated
+			  CPUs then this parameter has no effect on the
+			  interrupt routing decision, though interrupts are
+			  only delivered when tasks running on those
+			  isolated CPUs submit IO. IO submitted on
+			  housekeeping CPUs has no influence on those
+			  queues.
+
+			The format of <cpu-list> is described above.
+
+	iucv=		[HW,NET]
+
+	ivrs_ioapic	[HW,X86-64]
+			Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID
+			mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table.
+			By default, PCI segment is 0, and can be omitted.
+
+			For example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to
+			PCI segment 0x1 and PCI device 00:14.0,
+			write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_ioapic=10@0001:00:14.0
+
+			Deprecated formats:
+			* To map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to PCI device 00:14.0
+			  write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0
+			* To map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to PCI segment 0x1 and
+			  PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_ioapic[10]=0001:00:14.0
+
+	ivrs_hpet	[HW,X86-64]
+			Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID
+			mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table.
+			By default, PCI segment is 0, and can be omitted.
+
+			For example, to map HPET-ID decimal 10 to
+			PCI segment 0x1 and PCI device 00:14.0,
+			write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_hpet=10@0001:00:14.0
+
+			Deprecated formats:
+			* To map HPET-ID decimal 0 to PCI device 00:14.0
+			  write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0
+			* To map HPET-ID decimal 10 to PCI segment 0x1 and
+			  PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_ioapic[10]=0001:00:14.0
+
+	ivrs_acpihid	[HW,X86-64]
+			Provide an override to the ACPI-HID:UID<->DEVICE-ID
+			mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table.
+			By default, PCI segment is 0, and can be omitted.
+
+			For example, to map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to
+			PCI segment 0x1 and PCI device ID 00:14.5,
+			write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_acpihid=AMD0020:0@0001:00:14.5
+
+			Deprecated formats:
+			* To map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to PCI segment is 0,
+			  PCI device ID 00:14.5, write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_acpihid[00:14.5]=AMD0020:0
+			* To map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to PCI segment 0x1 and
+			  PCI device ID 00:14.5, write the parameter as:
+				ivrs_acpihid[0001:00:14.5]=AMD0020:0
+
+	js=		[HW,JOY] Analog joystick
+			See Documentation/input/joydev/joystick.rst.
+
+	kasan_multi_shot
+			[KNL] Enforce KASAN (Kernel Address Sanitizer) to print
+			report on every invalid memory access. Without this
+			parameter KASAN will print report only for the first
+			invalid access.
+
+	keep_bootcon	[KNL]
+			Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
+			useful for debugging when something happens in the window
+			between unregistering the boot console and initializing
+			the real console.
+
+	keepinitrd	[HW,ARM]
+
+	kernelcore=	[KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC]
+			Format: nn[KMGTPE] | nn% | "mirror"
+			This parameter specifies the amount of memory usable by
+			the kernel for non-movable allocations.  The requested
+			amount is spread evenly throughout all nodes in the
+			system as ZONE_NORMAL.  The remaining memory is used for
+			movable memory in its own zone, ZONE_MOVABLE.  In the
+			event, a node is too small to have both ZONE_NORMAL and
+			ZONE_MOVABLE, kernelcore memory will take priority and
+			other nodes will have a larger ZONE_MOVABLE.
+
+			ZONE_MOVABLE is used for the allocation of pages that
+			may be reclaimed or moved by the page migration
+			subsystem.  Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem
+			still use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
+			zone if it does not.
+
+			It is possible to specify the exact amount of memory in
+			the form of "nn[KMGTPE]", a percentage of total system
+			memory in the form of "nn%", or "mirror".  If "mirror"
+			option is specified, mirrored (reliable) memory is used
+			for non-movable allocations and remaining memory is used
+			for Movable pages.  "nn[KMGTPE]", "nn%", and "mirror"
+			are exclusive, so you cannot specify multiple forms.
+
+	kgdbdbgp=	[KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
+			Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
+			The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
+			port as it is probed via PCI.  The poll interval is
+			optional and is the number seconds in between
+			each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
+			the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
+			gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection.  When
+			not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
+			the kernel debugger.
+
+	kgdboc=		[KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
+			Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
+			or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
+			 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
+			 keyboard only format: kbd
+			 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
+			Optional Kernel mode setting:
+			 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
+			 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
+
+	kgdboc_earlycon=	[KGDB,HW]
+			If the boot console provides the ability to read
+			characters and can work in polling mode, you can use
+			this parameter to tell kgdb to use it as a backend
+			until the normal console is registered. Intended to
+			be used together with the kgdboc parameter which
+			specifies the normal console to transition to.
+
+			The name of the early console should be specified
+			as the value of this parameter. Note that the name of
+			the early console might be different than the tty
+			name passed to kgdboc. It's OK to leave the value
+			blank and the first boot console that implements
+			read() will be picked.
+
+	kgdbwait	[KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
+			kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
+
+	kmac=		[MIPS] Korina ethernet MAC address.
+			Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
+			Ethernet adapter MAC address.
+
+	kmemleak=	[KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
+			Valid arguments: on, off
+			Default: on
+			Built with CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF=y,
+			the default is off.
+
+	kprobe_event=[probe-list]
+			[FTRACE] Add kprobe events and enable at boot time.
+			The probe-list is a semicolon delimited list of probe
+			definitions. Each definition is same as kprobe_events
+			interface, but the parameters are comma delimited.
+			For example, to add a kprobe event on vfs_read with
+			arg1 and arg2, add to the command line;
+
+			      kprobe_event=p,vfs_read,$arg1,$arg2
+
+			See also Documentation/trace/kprobetrace.rst "Kernel
+			Boot Parameter" section.
+
+	kpti=		[ARM64] Control page table isolation of user
+			and kernel address spaces.
+			Default: enabled on cores which need mitigation.
+			0: force disabled
+			1: force enabled
+
+	kunit.enable=	[KUNIT] Enable executing KUnit tests. Requires
+			CONFIG_KUNIT to be set to be fully enabled. The
+			default value can be overridden via
+			KUNIT_DEFAULT_ENABLED.
+			Default is 1 (enabled)
+
+	kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
+			Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
+
+	kvm.eager_page_split=
+			[KVM,X86] Controls whether or not KVM will try to
+			proactively split all huge pages during dirty logging.
+			Eager page splitting reduces interruptions to vCPU
+			execution by eliminating the write-protection faults
+			and MMU lock contention that would otherwise be
+			required to split huge pages lazily.
+
+			VM workloads that rarely perform writes or that write
+			only to a small region of VM memory may benefit from
+			disabling eager page splitting to allow huge pages to
+			still be used for reads.
+
+			The behavior of eager page splitting depends on whether
+			KVM_DIRTY_LOG_INITIALLY_SET is enabled or disabled. If
+			disabled, all huge pages in a memslot will be eagerly
+			split when dirty logging is enabled on that memslot. If
+			enabled, eager page splitting will be performed during
+			the KVM_CLEAR_DIRTY ioctl, and only for the pages being
+			cleared.
+
+			Eager page splitting is only supported when kvm.tdp_mmu=Y.
+
+			Default is Y (on).
+
+	kvm.enable_vmware_backdoor=[KVM] Support VMware backdoor PV interface.
+				   Default is false (don't support).
+
+	kvm.nx_huge_pages=
+			[KVM] Controls the software workaround for the
+			X86_BUG_ITLB_MULTIHIT bug.
+			force	: Always deploy workaround.
+			off	: Never deploy workaround.
+			auto    : Deploy workaround based on the presence of
+				  X86_BUG_ITLB_MULTIHIT.
+
+			Default is 'auto'.
+
+			If the software workaround is enabled for the host,
+			guests do need not to enable it for nested guests.
+
+	kvm.nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio=
+			[KVM] Controls how many 4KiB pages are periodically zapped
+			back to huge pages.  0 disables the recovery, otherwise if
+			the value is N KVM will zap 1/Nth of the 4KiB pages every
+			period (see below).  The default is 60.
+
+	kvm.nx_huge_pages_recovery_period_ms=
+			[KVM] Controls the time period at which KVM zaps 4KiB pages
+			back to huge pages. If the value is a non-zero N, KVM will
+			zap a portion (see ratio above) of the pages every N msecs.
+			If the value is 0 (the default), KVM will pick a period based
+			on the ratio, such that a page is zapped after 1 hour on average.
+
+	kvm-amd.nested=	[KVM,AMD] Control nested virtualization feature in
+			KVM/SVM. Default is 1 (enabled).
+
+	kvm-amd.npt=	[KVM,AMD] Control KVM's use of Nested Page Tables,
+			a.k.a. Two-Dimensional Page Tables. Default is 1
+			(enabled). Disable by KVM if hardware lacks support
+			for NPT.
+
+	kvm-arm.mode=
+			[KVM,ARM] Select one of KVM/arm64's modes of operation.
+
+			none: Forcefully disable KVM.
+
+			nvhe: Standard nVHE-based mode, without support for
+			      protected guests.
+
+			protected: nVHE-based mode with support for guests whose
+				   state is kept private from the host.
+
+			nested: VHE-based mode with support for nested
+				virtualization. Requires at least ARMv8.3
+				hardware.
+
+			Defaults to VHE/nVHE based on hardware support. Setting
+			mode to "protected" will disable kexec and hibernation
+			for the host. "nested" is experimental and should be
+			used with extreme caution.
+
+	kvm-arm.vgic_v3_group0_trap=
+			[KVM,ARM] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 group-0
+			system registers
+
+	kvm-arm.vgic_v3_group1_trap=
+			[KVM,ARM] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 group-1
+			system registers
+
+	kvm-arm.vgic_v3_common_trap=
+			[KVM,ARM] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 common
+			system registers
+
+	kvm-arm.vgic_v4_enable=
+			[KVM,ARM] Allow use of GICv4 for direct injection of
+			LPIs.
+
+	kvm_cma_resv_ratio=n [PPC]
+			Reserves given percentage from system memory area for
+			contiguous memory allocation for KVM hash pagetable
+			allocation.
+			By default it reserves 5% of total system memory.
+			Format: <integer>
+			Default: 5
+
+	kvm-intel.ept=	[KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of Extended Page Tables,
+			a.k.a. Two-Dimensional Page Tables.  Default is 1
+			(enabled). Disable by KVM if hardware lacks support
+			for EPT.
+
+	kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
+			[KVM,Intel] Control whether to emulate invalid guest
+			state. Ignored if kvm-intel.enable_unrestricted_guest=1,
+			as guest state is never invalid for unrestricted
+			guests. This param doesn't apply to nested guests (L2),
+			as KVM never emulates invalid L2 guest state.
+			Default is 1 (enabled).
+
+	kvm-intel.flexpriority=
+			[KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of FlexPriority feature
+			(TPR shadow). Default is 1 (enabled). Disable by KVM if
+			hardware lacks support for it.
+
+	kvm-intel.nested=
+			[KVM,Intel] Control nested virtualization feature in
+			KVM/VMX. Default is 1 (enabled).
+
+	kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
+			[KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of unrestricted guest
+			feature (virtualized real and unpaged mode). Default
+			is 1 (enabled). Disable by KVM if EPT is disabled or
+			hardware lacks support for it.
+
+	kvm-intel.vmentry_l1d_flush=[KVM,Intel] Mitigation for L1 Terminal Fault
+			CVE-2018-3620.
+
+			Valid arguments: never, cond, always
+
+			always: L1D cache flush on every VMENTER.
+			cond:	Flush L1D on VMENTER only when the code between
+				VMEXIT and VMENTER can leak host memory.
+			never:	Disables the mitigation
+
+			Default is cond (do L1 cache flush in specific instances)
+
+	kvm-intel.vpid=	[KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of Virtual Processor
+			Identification feature (tagged TLBs). Default is 1
+			(enabled). Disable by KVM if hardware lacks support
+			for it.
+
+	l1d_flush=	[X86,INTEL]
+			Control mitigation for L1D based snooping vulnerability.
+
+			Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against CPU
+			internal buffers which can forward information to a
+			disclosure gadget under certain conditions.
+
+			In vulnerable processors, the speculatively
+			forwarded data can be used in a cache side channel
+			attack, to access data to which the attacker does
+			not have direct access.
+
+			This parameter controls the mitigation. The
+			options are:
+
+			on         - enable the interface for the mitigation
+
+	l1tf=           [X86] Control mitigation of the L1TF vulnerability on
+			      affected CPUs
+
+			The kernel PTE inversion protection is unconditionally
+			enabled and cannot be disabled.
+
+			full
+				Provides all available mitigations for the
+				L1TF vulnerability. Disables SMT and
+				enables all mitigations in the
+				hypervisors, i.e. unconditional L1D flush.
+
+				SMT control and L1D flush control via the
+				sysfs interface is still possible after
+				boot.  Hypervisors will issue a warning
+				when the first VM is started in a
+				potentially insecure configuration,
+				i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
+
+			full,force
+				Same as 'full', but disables SMT and L1D
+				flush runtime control. Implies the
+				'nosmt=force' command line option.
+				(i.e. sysfs control of SMT is disabled.)
+
+			flush
+				Leaves SMT enabled and enables the default
+				hypervisor mitigation, i.e. conditional
+				L1D flush.
+
+				SMT control and L1D flush control via the
+				sysfs interface is still possible after
+				boot.  Hypervisors will issue a warning
+				when the first VM is started in a
+				potentially insecure configuration,
+				i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
+
+			flush,nosmt
+
+				Disables SMT and enables the default
+				hypervisor mitigation.
+
+				SMT control and L1D flush control via the
+				sysfs interface is still possible after
+				boot.  Hypervisors will issue a warning
+				when the first VM is started in a
+				potentially insecure configuration,
+				i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
+
+			flush,nowarn
+				Same as 'flush', but hypervisors will not
+				warn when a VM is started in a potentially
+				insecure configuration.
+
+			off
+				Disables hypervisor mitigations and doesn't
+				emit any warnings.
+				It also drops the swap size and available
+				RAM limit restriction on both hypervisor and
+				bare metal.
+
+			Default is 'flush'.
+
+			For details see: Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/l1tf.rst
+
+	l2cr=		[PPC]
+
+	l3cr=		[PPC]
+
+	lapic		[X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
+			disabled it.
+
+	lapic=		[X86,APIC] Do not use TSC deadline
+			value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
+			back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
+			Format: notscdeadline
+
+	lapic_timer_c2_ok	[X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
+			in C2 power state.
+
+	libata.dma=	[LIBATA] DMA control
+			libata.dma=0	  Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
+			libata.dma=1	  PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
+			libata.dma=2	  ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
+			libata.dma=4	  Compact Flash DMA only
+			Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
+			for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
+
+	libata.ignore_hpa=	[LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
+			libata.ignore_hpa=0	  keep BIOS limits (default)
+			libata.ignore_hpa=1	  ignore limits, using full disk
+
+	libata.noacpi	[LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
+			when set.
+			Format: <int>
+
+	libata.force=	[LIBATA] Force configurations.  The format is a comma-
+			separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is PORT[.DEVICE].
+			PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers matching port, link
+			or device.  Basically, it matches the ATA ID string
+			printed on console by libata.  If the whole ID part is
+			omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE values are used.  If
+			ID hasn't been specified yet, the configuration applies
+			to all ports, links and devices.
+
+			If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
+			the port and all links and devices behind it.  DEVICE
+			number of 0 either selects the first device or the
+			first fan-out link behind PMP device.  It does not
+			select the host link.  DEVICE number of 15 selects the
+			host link and device attached to it.
+
+			The VAL specifies the configuration to force.  As long
+			as there is no ambiguity, shortcut notation is allowed.
+			For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
+			The following configurations can be forced.
+
+			* Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
+			  Any ID with matching PORT is used.
+
+			* SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
+
+			* Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
+			  udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
+			  allowed.
+
+			* nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft and both
+			  resets.
+
+			* rstonce: only attempt one reset during hot-unplug
+			  link recovery.
+
+			* [no]dbdelay: Enable or disable the extra 200ms delay
+			  before debouncing a link PHY and device presence
+			  detection.
+
+			* [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
+
+			* [no]ncqtrim: Enable or disable queued DSM TRIM.
+
+			* [no]ncqati: Enable or disable NCQ trim on ATI chipset.
+
+			* [no]trim: Enable or disable (unqueued) TRIM.
+
+			* trim_zero: Indicate that TRIM command zeroes data.
+
+			* max_trim_128m: Set 128M maximum trim size limit.
+
+			* [no]dma: Turn on or off DMA transfers.
+
+			* atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support.
+
+			* atapi_mod16_dma: Enable the use of ATAPI DMA for
+			  commands that are not a multiple of 16 bytes.
+
+			* [no]dmalog: Enable or disable the use of the
+			  READ LOG DMA EXT command to access logs.
+
+			* [no]iddevlog: Enable or disable access to the
+			  identify device data log.
+
+			* [no]logdir: Enable or disable access to the general
+			  purpose log directory.
+
+			* max_sec_128: Set transfer size limit to 128 sectors.
+
+			* max_sec_1024: Set or clear transfer size limit to
+			  1024 sectors.
+
+			* max_sec_lba48: Set or clear transfer size limit to
+			  65535 sectors.
+
+			* [no]lpm: Enable or disable link power management.
+
+			* [no]setxfer: Indicate if transfer speed mode setting
+			  should be skipped.
+
+			* [no]fua: Disable or enable FUA (Force Unit Access)
+			  support for devices supporting this feature.
+
+			* dump_id: Dump IDENTIFY data.
+
+			* disable: Disable this device.
+
+			If there are multiple matching configurations changing
+			the same attribute, the last one is used.
+
+	load_ramdisk=	[RAM] [Deprecated]
+
+	lockd.nlm_grace_period=P  [NFS] Assign grace period.
+			Format: <integer>
+
+	lockd.nlm_tcpport=N	[NFS] Assign TCP port.
+			Format: <integer>
+
+	lockd.nlm_timeout=T	[NFS] Assign timeout value.
+			Format: <integer>
+
+	lockd.nlm_udpport=M	[NFS] Assign UDP port.
+			Format: <integer>
+
+	lockdown=	[SECURITY]
+			{ integrity | confidentiality }
+			Enable the kernel lockdown feature. If set to
+			integrity, kernel features that allow userland to
+			modify the running kernel are disabled. If set to
+			confidentiality, kernel features that allow userland
+			to extract confidential information from the kernel
+			are also disabled.
+
+	locktorture.nreaders_stress= [KNL]
+			Set the number of locking read-acquisition kthreads.
+			Defaults to being automatically set based on the
+			number of online CPUs.
+
+	locktorture.nwriters_stress= [KNL]
+			Set the number of locking write-acquisition kthreads.
+
+	locktorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
+			Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
+
+	locktorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
+			Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
+			zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
+
+	locktorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
+			Set task-shuffle interval (jiffies).  Shuffling
+			tasks allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle
+			mode during the locktorture test.
+
+	locktorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
+			Set time (s) after boot system shutdown.  This
+			is useful for hands-off automated testing.
+
+	locktorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
+			Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
+
+	locktorture.stutter= [KNL]
+			Time (s) to stutter testing, for example,
+			specifying five seconds causes the test to run for
+			five seconds, wait for five seconds, and so on.
+			This tests the locking primitive's ability to
+			transition abruptly to and from idle.
