Adding upstream version 6.6.15.upstream/6.6.15

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3516 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/fs/xfs/xfs_log_recover.c b/fs/xfs/xfs_log_recover.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13b94d2e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs/xfs/xfs_log_recover.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3516 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
+ * All Rights Reserved.
+ */
+#include "xfs.h"
+#include "xfs_fs.h"
+#include "xfs_shared.h"
+#include "xfs_format.h"
+#include "xfs_log_format.h"
+#include "xfs_trans_resv.h"
+#include "xfs_bit.h"
+#include "xfs_sb.h"
+#include "xfs_mount.h"
+#include "xfs_defer.h"
+#include "xfs_inode.h"
+#include "xfs_trans.h"
+#include "xfs_log.h"
+#include "xfs_log_priv.h"
+#include "xfs_log_recover.h"
+#include "xfs_trans_priv.h"
+#include "xfs_alloc.h"
+#include "xfs_ialloc.h"
+#include "xfs_trace.h"
+#include "xfs_icache.h"
+#include "xfs_error.h"
+#include "xfs_buf_item.h"
+#include "xfs_ag.h"
+#include "xfs_quota.h"
+#include "xfs_reflink.h"
+
+#define BLK_AVG(blk1, blk2)	((blk1+blk2) >> 1)
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_find_zeroed(
+	struct xlog	*,
+	xfs_daddr_t	*);
+STATIC int
+xlog_clear_stale_blocks(
+	struct xlog	*,
+	xfs_lsn_t);
+STATIC int
+xlog_do_recovery_pass(
+        struct xlog *, xfs_daddr_t, xfs_daddr_t, int, xfs_daddr_t *);
+
+/*
+ * Sector aligned buffer routines for buffer create/read/write/access
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Verify the log-relative block number and length in basic blocks are valid for
+ * an operation involving the given XFS log buffer. Returns true if the fields
+ * are valid, false otherwise.
+ */
+static inline bool
+xlog_verify_bno(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	blk_no,
+	int		bbcount)
+{
+	if (blk_no < 0 || blk_no >= log->l_logBBsize)
+		return false;
+	if (bbcount <= 0 || (blk_no + bbcount) > log->l_logBBsize)
+		return false;
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate a buffer to hold log data.  The buffer needs to be able to map to
+ * a range of nbblks basic blocks at any valid offset within the log.
+ */
+static char *
+xlog_alloc_buffer(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	int		nbblks)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Pass log block 0 since we don't have an addr yet, buffer will be
+	 * verified on read.
+	 */
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