+
+	locktorture.torture_type= [KNL]
+			Specify the locking implementation to test.
+
+	locktorture.writer_fifo= [KNL]
+			Run the write-side locktorture kthreads at
+			sched_set_fifo() real-time priority.
+
+	locktorture.verbose= [KNL]
+			Enable additional printk() statements.
+
+	logibm.irq=	[HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
+			Format: <irq>
+
+	loglevel=	All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
+			console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
+			also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
+			loglevels are defined as follows:
+
+			0 (KERN_EMERG)		system is unusable
+			1 (KERN_ALERT)		action must be taken immediately
+			2 (KERN_CRIT)		critical conditions
+			3 (KERN_ERR)		error conditions
+			4 (KERN_WARNING)	warning conditions
+			5 (KERN_NOTICE)		normal but significant condition
+			6 (KERN_INFO)		informational
+			7 (KERN_DEBUG)		debug-level messages
+
+	log_buf_len=n[KMG]	Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
+			in bytes.  n must be a power of two and greater
+			than the minimal size. The minimal size is defined
+			by LOG_BUF_SHIFT kernel config parameter. There is
+			also CONFIG_LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT config parameter
+			that allows to increase the default size depending on
+			the number of CPUs. See init/Kconfig for more details.
+
+	logo.nologo	[FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
+			This may be used to provide more screen space for
+			kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
+			kernel boot problems.
+
+	lp=0		[LP]	Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
+	lp=port[,port...]	lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
+	lp=reset		first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
+	lp=auto			printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
+				specified in addition to the ports) causes
+				attached printers to be reset. Using
+				lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
+				to associate lp devices with, starting with
+				lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
+				that lp device, or a parport name such as
+				'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
+				port specification list means that device IDs
+				from each port should be examined, to see if
+				an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
+				so, the driver will manage that printer.
+				See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
+
+	lpj=n		[KNL]
+			Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
+			time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
+			CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
+			the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
+			autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
+			on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
+			which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
+			significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
+			will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
+			unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
+			unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
+			hardware.
+
+	ltpc=		[NET]
+			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
+
+	lsm.debug	[SECURITY] Enable LSM initialization debugging output.
+
+	lsm=lsm1,...,lsmN
+			[SECURITY] Choose order of LSM initialization. This
+			overrides CONFIG_LSM, and the "security=" parameter.
+
+	machvec=	[IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
+			(machvec) in a generic kernel.
+			Example: machvec=hpzx1
+
+	machtype=	[Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between
+			different yeeloong laptops.
+			Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
+
+	max_addr=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT,IA-64] All physical memory greater
+			than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
+
+	maxcpus=	[SMP] Maximum number of processors that	an SMP kernel
+			will bring up during bootup.  maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits
+			the kernel to bring up 'n' processors. Surely after
+			bootup you can bring up the other plugged cpu by executing
+			"echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/online". So maxcpus
+			only takes effect during system bootup.
+			While n=0 is a special case, it is equivalent to "nosmp",
+			which also disables the IO APIC.
+
+	max_loop=	[LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
+	(loop.max_loop)	unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
+			number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
+			of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
+			devices can be requested on-demand with the
+			/dev/loop-control interface.
+
+	mce		[X86-32] Machine Check Exception
+
+	mce=option	[X86-64] See Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/boot-options.rst
+
+	md=		[HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst.
+
+	mdacon=		[MDA]
+			Format: <first>,<last>
+			Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
+
+	mds=		[X86,INTEL]
+			Control mitigation for the Micro-architectural Data
+			Sampling (MDS) vulnerability.
+
+			Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against CPU
+			internal buffers which can forward information to a
+			disclosure gadget under certain conditions.
+
+			In vulnerable processors, the speculatively
+			forwarded data can be used in a cache side channel
+			attack, to access data to which the attacker does
+			not have direct access.
+
+			This parameter controls the MDS mitigation. The
+			options are:
+
+			full       - Enable MDS mitigation on vulnerable CPUs
+			full,nosmt - Enable MDS mitigation and disable
+				     SMT on vulnerable CPUs
+			off        - Unconditionally disable MDS mitigation
+
+			On TAA-affected machines, mds=off can be prevented by
+			an active TAA mitigation as both vulnerabilities are
+			mitigated with the same mechanism so in order to disable
+			this mitigation, you need to specify tsx_async_abort=off
+			too.
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+			mds=full.
+
+			For details see: Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/mds.rst
+
+	mem=nn[KMG]	[HEXAGON] Set the memory size.
+			Must be specified, otherwise memory size will be 0.
+
+	mem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
+			Amount of memory to be used in cases as follows:
+
+			1 for test;
+			2 when the kernel is not able to see the whole system memory;
+			3 memory that lies after 'mem=' boundary is excluded from
+			 the hypervisor, then assigned to KVM guests.
+			4 to limit the memory available for kdump kernel.
+
+			[ARC,MICROBLAZE] - the limit applies only to low memory,
+			high memory is not affected.
+
+			[ARM64] - only limits memory covered by the linear
+			mapping. The NOMAP regions are not affected.
+
+			[X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
+			with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
+			Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
+			belonging to unused RAM.
+
+			Note that this only takes effects during boot time since
+			in above case 3, memory may need be hot added after boot
+			if system memory of hypervisor is not sufficient.
+
+	mem=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
+			[ARM,MIPS] - override the memory layout reported by
+			firmware.
+			Define a memory region of size nn[KMG] starting at
+			ss[KMG].
+			Multiple different regions can be specified with
+			multiple mem= parameters on the command line.
+
+	mem=nopentium	[BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
+			memory.
+
+	memblock=debug	[KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
+
+	memchunk=nn[KMG]
+			[KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
+			per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
+
+	memhp_default_state=online/offline/online_kernel/online_movable
+			[KNL] Set the initial state for the memory hotplug
+			onlining policy. If not specified, the default value is
+			set according to the
+			CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_DEFAULT_ONLINE kernel config
+			option.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/memory-hotplug.rst.
+
+	memmap=exactmap	[KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
+			E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
+			Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
+			BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
+			option description.
+
+	memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
+			[KNL, X86, MIPS, XTENSA] Force usage of a specific region of memory.
+			Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn.
+			If @ss[KMG] is omitted, it is equivalent to mem=nn[KMG],
+			which limits max address to nn[KMG].
+			Multiple different regions can be specified,
+			comma delimited.
+			Example:
+				memmap=100M@2G,100M#3G,1G!1024G
+
+	memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
+			[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
+			Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn.
+
+	memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
+			[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
+			Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn.
+			Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
+			         memmap=64K$0x18690000
+			         or
+			         memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
+			Some bootloaders may need an escape character before '$',
+			like Grub2, otherwise '$' and the following number
+			will be eaten.
+
+	memmap=nn[KMG]!ss[KMG]
+			[KNL,X86] Mark specific memory as protected.
+			Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
+			The memory region may be marked as e820 type 12 (0xc)
+			and is NVDIMM or ADR memory.
+
+	memmap=<size>%<offset>-<oldtype>+<newtype>
+			[KNL,ACPI] Convert memory within the specified region
+			from <oldtype> to <newtype>. If "-<oldtype>" is left
+			out, the whole region will be marked as <newtype>,
+			even if previously unavailable. If "+<newtype>" is left
+			out, matching memory will be removed. Types are
+			specified as e820 types, e.g., 1 = RAM, 2 = reserved,
+			3 = ACPI, 12 = PRAM.
+
+	memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
+			Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
+			memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
+			Setting this option will scan the memory
+			looking for corruption.  Enabling this will
+			both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
+			from using the memory being corrupted.
+			However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
+			repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
+			affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
+			to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
+
+	memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
+			By default it checks for corruption in the low
+			64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
+			use.  Use this parameter to scan for
+			corruption in more or less memory.
+
+	memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
+			By default it checks for corruption every 60
+			seconds.  Use this parameter to check at some
+			other rate.  0 disables periodic checking.
+
+	memory_hotplug.memmap_on_memory
+			[KNL,X86,ARM] Boolean flag to enable this feature.
+			Format: {on | off (default)}
+			When enabled, runtime hotplugged memory will
+			allocate its internal metadata (struct pages,
+			those vmemmap pages cannot be optimized even
+			if hugetlb_free_vmemmap is enabled) from the
+			hotadded memory which will allow to hotadd a
+			lot of memory without requiring additional
+			memory to do so.
+			This feature is disabled by default because it
+			has some implication on large (e.g. GB)
+			allocations in some configurations (e.g. small
+			memory blocks).
+			The state of the flag can be read in
+			/sys/module/memory_hotplug/parameters/memmap_on_memory.
+			Note that even when enabled, there are a few cases where
+			the feature is not effective.
+
+	memtest=	[KNL,X86,ARM,M68K,PPC,RISCV] Enable memtest
+			Format: <integer>
+			default : 0 <disable>
+			Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
+			performed. Each pass selects another test
+			pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
+			fills the memory with this pattern, validates
+			memory contents and reserves bad memory
+			regions that are detected.
+
+	mem_encrypt=	[X86-64] AMD Secure Memory Encryption (SME) control
+			Valid arguments: on, off
+			Default (depends on kernel configuration option):
+			  on  (CONFIG_AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT_ACTIVE_BY_DEFAULT=y)
+			  off (CONFIG_AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT_ACTIVE_BY_DEFAULT=n)
+			mem_encrypt=on:		Activate SME
+			mem_encrypt=off:	Do not activate SME
+
+			Refer to Documentation/virt/kvm/x86/amd-memory-encryption.rst
+			for details on when memory encryption can be activated.
+
+	mem_sleep_default=	[SUSPEND] Default system suspend mode:
+			s2idle  - Suspend-To-Idle
+			shallow - Power-On Suspend or equivalent (if supported)
+			deep    - Suspend-To-RAM or equivalent (if supported)
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/pm/sleep-states.rst.
+
+	mfgpt_irq=	[IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
+			Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
+			platforms.
+
+	mfgptfix	[X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
+			the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
+			version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
+			problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
+
+	mga=		[HW,DRM]
+
+	min_addr=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT,IA-64] All physical memory below this
+			physical address is ignored.
+
+	mini2440=	[ARM,HW,KNL]
+			Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
+			Default: "0tb"
+			MINI2440 configuration specification:
+			0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
+			1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
+			2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
+			Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
+			the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
+			unconfigured.
+			b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
+			linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
+			LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
+			VGA shield.
+			c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
+			t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
+			touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
+			kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
+			in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
+			https://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
+
+	mitigations=
+			[X86,PPC,S390,ARM64] Control optional mitigations for
+			CPU vulnerabilities.  This is a set of curated,
+			arch-independent options, each of which is an
+			aggregation of existing arch-specific options.
+
+			off
+				Disable all optional CPU mitigations.  This
+				improves system performance, but it may also
+				expose users to several CPU vulnerabilities.
+				Equivalent to: if nokaslr then kpti=0 [ARM64]
+					       gather_data_sampling=off [X86]
+					       kvm.nx_huge_pages=off [X86]
+					       l1tf=off [X86]
+					       mds=off [X86]
+					       mmio_stale_data=off [X86]
+					       no_entry_flush [PPC]
+					       no_uaccess_flush [PPC]
+					       nobp=0 [S390]
+					       nopti [X86,PPC]
+					       nospectre_bhb [ARM64]
+					       nospectre_v1 [X86,PPC]
+					       nospectre_v2 [X86,PPC,S390,ARM64]
+					       retbleed=off [X86]
+					       spec_store_bypass_disable=off [X86,PPC]
+					       spectre_v2_user=off [X86]
+					       srbds=off [X86,INTEL]
+					       ssbd=force-off [ARM64]
+					       tsx_async_abort=off [X86]
+
+				Exceptions:
+					       This does not have any effect on
+					       kvm.nx_huge_pages when
+					       kvm.nx_huge_pages=force.
+
+			auto (default)
+				Mitigate all CPU vulnerabilities, but leave SMT
+				enabled, even if it's vulnerable.  This is for
+				users who don't want to be surprised by SMT
+				getting disabled across kernel upgrades, or who
+				have other ways of avoiding SMT-based attacks.
+				Equivalent to: (default behavior)
+
+			auto,nosmt
+				Mitigate all CPU vulnerabilities, disabling SMT
+				if needed.  This is for users who always want to
+				be fully mitigated, even if it means losing SMT.
+				Equivalent to: l1tf=flush,nosmt [X86]
+					       mds=full,nosmt [X86]
+					       tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt [X86]
+					       mmio_stale_data=full,nosmt [X86]
+					       retbleed=auto,nosmt [X86]
+
+	mminit_loglevel=
+			[KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
+			parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
+			the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
+			of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
+			log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
+			so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
+
+	mmio_stale_data=
+			[X86,INTEL] Control mitigation for the Processor
+			MMIO Stale Data vulnerabilities.
+
+			Processor MMIO Stale Data is a class of
+			vulnerabilities that may expose data after an MMIO
+			operation. Exposed data could originate or end in
+			the same CPU buffers as affected by MDS and TAA.
+			Therefore, similar to MDS and TAA, the mitigation
+			is to clear the affected CPU buffers.
+
+			This parameter controls the mitigation. The
+			options are:
+
+			full       - Enable mitigation on vulnerable CPUs
+
+			full,nosmt - Enable mitigation and disable SMT on
+				     vulnerable CPUs.
+
+			off        - Unconditionally disable mitigation
+
+			On MDS or TAA affected machines,
+			mmio_stale_data=off can be prevented by an active
+			MDS or TAA mitigation as these vulnerabilities are
+			mitigated with the same mechanism so in order to
+			disable this mitigation, you need to specify
+			mds=off and tsx_async_abort=off too.
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+			mmio_stale_data=full.
+
+			For details see:
+			Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/processor_mmio_stale_data.rst
+
+	<module>.async_probe[=<bool>] [KNL]
+			If no <bool> value is specified or if the value
+			specified is not a valid <bool>, enable asynchronous
+			probe on this module.  Otherwise, enable/disable
+			asynchronous probe on this module as indicated by the
+			<bool> value. See also: module.async_probe
+
+	module.async_probe=<bool>
+			[KNL] When set to true, modules will use async probing
+			by default. To enable/disable async probing for a
+			specific module, use the module specific control that
+			is documented under <module>.async_probe. When both
+			module.async_probe and <module>.async_probe are
+			specified, <module>.async_probe takes precedence for
+			the specific module.
+
+	module.enable_dups_trace
+			[KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_DEBUG_AUTOLOAD_DUPS is set,
+			this means that duplicate request_module() calls will
+			trigger a WARN_ON() instead of a pr_warn(). Note that
+			if MODULE_DEBUG_AUTOLOAD_DUPS_TRACE is set, WARN_ON()s
+			will always be issued and this option does nothing.
+	module.sig_enforce
+			[KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
+			modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
+			Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that
+			is always true, so this option does nothing.
+
+	module_blacklist=  [KNL] Do not load a comma-separated list of
+			modules.  Useful for debugging problem modules.
+
+	mousedev.tap_time=
+			[MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
+			leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
+			a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
+			touchpads working in absolute mode only).
+			Format: <msecs>
+	mousedev.xres=	[MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
+			reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
+	mousedev.yres=	[MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
+			reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
+
+	movablecore=	[KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC]
+			Format: nn[KMGTPE] | nn%
+			This parameter is the complement to kernelcore=, it
+			specifies the amount of memory used for migratable
+			allocations.  If both kernelcore and movablecore is
+			specified, then kernelcore will be at *least* the
+			specified value but may be more.  If movablecore on its
+			own is specified, the administrator must be careful
+			that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
+			is not too small.
+
+	movable_node	[KNL] Boot-time switch to make hotplugable memory
+			NUMA nodes to be movable. This means that the memory
+			of such nodes will be usable only for movable
+			allocations which rules out almost all kernel
+			allocations. Use with caution!
+
+	MTD_Partition=	[MTD]
+			Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
+
+	MTD_Region=	[MTD] Format:
+			<name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
+
+	mtdparts=	[MTD]
+			See drivers/mtd/parsers/cmdlinepart.c
+
+	mtdset=		[ARM]
+			ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
+
+			See arch/arm/mach-s3c/mach-jive.c
+
+	mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
+			[HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
+			('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
+
+	mtrr=debug	[X86]
+			Enable printing debug information related to MTRR
+			registers at boot time.
+
+	mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
+			used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
+			that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
+
+	mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
+			Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
+			Default is 1.
+			Large value could prevent small alignment from
+			using up MTRRs.
+
+	mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
+			Format: <integer>
+			Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
+			Default : 1
+			Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
+			Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
+
+	multitce=off	[PPC]  This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
+			firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
+			at a time.
+
+	n2=		[NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
+
+	netdev=		[NET] Network devices parameters
+			Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
+			Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
+			something different and driver-specific.
+			This usage is only documented in each driver source
+			file if at all.
+
+	netpoll.carrier_timeout=
+			[NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
+			netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
+			waits 4 seconds.
+
+	nf_conntrack.acct=
+			[NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
+			0 to disable accounting
+			1 to enable accounting
+			Default value is 0.
+
+	nfs.cache_getent=
+			[NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
+			to update the NFS client cache entries.
+
+	nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
+			[NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
+			update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
+
+	nfs.callback_nr_threads=
+			[NFSv4] set the total number of threads that the
+			NFS client will assign to service NFSv4 callback
+			requests.
+
+	nfs.callback_tcpport=
+			[NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
+			channel should listen.
+
+	nfs.enable_ino64=
+			[NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
+			If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
+			number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
+			of returning the full 64-bit number.
+			The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
+
+	nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
+			[NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
+			entries.
+
+	nfs.max_session_cb_slots=
+			[NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session
+			slots the client will assign to the callback
+			channel. This determines the maximum number of
+			callbacks the client will process in parallel for
+			a particular server.
+
+	nfs.max_session_slots=
+			[NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
+			the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
+			This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
+			that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
+			Note that there is little point in setting this
+			value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
+
+	nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
+			[NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
+			ensures that both the RPC level authentication
+			scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
+			numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
+			'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
+			disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
+			legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
+			Servers that do not support this mode of operation
+			will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
+			back to using the idmapper.
+			To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
+
+	nfs.nfs4_unique_id=
+			[NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
+			ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
+			their nfs_client_id4 string.  This is typically a
+			UUID that is generated at system install time.
+
+	nfs.recover_lost_locks=
+			[NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due
+			to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that
+			doing this risks data corruption, since there are
+			no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged
+			after the locks are lost.
+			If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of
+			attempting to recover these locks, then set this
+			parameter to '1'.
+			The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel
+			not to attempt recovery of lost locks.
+
+	nfs.send_implementation_id=
+			[NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
+			information in exchange_id requests.
+			If zero, no implementation identification information
+			will be sent.
+			The default is to send the implementation identification
+			information.
+
+	nfs4.layoutstats_timer=
+			[NFSv4.2] Change the rate at which the kernel sends
+			layoutstats to the pNFS metadata server.
+
+			Setting this to value to 0 causes the kernel to use
+			whatever value is the default set by the layout
+			driver. A non-zero value sets the minimum interval
+			in seconds between layoutstats transmissions.
+
+	nfsd.inter_copy_offload_enable=
+			[NFSv4.2] When set to 1, the server will support
+			server-to-server copies for which this server is
+			the destination of the copy.
+
+	nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
+			[NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
+			server will return only numeric uids and gids to
+			clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
+			and gids from such clients.  This is intended to ease
+			migration from NFSv2/v3.
+
+	nfsd.nfsd4_ssc_umount_timeout=
+			[NFSv4.2] When used as the destination of a
+			server-to-server copy, knfsd temporarily mounts
+			the source server.  It caches the mount in case
+			it will be needed again, and discards it if not
+			used for the number of milliseconds specified by
+			this parameter.
+
+	nfsaddrs=	[NFS] Deprecated.  Use ip= instead.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst.
+
+	nfsroot=	[NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst.
+
+	nfsrootdebug	[NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst.
+
+	nmi_backtrace.backtrace_idle [KNL]
+			Dump stacks even of idle CPUs in response to an
+			NMI stack-backtrace request.
+
+	nmi_debug=	[KNL,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
+			when a NMI is triggered.
+			Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
+
+	nmi_watchdog=	[KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
+			Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
+			Valid num: 0 or 1
+			0 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog off
+			1 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog on
+			When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
+			timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to not panic on an NMI
+			watchdog, if CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HARDLOCKUP_PANIC is set)
+			To disable both hard and soft lockup detectors,
+			please see 'nowatchdog'.
+			This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
+			need the box quickly up again.
+
+			These settings can be accessed at runtime via
+			the nmi_watchdog and hardlockup_panic sysctls.
+
+	no387		[BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
+			emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
+			is present.
+
+	no4lvl		[RISCV] Disable 4-level and 5-level paging modes. Forces
+			kernel to use 3-level paging instead.
+
+	no5lvl		[X86-64,RISCV] Disable 5-level paging mode. Forces
+			kernel to use 4-level paging instead.
+
+	noaliencache	[MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
+			caches in the slab allocator.  Saves per-node memory,
+			but will impact performance.
+
+	noalign		[KNL,ARM]
+
+	noaltinstr	[S390] Disables alternative instructions patching
+			(CPU alternatives feature).
+
+	noapic		[SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
+			IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
+
+	noautogroup	Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
+
+	nocache		[ARM]
+
+	no_console_suspend
+			[HW] Never suspend the console
+			Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
+			hibernate operations.  Once disabled, debugging
+			messages can reach various consoles while the rest
+			of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
+			debugging driver suspend/resume hooks).  This may
+			not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
+			to work with serial and VGA consoles.
+			To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
+			console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
+			it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
+			/sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
+			turn on/off it dynamically.
+
+	no_debug_objects
+			[KNL] Disable object debugging
+
+	nodsp		[SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
+
+	noefi		Disable EFI runtime services support.
+
+	no_entry_flush  [PPC] Don't flush the L1-D cache when entering the kernel.
+
+	noexec		[IA-64]
+
+	noexec32	[X86-64]
+			This affects only 32-bit executables.
+			noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
+				read doesn't imply executable mappings
+			noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
+				read implies executable mappings
+
+	no_file_caps	Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities.  The
+			only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
+			is to be setuid root or executed by root.
+
+	nofpu		[MIPS,SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
+
+	nofsgsbase	[X86] Disables FSGSBASE instructions.
+
+	nofxsr		[BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
+			register save and restore. The kernel will only save
+			legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
+
+	nohalt		[IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
+			function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
+			power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
+			interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
+			in certain environments such as networked servers or
+			real-time systems.
+
+	no_hash_pointers
+			Force pointers printed to the console or buffers to be
+			unhashed.  By default, when a pointer is printed via %p
+			format string, that pointer is "hashed", i.e. obscured
+			by hashing the pointer value.  This is a security feature
+			that hides actual kernel addresses from unprivileged
+			users, but it also makes debugging the kernel more
+			difficult since unequal pointers can no longer be
+			compared.  However, if this command-line option is
+			specified, then all normal pointers will have their true
+			value printed. This option should only be specified when
+			debugging the kernel.  Please do not use on production
+			kernels.
+
+	nohibernate	[HIBERNATION] Disable hibernation and resume.
+
+	nohlt		[ARM,ARM64,MICROBLAZE,MIPS,PPC,SH] Forces the kernel to
+			busy wait in do_idle() and not use the arch_cpu_idle()
+			implementation; requires CONFIG_GENERIC_IDLE_POLL_SETUP
+			to be effective. This is useful on platforms where the
+			sleep(SH) or wfi(ARM,ARM64) instructions do not work
+			correctly or when doing power measurements to evaluate
+			the impact of the sleep instructions. This is also
+			useful when using JTAG debugger.
+
+	nohugeiomap	[KNL,X86,PPC,ARM64] Disable kernel huge I/O mappings.
+
+	nohugevmalloc	[KNL,X86,PPC,ARM64] Disable kernel huge vmalloc mappings.
+
+	nohz=		[KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
+			Valid arguments: on, off
+			Default: on
+
+	nohz_full=	[KNL,BOOT,SMP,ISOL]
+			The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
+			In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set
+			the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped
+			whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside
+			the range to maintain the timekeeping.  Any CPUs
+			in this list will have their RCU callbacks offloaded,
+			just as if they had also been called out in the
+			rcu_nocbs= boot parameter.
+
+			Note that this argument takes precedence over
+			the CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_DEFAULT_ALL option.
+
+	noinitrd	[RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
+			initial RAM disk.
+
+	nointremap	[X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
+			remapping.
+			[Deprecated - use intremap=off]
+
+	nointroute	[IA-64]
+
+	noinvpcid	[X86] Disable the INVPCID cpu feature.
+
+	noiotrap	[SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
+
+	noirqdebug	[X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
+			disable unhandled interrupt sources.
+
+	noisapnp	[ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
+
+	nojitter	[IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
+
+	nokaslr		[KNL]
+			When CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE is set, this disables
+			kernel and module base offset ASLR (Address Space
+			Layout Randomization).
+
+	no-kvmapf	[X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
+			fault handling.
+
+	no-kvmclock	[X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
+
+	nolapic		[X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
+
+	nolapic_timer	[X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
+
+	nomca		[IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
+
+	nomce		[X86-32] Disable Machine Check Exception
+
+	nomfgpt		[X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
+			Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
+
+	nomodeset	Disable kernel modesetting. Most systems' firmware
+			sets up a display mode and provides framebuffer memory
+			for output. With nomodeset, DRM and fbdev drivers will
+			not load if they could possibly displace the pre-
+			initialized output. Only the system framebuffer will
+			be available for use. The respective drivers will not
+			perform display-mode changes or accelerated rendering.
+
+			Useful as error fallback, or for testing and debugging.
+
+	nomodule	Disable module load
+
+	nonmi_ipi	[X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
+			shutdown the other cpus.  Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
+			irq.
+
+	nopat		[X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
+			pagetables) support.
+
+	nopcid		[X86-64] Disable the PCID cpu feature.
+
+	nopku		[X86] Disable Memory Protection Keys CPU feature found
+			in some Intel CPUs.
+
+	nopti		[X86-64]
+			Equivalent to pti=off
+
+	nopv=		[X86,XEN,KVM,HYPER_V,VMWARE]
+			Disables the PV optimizations forcing the guest to run
+			as generic guest with no PV drivers. Currently support
+			XEN HVM, KVM, HYPER_V and VMWARE guest.
+
+	nopvspin	[X86,XEN,KVM]
+			Disables the qspinlock slow path using PV optimizations
+			which allow the hypervisor to 'idle' the guest on lock
+			contention.
+
+	norandmaps	Don't use address space randomization.  Equivalent to
+			echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
+
+	noreplace-smp	[X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
+			with UP alternatives
+
+	noresume	[SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
+			space.
+
+	nosbagart	[IA-64]
+
+	no-scroll	[VGA] Disables scrollback.
+			This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
+			reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
+
+	nosgx		[X86-64,SGX] Disables Intel SGX kernel support.
+
+	nosmap		[PPC]
+			Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
+			even if it is supported by processor.
+
+	nosmep		[PPC64s]
+			Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
+			even if it is supported by processor.
+
+	nosmp		[SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
+			and disable the IO APIC.  legacy for "maxcpus=0".
+
+	nosmt		[KNL,MIPS,PPC,S390] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT).
+			Equivalent to smt=1.
+
+			[KNL,X86,PPC] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT).
+			nosmt=force: Force disable SMT, cannot be undone
+				     via the sysfs control file.
+
+	nosoftlockup	[KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
+
+	nospec_store_bypass_disable
+			[HW] Disable all mitigations for the Speculative Store Bypass vulnerability
+
+	nospectre_bhb	[ARM64] Disable all mitigations for Spectre-BHB (branch
+			history injection) vulnerability. System may allow data leaks
+			with this option.
+
+	nospectre_v1	[X86,PPC] Disable mitigations for Spectre Variant 1
+			(bounds check bypass). With this option data leaks are
+			possible in the system.
+
+	nospectre_v2	[X86,PPC_E500,ARM64] Disable all mitigations for
+			the Spectre variant 2 (indirect branch prediction)
+			vulnerability. System may allow data leaks with this
+			option.
+
+	no-steal-acc	[X86,PV_OPS,ARM64,PPC/PSERIES] Disable paravirtualized
+			steal time accounting. steal time is computed, but
+			won't influence scheduler behaviour
+
+	nosync		[HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
+
+	no_timer_check	[X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
+			broken timer IRQ sources.
+
+	no_uaccess_flush
+	                [PPC] Don't flush the L1-D cache after accessing user data.
+
+	novmcoredd	[KNL,KDUMP]
+			Disable device dump. Device dump allows drivers to
+			append dump data to vmcore so you can collect driver
+			specified debug info.  Drivers can append the data
+			without any limit and this data is stored in memory,
+			so this may cause significant memory stress.  Disabling
+			device dump can help save memory but the driver debug
+			data will be no longer available.  This parameter
+			is only available when CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE_DEVICE_DUMP
+			is set.
+
+	no-vmw-sched-clock
+			[X86,PV_OPS] Disable paravirtualized VMware scheduler
+			clock and use the default one.
+
+	nowatchdog	[KNL] Disable both lockup detectors, i.e.
+			soft-lockup and NMI watchdog (hard-lockup).
+
+	nowb		[ARM]
+
+	nox2apic	[X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
+
+			NOTE: this parameter will be ignored on systems with the
+			LEGACY_XAPIC_DISABLED bit set in the
+			IA32_XAPIC_DISABLE_STATUS MSR.
+
+	noxsave		[BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
+			and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
+			enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
+
+	noxsaveopt	[X86] Disables xsaveopt used in saving x86 extended
+			register states. The kernel will fall back to use
+			xsave to save the states. By using this parameter,
+			performance of saving the states is degraded because
+			xsave doesn't support modified optimization while
+			xsaveopt supports it on xsaveopt enabled systems.
+
+	noxsaves	[X86] Disables xsaves and xrstors used in saving and
+			restoring x86 extended register state in compacted
+			form of xsave area. The kernel will fall back to use
+			xsaveopt and xrstor to save and restore the states
+			in standard form of xsave area. By using this
+			parameter, xsave area per process might occupy more
+			memory on xsaves enabled systems.
+
+	nps_mtm_hs_ctr=	[KNL,ARC]
+			This parameter sets the maximum duration, in
+			cycles, each HW thread of the CTOP can run
+			without interruptions, before HW switches it.
+			The actual maximum duration is 16 times this
+			parameter's value.
+			Format: integer between 1 and 255
+			Default: 255
+
+	nptcg=		[IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
+			purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
+			SAL PALO.
+
+	nr_cpus=	[SMP] Maximum number of processors that	an SMP kernel
+			could support.  nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
+			support 'n' processors. It could be larger than the
+			number of already plugged CPU during bootup, later in
+			runtime you can physically add extra cpu until it reaches
+			n. So during boot up some boot time memory for per-cpu
+			variables need be pre-allocated for later physical cpu
+			hot plugging.
+
+	nr_uarts=	[SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
+
+	numa=off 	[KNL, ARM64, PPC, RISCV, SPARC, X86] Disable NUMA, Only
+			set up a single NUMA node spanning all memory.
+
+	numa_balancing=	[KNL,ARM64,PPC,RISCV,S390,X86] Enable or disable automatic
+			NUMA balancing.
+			Allowed values are enable and disable
+
+	numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
+			'node', 'default' can be specified
+			This can be set from sysctl after boot.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.rst for details.
+
+	ohci1394_dma=early	[HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
+			See Documentation/core-api/debugging-via-ohci1394.rst for more
+			info.
+
+	olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
+			Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
+			command is not properly ACKed, override the length
+			of the timeout.  We have interrupts disabled while
+			waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
+			interrupts *may* be lost!
+
+	omap_mux=	[OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
+			Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
+			For example, to override I2C bus2:
+			omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
+
+	onenand.bdry=	[HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
+
+			Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
+
+			boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
+				   The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
+			lock	 - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
+				   Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
+				   1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
+
+	oops=panic	Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
+			process, but there is a small probability of
+			deadlocking the machine.
+			This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
+			Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
+
+	page_alloc.shuffle=
+			[KNL] Boolean flag to control whether the page allocator
+			should randomize its free lists. The randomization may
+			be automatically enabled if the kernel detects it is
+			running on a platform with a direct-mapped memory-side
+			cache, and this parameter can be used to
+			override/disable that behavior. The state of the flag
+			can be read from sysfs at:
+			/sys/module/page_alloc/parameters/shuffle.
+
+	page_owner=	[KNL] Boot-time page_owner enabling option.
+			Storage of the information about who allocated
+			each page is disabled in default. With this switch,
+			we can turn it on.
+			on: enable the feature
+
+	page_poison=	[KNL] Boot-time parameter changing the state of
+			poisoning on the buddy allocator, available with
+			CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING=y.
+			off: turn off poisoning (default)
+			on: turn on poisoning
+
+	page_reporting.page_reporting_order=
+			[KNL] Minimal page reporting order
+			Format: <integer>
+			Adjust the minimal page reporting order. The page
+			reporting is disabled when it exceeds MAX_ORDER.
+
+	panic=		[KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
+			timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
+			timeout = 0: wait forever
+			timeout < 0: reboot immediately
+			Format: <timeout>
+
+	panic_on_taint=	Bitmask for conditionally calling panic() in add_taint()
+			Format: <hex>[,nousertaint]
+			Hexadecimal bitmask representing the set of TAINT flags
+			that will cause the kernel to panic when add_taint() is
+			called with any of the flags in this set.
+			The optional switch "nousertaint" can be utilized to
+			prevent userspace forced crashes by writing to sysctl
+			/proc/sys/kernel/tainted any flagset matching with the
+			bitmask set on panic_on_taint.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst for
+			extra details on the taint flags that users can pick
+			to compose the bitmask to assign to panic_on_taint.
+
+	panic_on_warn=1	panic() instead of WARN().  Useful to cause kdump
+			on a WARN().
+
+	panic_print=	Bitmask for printing system info when panic happens.
+			User can chose combination of the following bits:
+			bit 0: print all tasks info
+			bit 1: print system memory info
+			bit 2: print timer info
+			bit 3: print locks info if CONFIG_LOCKDEP is on
+			bit 4: print ftrace buffer
+			bit 5: print all printk messages in buffer
+			bit 6: print all CPUs backtrace (if available in the arch)
+			*Be aware* that this option may print a _lot_ of lines,
+			so there are risks of losing older messages in the log.
+			Use this option carefully, maybe worth to setup a
+			bigger log buffer with "log_buf_len" along with this.
+
+	parkbd.port=	[HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
+			connected to, default is 0.
+			Format: <parport#>
+	parkbd.mode=	[HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
+			0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
+			Format: <mode>
+
+	parport=	[HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
+			Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
+			Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
+			IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
+			ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
+			possible conflicts). You can specify the base
+			address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
+			should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
+			settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
+			(to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
+			Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
+			are specified on the command line, starting
+			with parport0.
+
+	parport_init_mode=	[HW,PPT]
+			Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
+			a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
+			computer where firmware has no options for setting
+			up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
+			Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
+			Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
+
+	pata_legacy.all=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to non-zero to probe primary and secondary ISA
+			port ranges on PCI systems where no PCI PATA device
+			has been found at either range.  Disabled by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.autospeed=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to non-zero if a chip is present that snoops speed
+			changes.  Disabled by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.ht6560a=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to 1, 2, or 3 for HT 6560A on the primary channel,
+			the secondary channel, or both channels respectively.
+			Disabled by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.ht6560b=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to 1, 2, or 3 for HT 6560B on the primary channel,
+			the secondary channel, or both channels respectively.
+			Disabled by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.iordy_mask=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			IORDY enable mask.  Set individual bits to allow IORDY
+			for the respective channel.  Bit 0 is for the first
+			legacy channel handled by this driver, bit 1 is for
+			the second channel, and so on.  The sequence will often
+			correspond to the primary legacy channel, the secondary
+			legacy channel, and so on, but the handling of a PCI
+			bus and the use of other driver options may interfere
+			with the sequence.  By default IORDY is allowed across
+			all channels.
+
+	pata_legacy.opti82c46x=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to 1, 2, or 3 for Opti 82c611A on the primary
+			channel, the secondary channel, or both channels
+			respectively.  Disabled by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.opti82c611a=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to 1, 2, or 3 for Opti 82c465MV on the primary
+			channel, the secondary channel, or both channels
+			respectively.  Disabled by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.pio_mask=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			PIO mode mask for autospeed devices.  Set individual
+			bits to allow the use of the respective PIO modes.
+			Bit 0 is for mode 0, bit 1 is for mode 1, and so on.
+			All modes allowed by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.probe_all=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to non-zero to probe tertiary and further ISA
+			port ranges on PCI systems.  Disabled by default.
+
+	pata_legacy.probe_mask=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Probe mask for legacy ISA PATA ports.  Depending on
+			platform configuration and the use of other driver
+			options up to 6 legacy ports are supported: 0x1f0,
+			0x170, 0x1e8, 0x168, 0x1e0, 0x160, however probing
+			of individual ports can be disabled by setting the
+			corresponding bits in the mask to 1.  Bit 0 is for
+			the first port in the list above (0x1f0), and so on.
+			By default all supported ports are probed.
+
+	pata_legacy.qdi=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to non-zero to probe QDI controllers.  By default
+			set to 1 if CONFIG_PATA_QDI_MODULE, 0 otherwise.
+
+	pata_legacy.winbond=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Set to non-zero to probe Winbond controllers.  Use
+			the standard I/O port (0x130) if 1, otherwise the
+			value given is the I/O port to use (typically 0x1b0).
+			By default set to 1 if CONFIG_PATA_WINBOND_VLB_MODULE,
+			0 otherwise.
+
+	pata_platform.pio_mask=	[HW,LIBATA]
+			Format: <int>
+			Supported PIO mode mask.  Set individual bits to allow
+			the use of the respective PIO modes.  Bit 0 is for
+			mode 0, bit 1 is for mode 1, and so on.  Mode 0 only
+			allowed by default.
+
+	pause_on_oops=<int>
+			Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
+			the specified number of seconds.  This is to be used if
+			your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
+
+	pcbit=		[HW,ISDN]
+
+	pci=option[,option...]	[PCI] various PCI subsystem options.
+
+				Some options herein operate on a specific device
+				or a set of devices (<pci_dev>). These are
+				specified in one of the following formats:
+
+				[<domain>:]<bus>:<dev>.<func>[/<dev>.<func>]*
+				pci:<vendor>:<device>[:<subvendor>:<subdevice>]
+
+				Note: the first format specifies a PCI
+				bus/device/function address which may change
+				if new hardware is inserted, if motherboard
+				firmware changes, or due to changes caused
+				by other kernel parameters. If the
+				domain is left unspecified, it is
+				taken to be zero. Optionally, a path
+				to a device through multiple device/function
+				addresses can be specified after the base
+				address (this is more robust against
+				renumbering issues).  The second format
+				selects devices using IDs from the
+				configuration space which may match multiple
+				devices in the system.
+
+		earlydump	dump PCI config space before the kernel
+				changes anything
+		off		[X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
+		bios		[X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
+				the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
+				has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
+		nobios		[X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
+				hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
+				if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
+				suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
+		conf1		[X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access
+				Mechanism 1 (config address in IO port 0xCF8,
+				data in IO port 0xCFC, both 32-bit).
+		conf2		[X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access
+				Mechanism 2 (IO port 0xCF8 is an 8-bit port for
+				the function, IO port 0xCFA, also 8-bit, sets
+				bus number. The config space is then accessed
+				through ports 0xC000-0xCFFF).
+				See http://wiki.osdev.org/PCI for more info
+				on the configuration access mechanisms.
+		noaer		[PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
+				enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
+				disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
+		nodomains	[PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
+				root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
+		nommconf	[X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
+				Configuration
+		check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
+				properly configured MMIO access to PCI
+				config space on AMD family 10h CPU
+		nomsi		[MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
+				enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
+				disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
+		noioapicquirk	[APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
+				Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
+				should never be necessary.
+		ioapicreroute	[APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
+				primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
+				boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
+				when the system masks IRQs.
+		noioapicreroute	[APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
+				boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
+				a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
+				The opposite of ioapicreroute.
+		biosirq		[X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
+				routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
+				on several machines and they hang the machine
+				when used, but on other computers it's the only
+				way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
+				this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
+				IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
+				motherboard.
+		rom		[X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
+				Use with caution as certain devices share
+				address decoders between ROMs and other
+				resources.
+		norom		[X86] Do not assign address space to
+				expansion ROMs that do not already have
+				BIOS assigned address ranges.
+		nobar		[X86] Do not assign address space to the
+				BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
+		irqmask=0xMMMM	[X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
+				assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
+				make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
+				this way.
+		pirqaddr=0xAAAAA	[X86] Specify the physical address
+				of the PIRQ table (normally generated
+				by the BIOS) if it is outside the
+				F0000h-100000h range.
+		lastbus=N	[X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
+				useful if the kernel is unable to find your
+				secondary buses and you want to tell it
+				explicitly which ones they are.
+		assign-busses	[X86] Always assign all PCI bus
+				numbers ourselves, overriding
+				whatever the firmware may have done.
+		usepirqmask	[X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
+				in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
+				some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
+				some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
+				notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
+				IRQ routing is enabled.
+		noacpi		[X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
+				or for PCI scanning.
+		use_crs		[X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
+				from ACPI.  On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
+				is enabled by default.  If you need to use this,
+				please report a bug.
+		nocrs		[X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
+				If you need to use this, please report a bug.
+		use_e820	[X86] Use E820 reservations to exclude parts of
+				PCI host bridge windows. This is a workaround
+				for BIOS defects in host bridge _CRS methods.
+				If you need to use this, please report a bug to
+				<linux-pci@vger.kernel.org>.
+		no_e820		[X86] Ignore E820 reservations for PCI host
+				bridge windows. This is the default on modern
+				hardware. If you need to use this, please report
+				a bug to <linux-pci@vger.kernel.org>.
+		routeirq	Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
+				This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
+				so this option is a temporary workaround
+				for broken drivers that don't call it.
+		skip_isa_align	[X86] do not align io start addr, so can
+				handle more pci cards
+		noearly		[X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
+				This might help on some broken boards which
+				machine check when some devices' config space
+				is read. But various workarounds are disabled
+				and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
+		bfsort		Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
+				This sorting is done to get a device
+				order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
+		nobfsort	Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
+		pcie_bus_tune_off	Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
+				tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
+		pcie_bus_safe	Set every device's MPS to the largest value
+				supported by all devices below the root complex.
+		pcie_bus_perf	Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
+				based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
+				Read Request Size) to the largest supported
+				value (no larger than the MPS that the device
+				or bus can support) for best performance.
+		pcie_bus_peer2peer	Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
+				every device is guaranteed to support. This
+				configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
+				any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
+				reduced performance.  This also guarantees
+				that hot-added devices will work.
+		cbiosize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
+				reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
+				The default value is 256 bytes.
+		cbmemsize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
+				reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
+				window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
+		resource_alignment=
+				Format:
+				[<order of align>@]<pci_dev>[; ...]
+				Specifies alignment and device to reassign
+				aligned memory resources. How to
+				specify the device is described above.
+				If <order of align> is not specified,
+				PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
+				A PCI-PCI bridge can be specified if resource
+				windows need to be expanded.
+				To specify the alignment for several
+				instances of a device, the PCI vendor,
+				device, subvendor, and subdevice may be
+				specified, e.g., 12@pci:8086:9c22:103c:198f
+				for 4096-byte alignment.
+		ecrc=		Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
+				end-to-end CRC checking). Only effective if
+				OS has native AER control (either granted by
+				ACPI _OSC or forced via "pcie_ports=native")
+				bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
+				the default.
+				off: Turn ECRC off
+				on: Turn ECRC on.
+		hpiosize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
+				reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
+				Default size is 256 bytes.
+		hpmmiosize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
+				reserved for hotplug bridge's MMIO window.
+				Default size is 2 megabytes.
+		hpmmioprefsize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
+				reserved for hotplug bridge's MMIO_PREF window.
+				Default size is 2 megabytes.
+		hpmemsize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
+				reserved for hotplug bridge's MMIO and
+				MMIO_PREF window.
+				Default size is 2 megabytes.
+		hpbussize=nn	The minimum amount of additional bus numbers
+				reserved for buses below a hotplug bridge.
+				Default is 1.
+		realloc=	Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
+				if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
+				accommodate resources required by all child
+				devices.
+				off: Turn realloc off
+				on: Turn realloc on
+		realloc		same as realloc=on
+		noari		do not use PCIe ARI.
+		noats		[PCIE, Intel-IOMMU, AMD-IOMMU]
+				do not use PCIe ATS (and IOMMU device IOTLB).
+		pcie_scan_all	Scan all possible PCIe devices.  Otherwise we
+				only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
+				port.
+		big_root_window	Try to add a big 64bit memory window to the PCIe
+				root complex on AMD CPUs. Some GFX hardware
+				can resize a BAR to allow access to all VRAM.
+				Adding the window is slightly risky (it may
+				conflict with unreported devices), so this
+				taints the kernel.
+		disable_acs_redir=<pci_dev>[; ...]
+				Specify one or more PCI devices (in the format
+				specified above) separated by semicolons.
+				Each device specified will have the PCI ACS
+				redirect capabilities forced off which will
+				allow P2P traffic between devices through
+				bridges without forcing it upstream. Note:
+				this removes isolation between devices and
+				may put more devices in an IOMMU group.
+		force_floating	[S390] Force usage of floating interrupts.
+		nomio		[S390] Do not use MIO instructions.
+		norid		[S390] ignore the RID field and force use of
+				one PCI domain per PCI function
+
+	pcie_aspm=	[PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
+			Management.
+		off	Disable ASPM.
+		force	Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
+			WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
+
+	pcie_ports=	[PCIE] PCIe port services handling:
+		native	Use native PCIe services (PME, AER, DPC, PCIe hotplug)
+			even if the platform doesn't give the OS permission to
+			use them.  This may cause conflicts if the platform
+			also tries to use these services.
+		dpc-native	Use native PCIe service for DPC only.  May
+				cause conflicts if firmware uses AER or DPC.
+		compat	Disable native PCIe services (PME, AER, DPC, PCIe
+			hotplug).
+
+	pcie_port_pm=	[PCIE] PCIe port power management handling:
+		off	Disable power management of all PCIe ports
+		force	Forcibly enable power management of all PCIe ports
+
+	pcie_pme=	[PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
+		nomsi	Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
+			all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
+
+	pcmv=		[HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
+
+	pd_ignore_unused
+			[PM]
+			Keep all power-domains already enabled by bootloader on,
+			even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
+			for debug and development, but should not be
+			needed on a platform with proper driver support.
+
+	pdcchassis=	[PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
+			boot time.
+			Format: { 0 | 1 }
+			See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
+
+	percpu_alloc=	Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
+			Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
+			Archs may support subset or none of the	selections.
+			See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
+			allocator.  This parameter is primarily	for debugging
+			and performance comparison.
+
+	pirq=		[SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
+			See Documentation/arch/x86/i386/IO-APIC.rst.
+
+	plip=		[PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
+			Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
+			See also Documentation/admin-guide/parport.rst.
+
+	pmtmr=		[X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
+			Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
+			e.g. pmtmr=0x508
+
+	pmu_override=	[PPC] Override the PMU.
+			This option takes over the PMU facility, so it is no
+			longer usable by perf. Setting this option starts the
+			PMU counters by setting MMCR0 to 0 (the FC bit is
+			cleared). If a number is given, then MMCR1 is set to
+			that number, otherwise (e.g., 'pmu_override=on'), MMCR1
+			remains 0.
+
+	pm_debug_messages	[SUSPEND,KNL]
+			Enable suspend/resume debug messages during boot up.
+
+	pnp.debug=1	[PNP]
+			Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
+			CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option).  Change at run-time
+			via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug.  We always show
+			current resource usage; turning this on also shows
+			possible settings and some assignment information.
+
+	pnpacpi=	[ACPI]
+			{ off }
+
+	pnpbios=	[ISAPNP]
+			{ on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
+
+	pnp_reserve_irq=
+			[ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
+
+	pnp_reserve_dma=
+			[ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
+
+	pnp_reserve_io=	[ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
+			Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
+
+	pnp_reserve_mem=
+			[ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
+			autoconfiguration.
+			Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
+
+	ports=		[IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
+			Default is 21.
+			Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
+			may be specified.
+			Format: <port>,<port>....
+
+	powersave=off	[PPC] This option disables power saving features.
+			It specifically disables cpuidle and sets the
+			platform machine description specific power_save
+			function to NULL. On Idle the CPU just reduces
+			execution priority.
+
+	ppc_strict_facility_enable
+			[PPC] This option catches any kernel floating point,
+			Altivec, VSX and SPE outside of regions specifically
+			allowed (eg kernel_enable_fpu()/kernel_disable_fpu()).
+			There is some performance impact when enabling this.
+
+	ppc_tm=		[PPC]
+			Format: {"off"}
+			Disable Hardware Transactional Memory
+
+	preempt=	[KNL]
+			Select preemption mode if you have CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC
+			none - Limited to cond_resched() calls
+			voluntary - Limited to cond_resched() and might_sleep() calls
+			full - Any section that isn't explicitly preempt disabled
+			       can be preempted anytime.
+
+	print-fatal-signals=
+			[KNL] debug: print fatal signals
+
+			If enabled, warn about various signal handling
+			related application anomalies: too many signals,
+			too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
+			coredump - etc.
+
+			If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
+			you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
+
+			default: off.
+
+	printk.always_kmsg_dump=
+			Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
+			panics
+			Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
+			default: disabled
+
+	printk.console_no_auto_verbose=
+			Disable console loglevel raise on oops, panic
+			or lockdep-detected issues (only if lock debug is on).
+			With an exception to setups with low baudrate on
+			serial console, keeping this 0 is a good choice
+			in order to provide more debug information.
+			Format: <bool>
+			default: 0 (auto_verbose is enabled)
+
+	printk.devkmsg={on,off,ratelimit}
+			Control writing to /dev/kmsg.
+			on - unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace
+			off - logging to /dev/kmsg disabled
+			ratelimit - ratelimit the logging
+			Default: ratelimit
+
+	printk.time=	Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
+			Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
+
+	processor.max_cstate=	[HW,ACPI]
+			Limit processor to maximum C-state
+			max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
+
+	processor.nocst	[HW,ACPI]
+			Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
+			instead using the legacy FADT method
+
+	profile=	[KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
+			Format: [<profiletype>,]<number>
+			Param: <profiletype>: "schedule", "sleep", or "kvm"
+				[defaults to kernel profiling]
+			Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
+			Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
+				Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
+			Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
+			Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
+				statistical time based profiling.
+
+	prompt_ramdisk=	[RAM] [Deprecated]
+
+	prot_virt=	[S390] enable hosting protected virtual machines
+			isolated from the hypervisor (if hardware supports
+			that).
+			Format: <bool>
+
+	psi=		[KNL] Enable or disable pressure stall information
+			tracking.
+			Format: <bool>
+
+	psmouse.proto=	[HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
+			probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
+	psmouse.rate=	[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
+			per second.
+	psmouse.resetafter=	[HW,MOUSE]
+			Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
+			(0 = never).
+	psmouse.resolution=
+			[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
+	psmouse.smartscroll=
+			[HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
+			0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
+
+	pstore.backend=	Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
+
+	pti=		[X86-64] Control Page Table Isolation of user and
+			kernel address spaces.  Disabling this feature
+			removes hardening, but improves performance of
+			system calls and interrupts.
+
+			on   - unconditionally enable
+			off  - unconditionally disable
+			auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is
+			       vulnerable to issues that PTI mitigates
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to pti=auto.
+
+	pty.legacy_count=
+			[KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
+			default number.
+
+	quiet		[KNL] Disable most log messages
+
+	r128=		[HW,DRM]
+
+	radix_hcall_invalidate=on  [PPC/PSERIES]
+			Disable RADIX GTSE feature and use hcall for TLB
+			invalidate.
+
+	raid=		[HW,RAID]
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst.
+
+	ramdisk_size=	[RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/blockdev/ramdisk.rst.
+
+	ramdisk_start=	[RAM] RAM disk image start address
+
+	random.trust_cpu=off
+			[KNL] Disable trusting the use of the CPU's
+			random number generator (if available) to
+			initialize the kernel's RNG.
+
+	random.trust_bootloader=off
+			[KNL] Disable trusting the use of the a seed
+			passed by the bootloader (if available) to
+			initialize the kernel's RNG.
+
+	randomize_kstack_offset=
+			[KNL] Enable or disable kernel stack offset
+			randomization, which provides roughly 5 bits of
+			entropy, frustrating memory corruption attacks
+			that depend on stack address determinism or
+			cross-syscall address exposures. This is only
+			available on architectures that have defined
+			CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET.
+			Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
+			Default is CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT.
+
+	ras=option[,option,...]	[KNL] RAS-specific options
+
+		cec_disable	[X86]
+				Disable the Correctable Errors Collector,
+				see CONFIG_RAS_CEC help text.
+
+	rcu_nocbs[=cpu-list]
+			[KNL] The optional argument is a cpu list,
+			as described above.
+
+			In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y,
+			enable the no-callback CPU mode, which prevents
+			such CPUs' callbacks from being invoked in
+			softirq context.  Invocation of such CPUs' RCU
+			callbacks will instead be offloaded to "rcuox/N"
+			kthreads created for that purpose, where "x" is
+			"p" for RCU-preempt, "s" for RCU-sched, and "g"
+			for the kthreads that mediate grace periods; and
+			"N" is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on
+			the offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC
+			and real-time workloads.  It can also improve
+			energy efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
+
+			If a cpulist is passed as an argument, the specified
+			list of	CPUs is set to no-callback mode from boot.
+
+			Otherwise, if the '=' sign and the cpulist
+			arguments are omitted, no CPU will be set to
+			no-callback mode from boot but the mode may be
+			toggled at runtime via cpusets.
+
+			Note that this argument takes precedence over
+			the CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_DEFAULT_ALL option.
+
+	rcu_nocb_poll	[KNL]
+			Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
+			(specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
+			awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
+			make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
+			This improves the real-time response for the
+			offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
+			wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
+			energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
+			periodically wake up to do the polling.
+
+	rcutree.blimit=	[KNL]
+			Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to
+			process in one batch.
+
+	rcutree.dump_tree=	[KNL]
+			Dump the structure of the rcu_node combining tree
+			out at early boot.  This is used for diagnostic
+			purposes, to verify correct tree setup.
+
+	rcutree.gp_cleanup_delay=	[KNL]
+			Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
+			RCU grace-period cleanup.
+
+	rcutree.gp_init_delay=	[KNL]
+			Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
+			RCU grace-period initialization.
+
+	rcutree.gp_preinit_delay=	[KNL]
+			Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
+			RCU grace-period pre-initialization, that is,
+			the propagation of recent CPU-hotplug changes up
+			the rcu_node combining tree.
+
+	rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL]
+			Set delay from grace-period initialization to
+			first attempt to force quiescent states.
+			Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
+			and maximum value is HZ.
+
+	rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL]
+			Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
+			quiescent states.  Units are jiffies, minimum
+			value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
+
+	rcutree.jiffies_till_sched_qs= [KNL]
+			Set required age in jiffies for a
+			given grace period before RCU starts
+			soliciting quiescent-state help from
+			rcu_note_context_switch() and cond_resched().
+			If not specified, the kernel will calculate
+			a value based on the most recent settings
+			of rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs
+			and rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs.
+			This calculated value may be viewed in
+			rcutree.jiffies_to_sched_qs.  Any attempt to set
+			rcutree.jiffies_to_sched_qs will be cheerfully
+			overwritten.
+
+	rcutree.kthread_prio= 	 [KNL,BOOT]
+			Set the SCHED_FIFO priority of the RCU per-CPU
+			kthreads (rcuc/N). This value is also used for
+			the priority of the RCU boost threads (rcub/N)
+			and for the RCU grace-period kthreads (rcu_bh,
+			rcu_preempt, and rcu_sched). If RCU_BOOST is
+			set, valid values are 1-99 and the default is 1
+			(the least-favored priority).  Otherwise, when
+			RCU_BOOST is not set, valid values are 0-99 and
+			the default is zero (non-realtime operation).
+			When RCU_NOCB_CPU is set, also adjust the
+			priority of NOCB callback kthreads.
+
+	rcutree.nocb_nobypass_lim_per_jiffy= [KNL]
+			On callback-offloaded (rcu_nocbs) CPUs,
+			RCU reduces the lock contention that would
+			otherwise be caused by callback floods through
+			use of the ->nocb_bypass list.	However, in the
+			common non-flooded case, RCU queues directly to
+			the main ->cblist in order to avoid the extra
+			overhead of the ->nocb_bypass list and its lock.
+			But if there are too many callbacks queued during
+			a single jiffy, RCU pre-queues the callbacks into
+			the ->nocb_bypass queue.  The definition of "too
+			many" is supplied by this kernel boot parameter.
+
+	rcutree.qhimark= [KNL]
+			Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which
+			batch limiting is disabled.
+
+	rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL]
+			Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
+			batch limiting is re-enabled.
+
+	rcutree.qovld= [KNL]
+			Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which
+			RCU's force-quiescent-state scan will aggressively
+			enlist help from cond_resched() and sched IPIs to
+			help CPUs more quickly reach quiescent states.
+			Set to less than zero to make this be set based
+			on rcutree.qhimark at boot time and to zero to
+			disable more aggressive help enlistment.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_delay_page_cache_fill_msec= [KNL]
+			Set the page-cache refill delay (in milliseconds)
+			in response to low-memory conditions.  The range
+			of permitted values is in the range 0:100000.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_divisor= [KNL]
+			Set the shift-right count to use to compute
+			the callback-invocation batch limit bl from
+			the number of callbacks queued on this CPU.
+			The result will be bounded below by the value of
+			the rcutree.blimit kernel parameter.  Every bl
+			callbacks, the softirq handler will exit in
+			order to allow the CPU to do other work.
+
+			Please note that this callback-invocation batch
+			limit applies only to non-offloaded callback
+			invocation.  Offloaded callbacks are instead
+			invoked in the context of an rcuoc kthread, which
+			scheduler will preempt as it does any other task.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_fanout_exact= [KNL]
+			Disable autobalancing of the rcu_node combining
+			tree.  This is used by rcutorture, and might
+			possibly be useful for architectures having high
+			cache-to-cache transfer latencies.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL]
+			Change the number of CPUs assigned to each
+			leaf rcu_node structure.  Useful for very
+			large systems, which will choose the value 64,
+			and for NUMA systems with large remote-access
+			latencies, which will choose a value aligned
+			with the appropriate hardware boundaries.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_min_cached_objs= [KNL]
+			Minimum number of objects which are cached and
+			maintained per one CPU. Object size is equal
+			to PAGE_SIZE. The cache allows to reduce the
+			pressure to page allocator, also it makes the
+			whole algorithm to behave better in low memory
+			condition.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_nocb_gp_stride= [KNL]
+			Set the number of NOCB callback kthreads in
+			each group, which defaults to the square root
+			of the number of CPUs.	Larger numbers reduce
+			the wakeup overhead on the global grace-period
+			kthread, but increases that same overhead on
+			each group's NOCB grace-period kthread.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_kick_kthreads= [KNL]
+			Cause the grace-period kthread to get an extra
+			wake_up() if it sleeps three times longer than
+			it should at force-quiescent-state time.
+			This wake_up() will be accompanied by a
+			WARN_ONCE() splat and an ftrace_dump().
+
+	rcutree.rcu_resched_ns= [KNL]
+			Limit the time spend invoking a batch of RCU
+			callbacks to the specified number of nanoseconds.
+			By default, this limit is checked only once
+			every 32 callbacks in order to limit the pain
+			inflicted by local_clock() overhead.
+
+	rcutree.rcu_unlock_delay= [KNL]
+			In CONFIG_RCU_STRICT_GRACE_PERIOD=y kernels,
+			this specifies an rcu_read_unlock()-time delay
+			in microseconds.  This defaults to zero.
+			Larger delays increase the probability of
+			catching RCU pointer leaks, that is, buggy use
+			of RCU-protected pointers after the relevant
+			rcu_read_unlock() has completed.
+
+	rcutree.sysrq_rcu= [KNL]
+			Commandeer a sysrq key to dump out Tree RCU's
+			rcu_node tree with an eye towards determining
+			why a new grace period has not yet started.
+
+	rcutree.use_softirq=	[KNL]
+			If set to zero, move all RCU_SOFTIRQ processing to
+			per-CPU rcuc kthreads.  Defaults to a non-zero
+			value, meaning that RCU_SOFTIRQ is used by default.
+			Specify rcutree.use_softirq=0 to use rcuc kthreads.
+
+			But note that CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT=y kernels disable
+			this kernel boot parameter, forcibly setting it
+			to zero.
+
+	rcuscale.gp_async= [KNL]
+			Measure performance of asynchronous
+			grace-period primitives such as call_rcu().
+
+	rcuscale.gp_async_max= [KNL]
+			Specify the maximum number of outstanding
+			callbacks per writer thread.  When a writer
+			thread exceeds this limit, it invokes the
+			corresponding flavor of rcu_barrier() to allow
+			previously posted callbacks to drain.
+
+	rcuscale.gp_exp= [KNL]
+			Measure performance of expedited synchronous
+			grace-period primitives.
+
+	rcuscale.holdoff= [KNL]
+			Set test-start holdoff period.  The purpose of
+			this parameter is to delay the start of the
+			test until boot completes in order to avoid
+			interference.
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_by_call_rcu= [KNL]
+			In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_LAZY=y, test
+			call_rcu() instead of kfree_rcu().
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_mult= [KNL]
+			Instead of allocating an object of size kfree_obj,
+			allocate one of kfree_mult * sizeof(kfree_obj).
+			Defaults to 1.
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test= [KNL]
+			Set to measure performance of kfree_rcu() flooding.
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_double= [KNL]
+			Test the double-argument variant of kfree_rcu().
+			If this parameter has the same value as
+			rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_single, both the single-
+			and double-argument variants are tested.
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_single= [KNL]
+			Test the single-argument variant of kfree_rcu().
+			If this parameter has the same value as
+			rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_double, both the single-
+			and double-argument variants are tested.
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_nthreads= [KNL]
+			The number of threads running loops of kfree_rcu().
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_alloc_num= [KNL]
+			Number of allocations and frees done in an iteration.
+
+	rcuscale.kfree_loops= [KNL]
+			Number of loops doing rcuscale.kfree_alloc_num number
+			of allocations and frees.
+
+	rcuscale.minruntime= [KNL]
+			Set the minimum test run time in seconds.  This
+			does not affect the data-collection interval,
+			but instead allows better measurement of things
+			like CPU consumption.
+
+	rcuscale.nreaders= [KNL]
+			Set number of RCU readers.  The value -1 selects
+			N, where N is the number of CPUs.  A value
+			"n" less than -1 selects N-n+1, where N is again
+			the number of CPUs.  For example, -2 selects N
+			(the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on.
+			A value of "n" less than or equal to -N selects
+			a single reader.
+
+	rcuscale.nwriters= [KNL]
+			Set number of RCU writers.  The values operate
+			the same as for rcuscale.nreaders.
+			N, where N is the number of CPUs
+
+	rcuscale.scale_type= [KNL]
+			Specify the RCU implementation to test.
+
+	rcuscale.shutdown= [KNL]
+			Shut the system down after performance tests
+			complete.  This is useful for hands-off automated
+			testing.
+
+	rcuscale.verbose= [KNL]
+			Enable additional printk() statements.
+
+	rcuscale.writer_holdoff= [KNL]
+			Write-side holdoff between grace periods,
+			in microseconds.  The default of zero says
+			no holdoff.
+
+	rcuscale.writer_holdoff_jiffies= [KNL]
+			Additional write-side holdoff between grace
+			periods, but in jiffies.  The default of zero
+			says no holdoff.
+
+	rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL]
+			Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts
+			in microseconds.
+
+	rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL]
+			Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts
+			in microseconds.
+
+	rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL]
+			Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts
+			in seconds.
+
+	rcutorture.fwd_progress= [KNL]
+			Specifies the number of kthreads to be used
+			for  RCU grace-period forward-progress testing
+			for the types of RCU supporting this notion.
+			Defaults to 1 kthread, values less than zero or
+			greater than the number of CPUs cause the number
+			of CPUs to be used.
+
+	rcutorture.fwd_progress_div= [KNL]
+			Specify the fraction of a CPU-stall-warning
+			period to do tight-loop forward-progress testing.
+
+	rcutorture.fwd_progress_holdoff= [KNL]
+			Number of seconds to wait between successive
+			forward-progress tests.
+
+	rcutorture.fwd_progress_need_resched= [KNL]
+			Enclose cond_resched() calls within checks for
+			need_resched() during tight-loop forward-progress
+			testing.
+
+	rcutorture.gp_cond= [KNL]
+			Use conditional/asynchronous update-side
+			primitives, if available.
+
+	rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL]
+			Use expedited update-side primitives, if available.
+
+	rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL]
+			Use normal (non-expedited) asynchronous
+			update-side primitives, if available.
+
+	rcutorture.gp_sync= [KNL]
+			Use normal (non-expedited) synchronous
+			update-side primitives, if available.  If all
+			of rcutorture.gp_cond=, rcutorture.gp_exp=,
+			rcutorture.gp_normal=, and rcutorture.gp_sync=
+			are zero, rcutorture acts as if is interpreted
+			they are all non-zero.
+
+	rcutorture.irqreader= [KNL]
+			Run RCU readers from irq handlers, or, more
+			accurately, from a timer handler.  Not all RCU
+			flavors take kindly to this sort of thing.
+
+	rcutorture.leakpointer= [KNL]
+			Leak an RCU-protected pointer out of the reader.
+			This can of course result in splats, and is
+			intended to test the ability of things like
+			CONFIG_RCU_STRICT_GRACE_PERIOD=y to detect
+			such leaks.
+
+	rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL]
+			Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
+
+	rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL]
+			Set number of concurrent RCU writers.  These just
+			stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
+			test, hence the "fake".
+
+	rcutorture.nocbs_nthreads= [KNL]
+			Set number of RCU callback-offload togglers.
+			Zero (the default) disables toggling.
+
+	rcutorture.nocbs_toggle= [KNL]
+			Set the delay in milliseconds between successive
+			callback-offload toggling attempts.
+
+	rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL]
+			Set number of RCU readers.  The value -1 selects
+			N-1, where N is the number of CPUs.  A value
+			"n" less than -1 selects N-n-2, where N is again
+			the number of CPUs.  For example, -2 selects N
+			(the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on.
+
+	rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL]
+			Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing.
+
+	rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
+			Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
+
+	rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
+			Set time (jiffies) between CPU-hotplug operations,
+			or zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
+
+	rcutorture.read_exit= [KNL]
+			Set the number of read-then-exit kthreads used
+			to test the interaction of RCU updaters and
+			task-exit processing.
+
+	rcutorture.read_exit_burst= [KNL]
+			The number of times in a given read-then-exit
+			episode that a set of read-then-exit kthreads
+			is spawned.
+
+	rcutorture.read_exit_delay= [KNL]
+			The delay, in seconds, between successive
+			read-then-exit testing episodes.
+
+	rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
+			Set task-shuffle interval (s).  Shuffling tasks
+			allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
+			during the rcutorture test.
+
+	rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
+			Set time (s) after boot system shutdown.  This
+			is useful for hands-off automated testing.
+
+	rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL]
+			Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
+			warnings, zero to disable.
+
+	rcutorture.stall_cpu_block= [KNL]
+			Sleep while stalling if set.  This will result
+			in warnings from preemptible RCU in addition to
+			any other stall-related activity.  Note that
+			in kernels built with CONFIG_PREEMPTION=n and
+			CONFIG_PREEMPT_COUNT=y, this parameter will
+			cause the CPU to pass through a quiescent state.
+			Given CONFIG_PREEMPTION=n, this will suppress
+			RCU CPU stall warnings, but will instead result
+			in scheduling-while-atomic splats.
+
+			Use of this module parameter results in splats.
+
+
+	rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL]
+			Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
+
+	rcutorture.stall_cpu_irqsoff= [KNL]
+			Disable interrupts while stalling if set.
+
+	rcutorture.stall_gp_kthread= [KNL]
+			Duration (s) of forced sleep within RCU
+			grace-period kthread to test RCU CPU stall
+			warnings, zero to disable.  If both stall_cpu
+			and stall_gp_kthread are specified, the
+			kthread is starved first, then the CPU.
+
+	rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
+			Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
+
+	rcutorture.stutter= [KNL]
+			Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
+			five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
+			wait for five seconds, and so on.  This tests RCU's
+			ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
+
+	rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL]
+			Test RCU priority boosting?  0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
+			"Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
+			under test support RCU priority boosting.
+
+	rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL]
+			Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
+
+	rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL]
+			Interval (s) between each boost test.
+
+	rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL]
+			Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling.  See also the
+			rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
+
+	rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL]
+			Specify the RCU implementation to test.
+
+	rcutorture.verbose= [KNL]
+			Enable additional printk() statements.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_ftrace_dump= [KNL]
+			Dump ftrace buffer after reporting RCU CPU
+			stall warning.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL]
+			Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress_at_boot= [KNL]
+			Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages and
+			rcutorture writer stall warnings that occur
+			during early boot, that is, during the time
+			before the init task is spawned.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL]
+			Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
+			The value is in seconds and the maximum allowed
+			value is 300 seconds.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_exp_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL]
+			Set timeout for expedited RCU CPU stall warning
+			messages.  The value is in milliseconds
+			and the maximum allowed value is 21000
+			milliseconds. Please note that this value is
+			adjusted to an arch timer tick resolution.
+			Setting this to zero causes the value from
+			rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout to be used (after
+			conversion from seconds to milliseconds).
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_cputime= [KNL]
+			Provide statistics on the cputime and count of
+			interrupts and tasks during the sampling period. For
+			multiple continuous RCU stalls, all sampling periods
+			begin at half of the first RCU stall timeout.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_exp_stall_task_details= [KNL]
+			Print stack dumps of any tasks blocking the
+			current expedited RCU grace period during an
+			expedited RCU CPU stall warning.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL]
+			Use expedited grace-period primitives, for
+			example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead
+			of synchronize_rcu().  This reduces latency,
+			but can increase CPU utilization, degrade
+			real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency.
+			No effect on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_normal= [KNL]
+			Use only normal grace-period primitives,
+			for example, synchronize_rcu() instead of
+			synchronize_rcu_expedited().  This improves
+			real-time latency, CPU utilization, and
+			energy efficiency, but can expose users to
+			increased grace-period latency.  This parameter
+			overrides rcupdate.rcu_expedited.  No effect on
+			CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_normal_after_boot= [KNL]
+			Once boot has completed (that is, after
+			rcu_end_inkernel_boot() has been invoked), use
+			only normal grace-period primitives.  No effect
+			on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
+
+			But note that CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT=y kernels enables
+			this kernel boot parameter, forcibly setting
+			it to the value one, that is, converting any
+			post-boot attempt at an expedited RCU grace
+			period to instead use normal non-expedited
+			grace-period processing.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_collapse_lim= [KNL]
+			Set the maximum number of callbacks present
+			at the beginning of a grace period that allows
+			the RCU Tasks flavors to collapse back to using
+			a single callback queue.  This switching only
+			occurs when rcupdate.rcu_task_enqueue_lim is
+			set to the default value of -1.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_contend_lim= [KNL]
+			Set the minimum number of callback-queuing-time
+			lock-contention events per jiffy required to
+			cause the RCU Tasks flavors to switch to per-CPU
+			callback queuing.  This switching only occurs
+			when rcupdate.rcu_task_enqueue_lim is set to
+			the default value of -1.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_enqueue_lim= [KNL]
+			Set the number of callback queues to use for the
+			RCU Tasks family of RCU flavors.  The default
+			of -1 allows this to be automatically (and
+			dynamically) adjusted.	This parameter is intended
+			for use in testing.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_ipi_delay= [KNL]
+			Set time in jiffies during which RCU tasks will
+			avoid sending IPIs, starting with the beginning
+			of a given grace period.  Setting a large
+			number avoids disturbing real-time workloads,
+			but lengthens grace periods.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_lazy_lim= [KNL]
+			Number of callbacks on a given CPU that will
+			cancel laziness on that CPU.  Use -1 to disable
+			cancellation of laziness, but be advised that
+			doing so increases the danger of OOM due to
+			callback flooding.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_info= [KNL]
+			Set initial timeout in jiffies for RCU task stall
+			informational messages, which give some indication
+			of the problem for those not patient enough to
+			wait for ten minutes.  Informational messages are
+			only printed prior to the stall-warning message
+			for a given grace period. Disable with a value
+			less than or equal to zero.  Defaults to ten
+			seconds.  A change in value does not take effect
+			until the beginning of the next grace period.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_info_mult= [KNL]
+			Multiplier for time interval between successive
+			RCU task stall informational messages for a given
+			RCU tasks grace period.  This value is clamped
+			to one through ten, inclusive.	It defaults to
+			the value three, so that the first informational
+			message is printed 10 seconds into the grace
+			period, the second at 40 seconds, the third at
+			160 seconds, and then the stall warning at 600
+			seconds would prevent a fourth at 640 seconds.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_timeout= [KNL]
+			Set timeout in jiffies for RCU task stall
+			warning messages.  Disable with a value less
+			than or equal to zero.	Defaults to ten minutes.
+			A change in value does not take effect until
+			the beginning of the next grace period.
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_tasks_lazy_ms= [KNL]
+			Set timeout in milliseconds RCU Tasks asynchronous
+			callback batching for call_rcu_tasks().
+			A negative value will take the default.  A value
+			of zero will disable batching.	Batching is
+			always disabled for synchronize_rcu_tasks().
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_tasks_rude_lazy_ms= [KNL]
+			Set timeout in milliseconds RCU Tasks
+			Rude asynchronous callback batching for
+			call_rcu_tasks_rude().	A negative value
+			will take the default.	A value of zero will
+			disable batching.  Batching is always disabled
+			for synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude().
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_tasks_trace_lazy_ms= [KNL]
+			Set timeout in milliseconds RCU Tasks
+			Trace asynchronous callback batching for
+			call_rcu_tasks_trace().  A negative value
+			will take the default.	A value of zero will
+			disable batching.  Batching is always disabled
+			for synchronize_rcu_tasks_trace().
+
+	rcupdate.rcu_self_test= [KNL]
+			Run the RCU early boot self tests
+
+	rdinit=		[KNL]
+			Format: <full_path>
+			Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
+			used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
+
+	rdrand=		[X86]
+			force - Override the decision by the kernel to hide the
+				advertisement of RDRAND support (this affects
+				certain AMD processors because of buggy BIOS
+				support, specifically around the suspend/resume
+				path).
+
+	rdt=		[HW,X86,RDT]
+			Turn on/off individual RDT features. List is:
+			cmt, mbmtotal, mbmlocal, l3cat, l3cdp, l2cat, l2cdp,
+			mba, smba, bmec.
+			E.g. to turn on cmt and turn off mba use:
+				rdt=cmt,!mba
+
+	reboot=		[KNL]
+			Format (x86 or x86_64):
+				[w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] | d[efault] \
+				[[,]s[mp]#### \
+				[[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \
+				[[,]f[orce]
+			Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio
+					(prefix with 'panic_' to set mode for panic
+					reboot only),
+			      reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci,
+			      reboot_force is either force or not specified,
+			      reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor
+					to be used for rebooting.
+
+	refscale.holdoff= [KNL]
+			Set test-start holdoff period.  The purpose of
+			this parameter is to delay the start of the
+			test until boot completes in order to avoid
+			interference.
+
+	refscale.loops= [KNL]
+			Set the number of loops over the synchronization
+			primitive under test.  Increasing this number
+			reduces noise due to loop start/end overhead,
+			but the default has already reduced the per-pass
+			noise to a handful of picoseconds on ca. 2020
+			x86 laptops.
+
+	refscale.nreaders= [KNL]
+			Set number of readers.  The default value of -1
+			selects N, where N is roughly 75% of the number
+			of CPUs.  A value of zero is an interesting choice.
+
+	refscale.nruns= [KNL]
+			Set number of runs, each of which is dumped onto
+			the console log.
+
+	refscale.readdelay= [KNL]
+			Set the read-side critical-section duration,
+			measured in microseconds.
+
+	refscale.scale_type= [KNL]
+			Specify the read-protection implementation to test.
+
+	refscale.shutdown= [KNL]
+			Shut down the system at the end of the performance
+			test.  This defaults to 1 (shut it down) when
+			refscale is built into the kernel and to 0 (leave
+			it running) when refscale is built as a module.
+
+	refscale.verbose= [KNL]
+			Enable additional printk() statements.
+
+	refscale.verbose_batched= [KNL]
+			Batch the additional printk() statements.  If zero
+			(the default) or negative, print everything.  Otherwise,
+			print every Nth verbose statement, where N is the value
+			specified.
+
+	relax_domain_level=
+			[KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.rst.
+
+	reserve=	[KNL,BUGS] Force kernel to ignore I/O ports or memory
+			Format: <base1>,<size1>[,<base2>,<size2>,...]
+			Reserve I/O ports or memory so the kernel won't use
+			them.  If <base> is less than 0x10000, the region
+			is assumed to be I/O ports; otherwise it is memory.
+
+	reservetop=	[X86-32]
+			Format: nn[KMG]
+			Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
+			address space.
+
+	reset_devices	[KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
+			during initialization.
+
+	resume=		[SWSUSP]
+			Specify the partition device for software suspend
+			Format:
+			{/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
+
+	resume_offset=	[SWSUSP]
+			Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
+			given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
+			in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
+			See  Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.rst
+
+	resumedelay=	[HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
+			read the resume files
+
+	resumewait	[HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
+			Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
+			(e.g. USB and MMC devices).
+
+	retain_initrd	[RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
+
+	retbleed=	[X86] Control mitigation of RETBleed (Arbitrary
+			Speculative Code Execution with Return Instructions)
+			vulnerability.
+
+			AMD-based UNRET and IBPB mitigations alone do not stop
+			sibling threads from influencing the predictions of other
+			sibling threads. For that reason, STIBP is used on pro-
+			cessors that support it, and mitigate SMT on processors
+			that don't.
+
+			off          - no mitigation
+			auto         - automatically select a migitation
+			auto,nosmt   - automatically select a mitigation,
+				       disabling SMT if necessary for
+				       the full mitigation (only on Zen1
+				       and older without STIBP).
+			ibpb         - On AMD, mitigate short speculation
+				       windows on basic block boundaries too.
+				       Safe, highest perf impact. It also
+				       enables STIBP if present. Not suitable
+				       on Intel.
+			ibpb,nosmt   - Like "ibpb" above but will disable SMT
+				       when STIBP is not available. This is
+				       the alternative for systems which do not
+				       have STIBP.
+			unret        - Force enable untrained return thunks,
+				       only effective on AMD f15h-f17h based
+				       systems.
+			unret,nosmt  - Like unret, but will disable SMT when STIBP
+				       is not available. This is the alternative for
+				       systems which do not have STIBP.
+
+			Selecting 'auto' will choose a mitigation method at run
+			time according to the CPU.
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to retbleed=auto.
+
+	rfkill.default_state=
+		0	"airplane mode".  All wifi, bluetooth, wimax, gps, fm,
+			etc. communication is blocked by default.
+		1	Unblocked.
+
+	rfkill.master_switch_mode=
+		0	The "airplane mode" button does nothing.
+		1	The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
+			blocked and the previous configuration.
+		2	The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
+			blocked and everything unblocked.
+
+	rhash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
+			Set number of hash buckets for route cache
+
+	ring3mwait=disable
+			[KNL] Disable ring 3 MONITOR/MWAIT feature on supported
+			CPUs.
+
+	riscv_isa_fallback [RISCV]
+			When CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_FALLBACK is not enabled, permit
+			falling back to detecting extension support by parsing
+			"riscv,isa" property on devicetree systems when the
+			replacement properties are not found. See the Kconfig
+			entry for RISCV_ISA_FALLBACK.
+
+	ro		[KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
+
+	rodata=		[KNL]
+		on	Mark read-only kernel memory as read-only (default).
+		off	Leave read-only kernel memory writable for debugging.
+		full	Mark read-only kernel memory and aliases as read-only
+		        [arm64]
+
+	rockchip.usb_uart
+			Enable the uart passthrough on the designated usb port
+			on Rockchip SoCs. When active, the signals of the
+			debug-uart get routed to the D+ and D- pins of the usb
+			port and the regular usb controller gets disabled.
+
+	root=		[KNL] Root filesystem
+			Usually this a a block device specifier of some kind,
+			see the early_lookup_bdev comment in
+			block/early-lookup.c for details.
+			Alternatively this can be "ram" for the legacy initial
+			ramdisk, "nfs" and "cifs" for root on a network file
+			system, or "mtd" and "ubi" for mounting from raw flash.
+
+	rootdelay=	[KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
+			mount the root filesystem
+
+	rootflags=	[KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
+
+	rootfstype=	[KNL] Set root filesystem type
+
+	rootwait	[KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
+			Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
+			(e.g. USB and MMC devices).
+
+	rootwait=	[KNL] Maximum time (in seconds) to wait for root device
+			to show up before attempting to mount the root
+			filesystem.
+
+	rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address]
+			[KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block.
+			Memory area to be used by remote processor image,
+			managed by CMA.
+
+	rw		[KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
+
+	S		[KNL] Run init in single mode
+
+	s390_iommu=	[HW,S390]
+			Set s390 IOTLB flushing mode
+		strict
+			With strict flushing every unmap operation will result in
+			an IOTLB flush. Default is lazy flushing before reuse,
+			which is faster.
+
+	s390_iommu_aperture=	[KNL,S390]
+			Specifies the size of the per device DMA address space
+			accessible through the DMA and IOMMU APIs as a decimal
+			factor of the size of main memory.
+			The default is 1 meaning that one can concurrently use
+			as many DMA addresses as physical memory is installed,
+			if supported by hardware, and thus map all of memory
+			once. With a value of 2 one can map all of memory twice
+			and so on. As a special case a factor of 0 imposes no
+			restrictions other than those given by hardware at the
+			cost of significant additional memory use for tables.
+
+	sa1100ir	[NET]
+			See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
+
+	sched_verbose	[KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
+
+	schedstats=	[KNL,X86] Enable or disable scheduled statistics.
+			Allowed values are enable and disable. This feature
+			incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler
+			but is useful for debugging and performance tuning.
+
+	sched_thermal_decay_shift=
+			[KNL, SMP] Set a decay shift for scheduler thermal
+			pressure signal. Thermal pressure signal follows the
+			default decay period of other scheduler pelt
+			signals(usually 32 ms but configurable). Setting
+			sched_thermal_decay_shift will left shift the decay
+			period for the thermal pressure signal by the shift
+			value.
+			i.e. with the default pelt decay period of 32 ms
+			sched_thermal_decay_shift   thermal pressure decay pr
+				1			64 ms
+				2			128 ms
+			and so on.
+			Format: integer between 0 and 10
+			Default is 0.
+
+	scftorture.holdoff= [KNL]
+			Number of seconds to hold off before starting
+			test.  Defaults to zero for module insertion and
+			to 10 seconds for built-in smp_call_function()
+			tests.
+
+	scftorture.longwait= [KNL]
+			Request ridiculously long waits randomly selected
+			up to the chosen limit in seconds.  Zero (the
+			default) disables this feature.  Please note
+			that requesting even small non-zero numbers of
+			seconds can result in RCU CPU stall warnings,
+			softlockup complaints, and so on.
+
+	scftorture.nthreads= [KNL]
+			Number of kthreads to spawn to invoke the
+			smp_call_function() family of functions.
+			The default of -1 specifies a number of kthreads
+			equal to the number of CPUs.
+
+	scftorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
+			Number seconds to wait after the start of the
+			test before initiating CPU-hotplug operations.
+
+	scftorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
+			Number seconds to wait between successive
+			CPU-hotplug operations.  Specifying zero (which
+			is the default) disables CPU-hotplug operations.
+
+	scftorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
+			The number of seconds following the start of the
+			test after which to shut down the system.  The
+			default of zero avoids shutting down the system.
+			Non-zero values are useful for automated tests.
+
+	scftorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
+			The number of seconds between outputting the
+			current test statistics to the console.  A value
+			of zero disables statistics output.
+
+	scftorture.stutter_cpus= [KNL]
+			The number of jiffies to wait between each change
+			to the set of CPUs under test.
+
+	scftorture.use_cpus_read_lock= [KNL]
+			Use use_cpus_read_lock() instead of the default
+			preempt_disable() to disable CPU hotplug
+			while invoking one of the smp_call_function*()
+			functions.
+
+	scftorture.verbose= [KNL]
+			Enable additional printk() statements.
+
+	scftorture.weight_single= [KNL]
+			The probability weighting to use for the
+			smp_call_function_single() function with a zero
+			"wait" parameter.  A value of -1 selects the
+			default if all other weights are -1.  However,
+			if at least one weight has some other value, a
+			value of -1 will instead select a weight of zero.
+
+	scftorture.weight_single_wait= [KNL]
+			The probability weighting to use for the
+			smp_call_function_single() function with a
+			non-zero "wait" parameter.  See weight_single.
+
+	scftorture.weight_many= [KNL]
+			The probability weighting to use for the
+			smp_call_function_many() function with a zero
+			"wait" parameter.  See weight_single.
+			Note well that setting a high probability for
+			this weighting can place serious IPI load
+			on the system.
+
+	scftorture.weight_many_wait= [KNL]
+			The probability weighting to use for the
+			smp_call_function_many() function with a
+			non-zero "wait" parameter.  See weight_single
+			and weight_many.
+
+	scftorture.weight_all= [KNL]
+			The probability weighting to use for the
+			smp_call_function_all() function with a zero
+			"wait" parameter.  See weight_single and
+			weight_many.
+
+	scftorture.weight_all_wait= [KNL]
+			The probability weighting to use for the
+			smp_call_function_all() function with a
+			non-zero "wait" parameter.  See weight_single
+			and weight_many.
+
+	skew_tick=	[KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
+			xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
+			contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
+			1 -- enable.
+			Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
+			enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
+
+	security=	[SECURITY] Choose a legacy "major" security module to
+			enable at boot. This has been deprecated by the
+			"lsm=" parameter.
+
+	selinux=	[SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
+			Format: { "0" | "1" }
+			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
+			0 -- disable.
+			1 -- enable.
+			Default value is 1.
+
+	serialnumber	[BUGS=X86-32]
+
+	sev=option[,option...] [X86-64] See Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/boot-options.rst
+
+	shapers=	[NET]
+			Maximal number of shapers.
+
+	show_lapic=	[APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
+			Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
+			number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
+			to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
+			Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
+			The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
+			apic=verbose is specified.
+			Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
+
+	simeth=		[IA-64]
+	simscsi=
+
+	slram=		[HW,MTD]
+
+	slab_merge	[MM]
+			Enable merging of slabs with similar size when the
+			kernel is built without CONFIG_SLAB_MERGE_DEFAULT.
+
+	slab_nomerge	[MM]
+			Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
+			necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
+			allocs to different slabs, especially in hardened
+			environments where the risk of heap overflows and
+			layout control by attackers can usually be
+			frustrated by disabling merging. This will reduce
+			most of the exposure of a heap attack to a single
+			cache (risks via metadata attacks are mostly
+			unchanged). Debug options disable merging on their
+			own.
+			For more information see Documentation/mm/slub.rst.
+
+	slab_max_order=	[MM, SLAB]
+			Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
+			A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
+			fragmentation.  Defaults to 1 for systems with
+			more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
+
+	slub_debug[=options[,slabs][;[options[,slabs]]...]	[MM, SLUB]
+			Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
+			culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
+			slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
+			may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
+			last alloc / free. For more information see
+			Documentation/mm/slub.rst.
+
+	slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
+			Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
+			A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
+			fragmentation. For more information see
+			Documentation/mm/slub.rst.
+
+	slub_min_objects=	[MM, SLUB]
+			The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
+			increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
+			generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
+			the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
+			of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
+			and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
+			For more information see Documentation/mm/slub.rst.
+
+	slub_min_order=	[MM, SLUB]
+			Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
+			lower than slub_max_order.
+			For more information see Documentation/mm/slub.rst.
+
+	slub_merge	[MM, SLUB]
+			Same with slab_merge.
+
+	slub_nomerge	[MM, SLUB]
+			Same with slab_nomerge. This is supported for legacy.
+			See slab_nomerge for more information.
+
+	smart2=		[HW]
+			Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
+
+	smp.csd_lock_timeout= [KNL]
+			Specify the period of time in milliseconds
+			that smp_call_function() and friends will wait
+			for a CPU to release the CSD lock.  This is
+			useful when diagnosing bugs involving CPUs
+			disabling interrupts for extended periods
+			of time.  Defaults to 5,000 milliseconds, and
+			setting a value of zero disables this feature.
+			This feature may be more efficiently disabled
+			using the csdlock_debug- kernel parameter.
+
+	smp.panic_on_ipistall= [KNL]
+			If a csd_lock_timeout extends for more than
+			the specified number of milliseconds, panic the
+			system.  By default, let CSD-lock acquisition
+			take as long as they take.  Specifying 300,000
+			for this value provides a 5-minute timeout.
+
+	smsc-ircc2.nopnp	[HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
+	smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg=	[HW] Device configuration I/O port
+	smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir=	[HW] SIR base I/O port
+	smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir=	[HW] FIR base I/O port
+	smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq=	[HW] IRQ line
+	smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma=	[HW] DMA channel
+	smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
+				0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
+				1: Fast pin select (default)
+				2: ATC IRMode
+
+	smt=		[KNL,MIPS,S390] Set the maximum number of threads (logical
+			CPUs) to use per physical CPU on systems capable of
+			symmetric multithreading (SMT). Will be capped to the
+			actual hardware limit.
+			Format: <integer>
+			Default: -1 (no limit)
+
+	softlockup_panic=
+			[KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+
+			A value of 1 instructs the soft-lockup detector
+			to panic the machine when a soft-lockup occurs. It is
+			also controlled by the kernel.softlockup_panic sysctl
+			and CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_SOFTLOCKUP_PANIC, which is the
+			respective build-time switch to that functionality.
+
+	softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
+			[KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate
+			backtraces on all cpus.
+			Format: 0 | 1
+
+	sonypi.*=	[HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/laptops/sonypi.rst
+
+	spectre_v2=	[X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2
+			(indirect branch speculation) vulnerability.
+			The default operation protects the kernel from
+			user space attacks.
+
+			on   - unconditionally enable, implies
+			       spectre_v2_user=on
+			off  - unconditionally disable, implies
+			       spectre_v2_user=off
+			auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is
+			       vulnerable
+
+			Selecting 'on' will, and 'auto' may, choose a
+			mitigation method at run time according to the
+			CPU, the available microcode, the setting of the
+			CONFIG_RETPOLINE configuration option, and the
+			compiler with which the kernel was built.
+
+			Selecting 'on' will also enable the mitigation
+			against user space to user space task attacks.
+
+			Selecting 'off' will disable both the kernel and
+			the user space protections.
+
+			Specific mitigations can also be selected manually:
+
+			retpoline	  - replace indirect branches
+			retpoline,generic - Retpolines
+			retpoline,lfence  - LFENCE; indirect branch
+			retpoline,amd     - alias for retpoline,lfence
+			eibrs		  - Enhanced/Auto IBRS
+			eibrs,retpoline   - Enhanced/Auto IBRS + Retpolines
+			eibrs,lfence      - Enhanced/Auto IBRS + LFENCE
+			ibrs		  - use IBRS to protect kernel
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+			spectre_v2=auto.
+
+	spectre_v2_user=
+			[X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2
+		        (indirect branch speculation) vulnerability between
+		        user space tasks
+
+			on	- Unconditionally enable mitigations. Is
+				  enforced by spectre_v2=on
+
+			off     - Unconditionally disable mitigations. Is
+				  enforced by spectre_v2=off
+
+			prctl   - Indirect branch speculation is enabled,
+				  but mitigation can be enabled via prctl
+				  per thread.  The mitigation control state
+				  is inherited on fork.
+
+			prctl,ibpb
+				- Like "prctl" above, but only STIBP is
+				  controlled per thread. IBPB is issued
+				  always when switching between different user
+				  space processes.
+
+			seccomp
+				- Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp
+				  threads will enable the mitigation unless
+				  they explicitly opt out.
+
+			seccomp,ibpb
+				- Like "seccomp" above, but only STIBP is
+				  controlled per thread. IBPB is issued
+				  always when switching between different
+				  user space processes.
+
+			auto    - Kernel selects the mitigation depending on
+				  the available CPU features and vulnerability.
+
+			Default mitigation: "prctl"
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+			spectre_v2_user=auto.
+
+	spec_rstack_overflow=
+			[X86] Control RAS overflow mitigation on AMD Zen CPUs
+
+			off		- Disable mitigation
+			microcode	- Enable microcode mitigation only
+			safe-ret	- Enable sw-only safe RET mitigation (default)
+			ibpb		- Enable mitigation by issuing IBPB on
+					  kernel entry
+			ibpb-vmexit	- Issue IBPB only on VMEXIT
+					  (cloud-specific mitigation)
+
+	spec_store_bypass_disable=
+			[HW] Control Speculative Store Bypass (SSB) Disable mitigation
+			(Speculative Store Bypass vulnerability)
+
+			Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against a
+			a common industry wide performance optimization known
+			as "Speculative Store Bypass" in which recent stores
+			to the same memory location may not be observed by
+			later loads during speculative execution. The idea
+			is that such stores are unlikely and that they can
+			be detected prior to instruction retirement at the
+			end of a particular speculation execution window.
+
+			In vulnerable processors, the speculatively forwarded
+			store can be used in a cache side channel attack, for
+			example to read memory to which the attacker does not
+			directly have access (e.g. inside sandboxed code).
+
+			This parameter controls whether the Speculative Store
+			Bypass optimization is used.
+
+			On x86 the options are:
+
+			on      - Unconditionally disable Speculative Store Bypass
+			off     - Unconditionally enable Speculative Store Bypass
+			auto    - Kernel detects whether the CPU model contains an
+				  implementation of Speculative Store Bypass and
+				  picks the most appropriate mitigation. If the
+				  CPU is not vulnerable, "off" is selected. If the
+				  CPU is vulnerable the default mitigation is
+				  architecture and Kconfig dependent. See below.
+			prctl   - Control Speculative Store Bypass per thread
+				  via prctl. Speculative Store Bypass is enabled
+				  for a process by default. The state of the control
+				  is inherited on fork.
+			seccomp - Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp threads
+				  will disable SSB unless they explicitly opt out.
+
+			Default mitigations:
+			X86:	"prctl"
+
+			On powerpc the options are:
+
+			on,auto - On Power8 and Power9 insert a store-forwarding
+				  barrier on kernel entry and exit. On Power7
+				  perform a software flush on kernel entry and
+				  exit.
+			off	- No action.
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+			spec_store_bypass_disable=auto.
+
+	spia_io_base=	[HW,MTD]
+	spia_fio_base=
+	spia_pedr=
+	spia_peddr=
+
+	split_lock_detect=
+			[X86] Enable split lock detection or bus lock detection
+
+			When enabled (and if hardware support is present), atomic
+			instructions that access data across cache line
+			boundaries will result in an alignment check exception
+			for split lock detection or a debug exception for
+			bus lock detection.
+
+			off	- not enabled
+
+			warn	- the kernel will emit rate-limited warnings
+				  about applications triggering the #AC
+				  exception or the #DB exception. This mode is
+				  the default on CPUs that support split lock
+				  detection or bus lock detection. Default
+				  behavior is by #AC if both features are
+				  enabled in hardware.
+
+			fatal	- the kernel will send SIGBUS to applications
+				  that trigger the #AC exception or the #DB
+				  exception. Default behavior is by #AC if
+				  both features are enabled in hardware.
+
+			ratelimit:N -
+				  Set system wide rate limit to N bus locks
+				  per second for bus lock detection.
+				  0 < N <= 1000.
+
+				  N/A for split lock detection.
+
+
+			If an #AC exception is hit in the kernel or in
+			firmware (i.e. not while executing in user mode)
+			the kernel will oops in either "warn" or "fatal"
+			mode.
+
+			#DB exception for bus lock is triggered only when
+			CPL > 0.
+
+	srbds=		[X86,INTEL]
+			Control the Special Register Buffer Data Sampling
+			(SRBDS) mitigation.
+
+			Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an MDS-like
+			exploit which can leak bits from the random
+			number generator.
+
+			By default, this issue is mitigated by
+			microcode.  However, the microcode fix can cause
+			the RDRAND and RDSEED instructions to become
+			much slower.  Among other effects, this will
+			result in reduced throughput from /dev/urandom.
+
+			The microcode mitigation can be disabled with
+			the following option:
+
+			off:    Disable mitigation and remove
+				performance impact to RDRAND and RDSEED
+
+	srcutree.big_cpu_lim [KNL]
+			Specifies the number of CPUs constituting a
+			large system, such that srcu_struct structures
+			should immediately allocate an srcu_node array.
+			This kernel-boot parameter defaults to 128,
+			but takes effect only when the low-order four
+			bits of srcutree.convert_to_big is equal to 3
+			(decide at boot).
+
+	srcutree.convert_to_big [KNL]
+			Specifies under what conditions an SRCU tree
+			srcu_struct structure will be converted to big
+			form, that is, with an rcu_node tree:
+
+				   0:  Never.
+				   1:  At init_srcu_struct() time.
+				   2:  When rcutorture decides to.
+				   3:  Decide at boot time (default).
+				0x1X:  Above plus if high contention.
+
+			Either way, the srcu_node tree will be sized based
+			on the actual runtime number of CPUs (nr_cpu_ids)
+			instead of the compile-time CONFIG_NR_CPUS.
+
+	srcutree.counter_wrap_check [KNL]
+			Specifies how frequently to check for
+			grace-period sequence counter wrap for the
+			srcu_data structure's ->srcu_gp_seq_needed field.
+			The greater the number of bits set in this kernel
+			parameter, the less frequently counter wrap will
+			be checked for.  Note that the bottom two bits
+			are ignored.
+
+	srcutree.exp_holdoff [KNL]
+			Specifies how many nanoseconds must elapse
+			since the end of the last SRCU grace period for
+			a given srcu_struct until the next normal SRCU
+			grace period will be considered for automatic
+			expediting.  Set to zero to disable automatic
+			expediting.
+
+	srcutree.srcu_max_nodelay [KNL]
+			Specifies the number of no-delay instances
+			per jiffy for which the SRCU grace period
+			worker thread will be rescheduled with zero
+			delay. Beyond this limit, worker thread will
+			be rescheduled with a sleep delay of one jiffy.
+
+	srcutree.srcu_max_nodelay_phase [KNL]
+			Specifies the per-grace-period phase, number of
+			non-sleeping polls of readers. Beyond this limit,
+			grace period worker thread will be rescheduled
+			with a sleep delay of one jiffy, between each
+			rescan of the readers, for a grace period phase.
+
+	srcutree.srcu_retry_check_delay [KNL]
+			Specifies number of microseconds of non-sleeping
+			delay between each non-sleeping poll of readers.
+
+	srcutree.small_contention_lim [KNL]
+			Specifies the number of update-side contention
+			events per jiffy will be tolerated before
+			initiating a conversion of an srcu_struct
+			structure to big form.	Note that the value of
+			srcutree.convert_to_big must have the 0x10 bit
+			set for contention-based conversions to occur.
+
+	ssbd=		[ARM64,HW]
+			Speculative Store Bypass Disable control
+
+			On CPUs that are vulnerable to the Speculative
+			Store Bypass vulnerability and offer a
+			firmware based mitigation, this parameter
+			indicates how the mitigation should be used:
+
+			force-on:  Unconditionally enable mitigation for
+				   for both kernel and userspace
+			force-off: Unconditionally disable mitigation for
+				   for both kernel and userspace
+			kernel:    Always enable mitigation in the
+				   kernel, and offer a prctl interface
+				   to allow userspace to register its
+				   interest in being mitigated too.
+
+	stack_guard_gap=	[MM]
+			override the default stack gap protection. The value
+			is in page units and it defines how many pages prior
+			to (for stacks growing down) resp. after (for stacks
+			growing up) the main stack are reserved for no other
+			mapping. Default value is 256 pages.
+
+	stack_depot_disable= [KNL]
+			Setting this to true through kernel command line will
+			disable the stack depot thereby saving the static memory
+			consumed by the stack hash table. By default this is set
+			to false.
+
+	stacktrace	[FTRACE]
+			Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
+
+	stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
+			[FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
+			will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma-separated
+			list of functions. This list can be changed at run
+			time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
+			tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
+			and the stacktrace above is not needed.
+
+	sti=		[PARISC,HW]
+			Format: <num>
+			Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
+			machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
+			as the initial boot-console.
+			See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
+
+	sti_font=	[HW]
+			See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
+
+	stifb=		[HW]
+			Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
+
+        strict_sas_size=
+			[X86]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Enable or disable strict sigaltstack size checks
+			against the required signal frame size which
+			depends on the supported FPU features. This can
+			be used to filter out binaries which have
+			not yet been made aware of AT_MINSIGSTKSZ.
+
+	stress_hpt	[PPC]
+			Limits the number of kernel HPT entries in the hash
+			page table to increase the rate of hash page table
+			faults on kernel addresses.
+
+	stress_slb	[PPC]
+			Limits the number of kernel SLB entries, and flushes
+			them frequently to increase the rate of SLB faults
+			on kernel addresses.
+
+	sunrpc.min_resvport=
+	sunrpc.max_resvport=
+			[NFS,SUNRPC]
+			SunRPC servers often require that client requests
+			originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
+			range 0 < portnr < 1024).
+			An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
+			ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
+			kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
+			using these two parameters to set the minimum and
+			maximum port values.
+
+	sunrpc.svc_rpc_per_connection_limit=
+			[NFS,SUNRPC]
+			Limit the number of requests that the server will
+			process in parallel from a single connection.
+			The default value is 0 (no limit).
+
+	sunrpc.pool_mode=
+			[NFS]
+			Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
+			service thread pools.  Depending on how many NICs
+			you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
+			option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
+			Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
+			NFS server is running.
+
+			auto	    the server chooses an appropriate mode
+				    automatically using heuristics
+			global	    a single global pool contains all CPUs
+			percpu	    one pool for each CPU
+			pernode	    one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
+				    to global on non-NUMA machines)
+
+	sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
+	sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
+			[NFS,SUNRPC]
+			Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
+			RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
+			server. Increasing these values may allow you to
+			improve throughput, but will also increase the
+			amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
+
+	suspend.pm_test_delay=
+			[SUSPEND]
+			Sets the number of seconds to remain in a suspend test
+			mode before resuming the system (see
+			/sys/power/pm_test). Only available when CONFIG_PM_DEBUG
+			is set. Default value is 5.
+
+	svm=		[PPC]
+			Format: { on | off | y | n | 1 | 0 }
+			This parameter controls use of the Protected
+			Execution Facility on pSeries.
+
+	swiotlb=	[ARM,IA-64,PPC,MIPS,X86]
+			Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce }
+			<int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
+			<int> -- Second integer after comma. Number of swiotlb
+				 areas with their own lock. Will be rounded up
+				 to a power of 2.
+			force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
+			         wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
+			noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
+
+	switches=	[HW,M68k]
+
+	sysctl.*=	[KNL]
+			Set a sysctl parameter, right before loading the init
+			process, as if the value was written to the respective
+			/proc/sys/... file. Both '.' and '/' are recognized as
+			separators. Unrecognized parameters and invalid values
+			are reported in the kernel log. Sysctls registered
+			later by a loaded module cannot be set this way.
+			Example: sysctl.vm.swappiness=40
+
+	sysrq_always_enabled
+			[KNL]
+			Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
+			neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
+			Useful for debugging.
+
+	tcpmhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
+			Set the number of tcp_metrics_hash slots.
+			Default value is 8192 or 16384 depending on total
+			ram pages. This is used to specify the TCP metrics
+			cache size. See Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst
+			"tcp_no_metrics_save" section for more details.
+
+	tdfx=		[HW,DRM]
+
+	test_suspend=	[SUSPEND]
+			Format: { "mem" | "standby" | "freeze" }[,N]
+			Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
+			standby suspend) or "freeze" (for suspend type freeze)
+			as the system sleep state during system startup with
+			the optional capability to repeat N number of times.
+			The system is woken from this state using a
+			wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
+
+	thash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
+			Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
+
+	thermal.act=	[HW,ACPI]
+			-1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
+			<degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
+
+	thermal.crt=	[HW,ACPI]
+			-1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
+			<degrees C>: override all critical trip points
+
+	thermal.off=	[HW,ACPI]
+			1: disable ACPI thermal control
+
+	thermal.psv=	[HW,ACPI]
+			-1: disable all passive trip points
+			<degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
+			value
+
+	thermal.tzp=	[HW,ACPI]
+			Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
+			<deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
+			0: no polling (default)
+
+	threadirqs	[KNL]
+			Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
+			marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
+
+	topology=	[S390]
+			Format: {off | on}
+			Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
+			topology information if the hardware supports this.
+			The scheduler will make use of this information and
+			e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
+			Default is on.
+
+	topology_updates= [KNL, PPC, NUMA]
+			Format: {off}
+			Specify if the kernel should ignore (off)
+			topology updates sent by the hypervisor to this
+			LPAR.
+
+	torture.disable_onoff_at_boot= [KNL]
+			Prevent the CPU-hotplug component of torturing
+			until after init has spawned.
+
+	torture.ftrace_dump_at_shutdown= [KNL]
+			Dump the ftrace buffer at torture-test shutdown,
+			even if there were no errors.  This can be a
+			very costly operation when many torture tests
+			are running concurrently, especially on systems
+			with rotating-rust storage.
+
+	torture.verbose_sleep_frequency= [KNL]
+			Specifies how many verbose printk()s should be
+			emitted between each sleep.  The default of zero
+			disables verbose-printk() sleeping.
+
+	torture.verbose_sleep_duration= [KNL]
+			Duration of each verbose-printk() sleep in jiffies.
+
+	tp720=		[HW,PS2]
+
+	tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
+			Format: integer pcr id
+			Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
+			should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
+			as a workaround for some chips which fail to
+			flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
+			This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
+			are saved.
+
+	tpm_tis.interrupts= [HW,TPM]
+			Enable interrupts for the MMIO based physical layer
+			for the FIFO interface. By default it is set to false
+			(0). For more information about TPM hardware interfaces
+			defined by Trusted Computing Group (TCG) see
+			https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/pc-client-platform-tpm-profile-ptp-specification/
+
+	tp_printk	[FTRACE]
+			Have the tracepoints sent to printk as well as the
+			tracing ring buffer. This is useful for early boot up
+			where the system hangs or reboots and does not give the
+			option for reading the tracing buffer or performing a
+			ftrace_dump_on_oops.
+
+			To turn off having tracepoints sent to printk,
+			 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
+			Note, echoing 1 into this file without the
+			tracepoint_printk kernel cmdline option has no effect.
+
+			The tp_printk_stop_on_boot (see below) can also be used
+			to stop the printing of events to console at
+			late_initcall_sync.
+
+			** CAUTION **
+
+			Having tracepoints sent to printk() and activating high
+			frequency tracepoints such as irq or sched, can cause
+			the system to live lock.
+
+	tp_printk_stop_on_boot [FTRACE]
+			When tp_printk (above) is set, it can cause a lot of noise
+			on the console. It may be useful to only include the
+			printing of events during boot up, as user space may
+			make the system inoperable.
+
+			This command line option will stop the printing of events
+			to console at the late_initcall_sync() time frame.
+
+	trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
+			[FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size on each cpu.
+
+	trace_clock=	[FTRACE] Set the clock used for tracing events
+			at boot up.
+			local - Use the per CPU time stamp counter
+				(converted into nanoseconds). Fast, but
+				depending on the architecture, may not be
+				in sync between CPUs.
+			global - Event time stamps are synchronize across
+				CPUs. May be slower than the local clock,
+				but better for some race conditions.
+			counter - Simple counting of events (1, 2, ..)
+				note, some counts may be skipped due to the
+				infrastructure grabbing the clock more than
+				once per event.
+			uptime - Use jiffies as the time stamp.
+			perf - Use the same clock that perf uses.
+			mono - Use ktime_get_mono_fast_ns() for time stamps.
+			mono_raw - Use ktime_get_raw_fast_ns() for time
+				stamps.
+			boot - Use ktime_get_boot_fast_ns() for time stamps.
+			Architectures may add more clocks. See
+			Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst for more details.
+
+	trace_event=[event-list]
+			[FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
+			to facilitate early boot debugging. The event-list is a
+			comma-separated list of trace events to enable. See
+			also Documentation/trace/events.rst
+
+	trace_instance=[instance-info]
+			[FTRACE] Create a ring buffer instance early in boot up.
+			This will be listed in:
+
+				/sys/kernel/tracing/instances
+
+			Events can be enabled at the time the instance is created
+			via:
+
+				trace_instance=<name>,<system1>:<event1>,<system2>:<event2>
+
+			Note, the "<system*>:" portion is optional if the event is
+			unique.
+
+				trace_instance=foo,sched:sched_switch,irq_handler_entry,initcall
+
+			will enable the "sched_switch" event (note, the "sched:" is optional, and
+			the same thing would happen if it was left off). The irq_handler_entry
+			event, and all events under the "initcall" system.
+
+	trace_options=[option-list]
+			[FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
+			The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
+			that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
+			to echo the option name into
+
+			    /sys/kernel/tracing/trace_options
+
+			For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
+			stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
+
+			      trace_options=stacktrace
+
+			See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst "trace options"
+			section.
+
+	trace_trigger=[trigger-list]
+			[FTRACE] Add a event trigger on specific events.
+			Set a trigger on top of a specific event, with an optional
+			filter.
+
+			The format is is "trace_trigger=<event>.<trigger>[ if <filter>],..."
+			Where more than one trigger may be specified that are comma deliminated.
+
+			For example:
+
+			  trace_trigger="sched_switch.stacktrace if prev_state == 2"
+
+			The above will enable the "stacktrace" trigger on the "sched_switch"
+			event but only trigger it if the "prev_state" of the "sched_switch"
+			event is "2" (TASK_UNINTERUPTIBLE).
+
+			See also "Event triggers" in Documentation/trace/events.rst
+
+
+	traceoff_on_warning
+			[FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a
+			warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can
+			be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on"
+			file located in /sys/kernel/tracing/
+
+			This option is useful, as it disables the trace before
+			the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to
+			be filled with content caused by the warning output.
+
+			This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl
+			option:  kernel/traceoff_on_warning
+
+	transparent_hugepage=
+			[KNL]
+			Format: [always|madvise|never]
+			Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
+			with respect to transparent hugepages.
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst
+			for more details.
+
+	trusted.source=	[KEYS]
+			Format: <string>
+			This parameter identifies the trust source as a backend
+			for trusted keys implementation. Supported trust
+			sources:
+			- "tpm"
+			- "tee"
+			- "caam"
+			If not specified then it defaults to iterating through
+			the trust source list starting with TPM and assigns the
+			first trust source as a backend which is initialized
+			successfully during iteration.
+
+	trusted.rng=	[KEYS]
+			Format: <string>
+			The RNG used to generate key material for trusted keys.
+			Can be one of:
+			- "kernel"
+			- the same value as trusted.source: "tpm" or "tee"
+			- "default"
+			If not specified, "default" is used. In this case,
+			the RNG's choice is left to each individual trust source.
+
+	tsc=		Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
+			Format: <string>
+			[x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
+			disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
+			as the stability checks done at bootup.	Used to enable
+			high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
+			virtualized environment.
+			[x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
+			Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
+			platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
+			can add overhead.
+			[x86] unstable: mark the TSC clocksource as unstable, this
+			marks the TSC unconditionally unstable at bootup and
+			avoids any further wobbles once the TSC watchdog notices.
+			[x86] nowatchdog: disable clocksource watchdog. Used
+			in situations with strict latency requirements (where
+			interruptions from clocksource watchdog are not
+			acceptable).
+			[x86] recalibrate: force recalibration against a HW timer
+			(HPET or PM timer) on systems whose TSC frequency was
+			obtained from HW or FW using either an MSR or CPUID(0x15).
+			Warn if the difference is more than 500 ppm.
+			[x86] watchdog: Use TSC as the watchdog clocksource with
+			which to check other HW timers (HPET or PM timer), but
+			only on systems where TSC has been deemed trustworthy.
+			This will be suppressed by an earlier tsc=nowatchdog and
+			can be overridden by a later tsc=nowatchdog.  A console
+			message will flag any such suppression or overriding.
+
+	tsc_early_khz=  [X86] Skip early TSC calibration and use the given
+			value instead. Useful when the early TSC frequency discovery
+			procedure is not reliable, such as on overclocked systems
+			with CPUID.16h support and partial CPUID.15h support.
+			Format: <unsigned int>
+
+	tsx=		[X86] Control Transactional Synchronization
+			Extensions (TSX) feature in Intel processors that
+			support TSX control.
+
+			This parameter controls the TSX feature. The options are:
+
+			on	- Enable TSX on the system. Although there are
+				mitigations for all known security vulnerabilities,
+				TSX has been known to be an accelerator for
+				several previous speculation-related CVEs, and
+				so there may be unknown	security risks associated
+				with leaving it enabled.
+
+			off	- Disable TSX on the system. (Note that this
+				option takes effect only on newer CPUs which are
+				not vulnerable to MDS, i.e., have
+				MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=1 and which get
+				the new IA32_TSX_CTRL MSR through a microcode
+				update. This new MSR allows for the reliable
+				deactivation of the TSX functionality.)
+
+			auto	- Disable TSX if X86_BUG_TAA is present,
+				  otherwise enable TSX on the system.
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to tsx=off.
+
+			See Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/tsx_async_abort.rst
+			for more details.
+
+	tsx_async_abort= [X86,INTEL] Control mitigation for the TSX Async
+			Abort (TAA) vulnerability.
+
+			Similar to Micro-architectural Data Sampling (MDS)
+			certain CPUs that support Transactional
+			Synchronization Extensions (TSX) are vulnerable to an
+			exploit against CPU internal buffers which can forward
+			information to a disclosure gadget under certain
+			conditions.
+
+			In vulnerable processors, the speculatively forwarded
+			data can be used in a cache side channel attack, to
+			access data to which the attacker does not have direct
+			access.
+
+			This parameter controls the TAA mitigation.  The
+			options are:
+
+			full       - Enable TAA mitigation on vulnerable CPUs
+				     if TSX is enabled.
+
+			full,nosmt - Enable TAA mitigation and disable SMT on
+				     vulnerable CPUs. If TSX is disabled, SMT
+				     is not disabled because CPU is not
+				     vulnerable to cross-thread TAA attacks.
+			off        - Unconditionally disable TAA mitigation
+
+			On MDS-affected machines, tsx_async_abort=off can be
+			prevented by an active MDS mitigation as both vulnerabilities
+			are mitigated with the same mechanism so in order to disable
+			this mitigation, you need to specify mds=off too.
+
+			Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+			tsx_async_abort=full.  On CPUs which are MDS affected
+			and deploy MDS mitigation, TAA mitigation is not
+			required and doesn't provide any additional
+			mitigation.
+
+			For details see:
+			Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/tsx_async_abort.rst
+
+	turbografx.map[2|3]=	[HW,JOY]
+			TurboGraFX parallel port interface
+			Format:
+			<port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
+			See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst
+
+	udbg-immortal	[PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
+			happen after console_init() and before a proper
+			console driver takes over, this boot options might
+			help "seeing" what's going on.
+
+	uhash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
+			Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
+
+	uhci-hcd.ignore_oc=
+			[USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
+			Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
+			bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
+			anything.  Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
+			Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
+			reported either.
+
+	unknown_nmi_panic
+			[X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
+
+	unwind_debug	[X86-64]
+			Enable unwinder debug output.  This can be
+			useful for debugging certain unwinder error
+			conditions, including corrupt stacks and
+			bad/missing unwinder metadata.
+
+	usbcore.authorized_default=
+			[USB] Default USB device authorization:
+			(default -1 = authorized (same as 1),
+			0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized, 2 = authorized
+			if device connected to internal port)
+
+	usbcore.autosuspend=
+			[USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
+			for newly-detected USB devices (default 2).  This
+			is the time required before an idle device will be
+			autosuspended.  Devices for which the delay is set
+			to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
+
+	usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
+			[USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
+
+	usbcore.usbfs_snoop_max=
+			[USB] Maximum number of bytes to snoop in each URB
+			(default = 65536).
+
+	usbcore.blinkenlights=
+			[USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
+
+	usbcore.old_scheme_first=
+			[USB] Start with the old device initialization
+			scheme (default 0 = off).
+
+	usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
+			[USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
+			usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
+
+	usbcore.use_both_schemes=
+			[USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
+			if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
+
+	usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
+			[USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
+			USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
+			(default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
+
+	usbcore.nousb	[USB] Disable the USB subsystem
+
+	usbcore.quirks=
+			[USB] A list of quirk entries to augment the built-in
+			usb core quirk list. List entries are separated by
+			commas. Each entry has the form
+			VendorID:ProductID:Flags. The IDs are 4-digit hex
+			numbers and Flags is a set of letters. Each letter
+			will change the built-in quirk; setting it if it is
+			clear and clearing it if it is set. The letters have
+			the following meanings:
+				a = USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255 (string
+					descriptors must not be fetched using
+					a 255-byte read);
+				b = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME (device can't resume
+					correctly so reset it instead);
+				c = USB_QUIRK_NO_SET_INTF (device can't handle
+					Set-Interface requests);
+				d = USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS (device can't
+					handle its Configuration or Interface
+					strings);
+				e = USB_QUIRK_RESET (device can't be reset
+					(e.g morph devices), don't use reset);
+				f = USB_QUIRK_HONOR_BNUMINTERFACES (device has
+					more interface descriptions than the
+					bNumInterfaces count, and can't handle
+					talking to these interfaces);
+				g = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT (device needs a pause
+					during initialization, after we read
+					the device descriptor);
+				h = USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_UFRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL (For
+					high speed and super speed interrupt
+					endpoints, the USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 spec
+					require the interval in microframes (1
+					microframe = 125 microseconds) to be
+					calculated as interval = 2 ^
+					(bInterval-1).
+					Devices with this quirk report their
+					bInterval as the result of this
+					calculation instead of the exponent
+					variable used in the calculation);
+				i = USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER (device can't
+					handle device_qualifier descriptor
+					requests);
+				j = USB_QUIRK_IGNORE_REMOTE_WAKEUP (device
+					generates spurious wakeup, ignore
+					remote wakeup capability);
+				k = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM (device can't handle Link
+					Power Management);
+				l = USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_FRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL
+					(Device reports its bInterval as linear
+					frames instead of the USB 2.0
+					calculation);
+				m = USB_QUIRK_DISCONNECT_SUSPEND (Device needs
+					to be disconnected before suspend to
+					prevent spurious wakeup);
+				n = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_CTRL_MSG (Device needs a
+					pause after every control message);
+				o = USB_QUIRK_HUB_SLOW_RESET (Hub needs extra
+					delay after resetting its port);
+			Example: quirks=0781:5580:bk,0a5c:5834:gij
+
+	usbhid.mousepoll=
+			[USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
+
+	usbhid.jspoll=
+			[USBHID] The interval which joysticks are to be polled at.
+
+	usbhid.kbpoll=
+			[USBHID] The interval which keyboards are to be polled at.
+
+	usb-storage.delay_use=
+			[UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
+			scanned for Logical Units (default 1).
+
+	usb-storage.quirks=
+			[UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
+			override the built-in unusual_devs list.  List
+			entries are separated by commas.  Each entry has
+			the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
+			and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
+			Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
+			to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
+				a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
+					of sense data, not on uas);
+				b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
+					bytes of sense data, not on uas);
+				c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
+					device capacity by one sector);
+				d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
+					READ_DISC_INFO command, not on uas);
+				e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
+					READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
+				f = NO_REPORT_OPCODES (don't use report opcodes
+					command, uas only);
+				g = MAX_SECTORS_240 (don't transfer more than
+					240 sectors at a time, uas only);
+				h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
+					reported device capacity by one
+					sector if the number is odd);
+				i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
+					device);
+				j = NO_REPORT_LUNS (don't use report luns
+					command, uas only);
+				k = NO_SAME (do not use WRITE_SAME, uas only)
+				l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
+					unlock ejectable media, not on uas);
+				m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
+					than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time,
+					not on uas);
+				n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
+					initial READ(10) command, not on uas);
+				o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
+					reported by the device, not on uas);
+				p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
+					by default, not on uas);
+				r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
+					bogus residue values, not on uas);
+				s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
+					Logical Unit);
+				t = NO_ATA_1X (don't allow ATA(12) and ATA(16)
+					commands, uas only);
+				u = IGNORE_UAS (don't bind to the uas driver);
+				w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
+					medium is write-protected).
+				y = ALWAYS_SYNC (issue a SYNCHRONIZE_CACHE
+					even if the device claims no cache,
+					not on uas)
+			Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
+
+	user_debug=	[KNL,ARM]
+			Format: <int>
+			See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
+				 1 - undefined instruction events
+				 2 - system calls
+				 4 - invalid data aborts
+				 8 - SIGSEGV faults
+				16 - SIGBUS faults
+			Example: user_debug=31
+
+	userpte=
+			[X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
+
+				nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
+					HIGHMEM regardless of setting
+					of CONFIG_HIGHPTE.
+
+	vdso=		[X86,SH,SPARC]
+			On X86_32, this is an alias for vdso32=.  Otherwise:
+
+			vdso=1: enable VDSO (the default)
+			vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
+
+	vdso32=		[X86] Control the 32-bit vDSO
+			vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO
+			vdso32=0 or vdso32=2: disable 32-bit VDSO
+
+			See the help text for CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO for more
+			details.  If CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO is set, the default is
+			vdso32=0; otherwise, the default is vdso32=1.
+
+			For compatibility with older kernels, vdso32=2 is an
+			alias for vdso32=0.
+
+			Try vdso32=0 if you encounter an error that says:
+			dl_main: Assertion `(void *) ph->p_vaddr == _rtld_local._dl_sysinfo_dso' failed!
+
+	vector=		[IA-64,SMP]
+			vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
+
+	video=		[FB] Frame buffer configuration
+			See Documentation/fb/modedb.rst.
+
+	video.brightness_switch_enabled= [ACPI]
+			Format: [0|1]
+			If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event
+			generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness
+			level and then send out the event to user space through
+			the allocated input device. If set to 0, video driver
+			will only send out the event without touching backlight
+			brightness level.
+			default: 1
+
+	virtio_mmio.device=
+			[VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
+
+				<size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
+			where:
+				<size>     := size (can use standard suffixes
+						like K, M and G)
+				<baseaddr> := physical base address
+				<irq>      := interrupt number (as passed to
+						request_irq())
+				<id>       := (optional) platform device id
+			example:
+				virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
+
+			Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
+
+	vga=		[BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
+			See Documentation/arch/x86/boot.rst and
+			Documentation/admin-guide/svga.rst.
+			Use vga=ask for menu.
+			This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
+			passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
+
+	vm_debug[=options]	[KNL] Available with CONFIG_DEBUG_VM=y.
+			May slow down system boot speed, especially when
+			enabled on systems with a large amount of memory.
+			All options are enabled by default, and this
+			interface is meant to allow for selectively
+			enabling or disabling specific virtual memory
+			debugging features.
+
+			Available options are:
+			  P	Enable page structure init time poisoning
+			  -	Disable all of the above options
+
+	vmalloc=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
+			size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
+			minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
+			decrease the size and leave more room for directly
+			mapped kernel RAM.
+
+	vmcp_cma=nn[MG]	[KNL,S390]
+			Sets the memory size reserved for contiguous memory
+			allocations for the vmcp device driver.
+
+	vmhalt=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
+			Format: <command>
+
+	vmpanic=	[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
+			Format: <command>
+
+	vmpoff=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
+			Format: <command>
+
+	vsyscall=	[X86-64]
+			Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
+			fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
+			code).  Most statically-linked binaries and older
+			versions of glibc use these calls.  Because these
+			functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
+			targets for exploits that can control RIP.
+
+			emulate     Vsyscalls turn into traps and are emulated
+			            reasonably safely.  The vsyscall page is
+				    readable.
+
+			xonly       [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
+			            emulated reasonably safely.  The vsyscall
+				    page is not readable.
+
+			none        Vsyscalls don't work at all.  This makes
+			            them quite hard to use for exploits but
+			            might break your system.
+
+	vt.color=	[VT] Default text color.
+			Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background.
+			Default: 0x07 = light gray on black.
+
+	vt.cur_default=	[VT] Default cursor shape.
+			Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
+			the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
+			see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
+
+	vt.default_blu=	[VT]
+			Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
+			Change the default blue palette of the console.
+			This is a 16-member array composed of values
+			ranging from 0-255.
+
+	vt.default_grn=	[VT]
+			Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
+			Change the default green palette of the console.
+			This is a 16-member array composed of values
+			ranging from 0-255.
+
+	vt.default_red=	[VT]
+			Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
+			Change the default red palette of the console.
+			This is a 16-member array composed of values
+			ranging from 0-255.
+
+	vt.default_utf8=
+			[VT]
+			Format=<0|1>
+			Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
+			Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
+			newly opened terminals.
+
+	vt.global_cursor_default=
+			[VT]
+			Format=<-1|0|1>
+			Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
+			is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
+			i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
+			overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
+			cursors, 1 will display them.
+
+	vt.italic=	[VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15.
+			Default: 2 = green.
+
+	vt.underline=	[VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15.
+			Default: 3 = cyan.
+
+	watchdog timers	[HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
+			see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.rst
+			or other driver-specific files in the
+			Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
+
+	watchdog_thresh=
+			[KNL]
+			Set the hard lockup detector stall duration
+			threshold in seconds. The soft lockup detector
+			threshold is set to twice the value. A value of 0
+			disables both lockup detectors. Default is 10
+			seconds.
+
+	workqueue.unbound_cpus=
+			[KNL,SMP] Specify to constrain one or some CPUs
+			to use in unbound workqueues.
+			Format: <cpu-list>
+			By default, all online CPUs are available for
+			unbound workqueues.
+
+	workqueue.watchdog_thresh=
+			If CONFIG_WQ_WATCHDOG is configured, workqueue can
+			warn stall conditions and dump internal state to
+			help debugging.  0 disables workqueue stall
+			detection; otherwise, it's the stall threshold
+			duration in seconds.  The default value is 30 and
+			it can be updated at runtime by writing to the
+			corresponding sysfs file.
+
+	workqueue.cpu_intensive_thresh_us=
+			Per-cpu work items which run for longer than this
+			threshold are automatically considered CPU intensive
+			and excluded from concurrency management to prevent
+			them from noticeably delaying other per-cpu work
+			items. Default is 10000 (10ms).
+
+			If CONFIG_WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE_REPORT is set, the kernel
+			will report the work functions which violate this
+			threshold repeatedly. They are likely good
+			candidates for using WQ_UNBOUND workqueues instead.
+
+	workqueue.power_efficient
+			Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because
+			they show better performance thanks to cache
+			locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to
+			be more power hungry than unbound workqueues.
+
+			Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which
+			were observed to contribute significantly to power
+			consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower
+			power usage at the cost of small performance
+			overhead.
+
+			The default value of this parameter is determined by
+			the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT.
+
+        workqueue.default_affinity_scope=
+			Select the default affinity scope to use for unbound
+			workqueues. Can be one of "cpu", "smt", "cache",
+			"numa" and "system". Default is "cache". For more
+			information, see the Affinity Scopes section in
+			Documentation/core-api/workqueue.rst.
+
+			This can be changed after boot by writing to the
+			matching /sys/module/workqueue/parameters file. All
+			workqueues with the "default" affinity scope will be
+			updated accordignly.
+
+	workqueue.debug_force_rr_cpu
+			Workqueue used to implicitly guarantee that work
+			items queued without explicit CPU specified are put
+			on the local CPU.  This guarantee is no longer true
+			and while local CPU is still preferred work items
+			may be put on foreign CPUs.  This debug option
+			forces round-robin CPU selection to flush out
+			usages which depend on the now broken guarantee.
+			When enabled, memory and cache locality will be
+			impacted.
+
+	writecombine=	[LOONGARCH] Control the MAT (Memory Access Type) of
+			ioremap_wc().
+
+			on   - Enable writecombine, use WUC for ioremap_wc()
+			off  - Disable writecombine, use SUC for ioremap_wc()
+
+	x2apic_phys	[X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
+			default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
+			supporting x2apic.
+
+	xen_512gb_limit		[KNL,X86-64,XEN]
+			Restricts the kernel running paravirtualized under Xen
+			to use only up to 512 GB of RAM. The reason to do so is
+			crash analysis tools and Xen tools for doing domain
+			save/restore/migration must be enabled to handle larger
+			domains.
+
+	xen_emul_unplug=		[HW,X86,XEN]
+			Unplug Xen emulated devices
+			Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
+			ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
+			aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
+			nics -- unplug network devices
+			all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
+			unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
+				unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
+				the unplug protocol
+			never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
+
+	xen_legacy_crash	[X86,XEN]
+			Crash from Xen panic notifier, without executing late
+			panic() code such as dumping handler.
+
+	xen_msr_safe=	[X86,XEN]
+			Format: <bool>
+			Select whether to always use non-faulting (safe) MSR
+			access functions when running as Xen PV guest. The
+			default value is controlled by CONFIG_XEN_PV_MSR_SAFE.
+
+	xen_nopvspin	[X86,XEN]
+			Disables the qspinlock slowpath using Xen PV optimizations.
+			This parameter is obsoleted by "nopvspin" parameter, which
+			has equivalent effect for XEN platform.
+
+	xen_nopv	[X86]
+			Disables the PV optimizations forcing the HVM guest to
+			run as generic HVM guest with no PV drivers.
+			This option is obsoleted by the "nopv" option, which
+			has equivalent effect for XEN platform.
+
+	xen_no_vector_callback
+			[KNL,X86,XEN] Disable the vector callback for Xen
+			event channel interrupts.
+
+	xen_scrub_pages=	[XEN]
+			Boolean option to control scrubbing pages before giving them back
+			to Xen, for use by other domains. Can be also changed at runtime
+			with /sys/devices/system/xen_memory/xen_memory0/scrub_pages.
+			Default value controlled with CONFIG_XEN_SCRUB_PAGES_DEFAULT.
+
+	xen_timer_slop=	[X86-64,XEN]
+			Set the timer slop (in nanoseconds) for the virtual Xen
+			timers (default is 100000). This adjusts the minimum
+			delta of virtualized Xen timers, where lower values
+			improve timer resolution at the expense of processing
+			more timer interrupts.
+
+	xen.balloon_boot_timeout= [XEN]
+			The time (in seconds) to wait before giving up to boot
+			in case initial ballooning fails to free enough memory.
+			Applies only when running as HVM or PVH guest and
+			started with less memory configured than allowed at
+			max. Default is 180.
+
+	xen.event_eoi_delay=	[XEN]
+			How long to delay EOI handling in case of event
+			storms (jiffies). Default is 10.
+
+	xen.event_loop_timeout=	[XEN]
+			After which time (jiffies) the event handling loop
+			should start to delay EOI handling. Default is 2.
+
+	xen.fifo_events=	[XEN]
+			Boolean parameter to disable using fifo event handling
+			even if available. Normally fifo event handling is
+			preferred over the 2-level event handling, as it is
+			fairer and the number of possible event channels is
+			much higher. Default is on (use fifo events).
+
+	xirc2ps_cs=	[NET,PCMCIA]
+			Format:
+			<irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
+
+	xive=		[PPC]
+			By default on POWER9 and above, the kernel will
+			natively use the XIVE interrupt controller. This option
+			allows the fallback firmware mode to be used:
+
+			off       Fallback to firmware control of XIVE interrupt
+				  controller on both pseries and powernv
+				  platforms. Only useful on POWER9 and above.
+
+	xive.store-eoi=off	[PPC]
+			By default on POWER10 and above, the kernel will use
+			stores for EOI handling when the XIVE interrupt mode
+			is active. This option allows the XIVE driver to use
+			loads instead, as on POWER9.
+
+	xhci-hcd.quirks		[USB,KNL]
+			A hex value specifying bitmask with supplemental xhci
+			host controller quirks. Meaning of each bit can be
+			consulted in header drivers/usb/host/xhci.h.
+
+	xmon		[PPC]
+			Format: { early | on | rw | ro | off }
+			Controls if xmon debugger is enabled. Default is off.
+			Passing only "xmon" is equivalent to "xmon=early".
+			early	Call xmon as early as possible on boot; xmon
+				debugger is called from setup_arch().
+			on	xmon debugger hooks will be installed so xmon
+				is only called on a kernel crash. Default mode,
+				i.e. either "ro" or "rw" mode, is controlled
+				with CONFIG_XMON_DEFAULT_RO_MODE.
+			rw	xmon debugger hooks will be installed so xmon
+				is called only on a kernel crash, mode is write,
+				meaning SPR registers, memory and, other data
+				can be written using xmon commands.
+			ro 	same as "rw" option above but SPR registers,
+				memory, and other data can't be written using
+				xmon commands.
+			off	xmon is disabled.
+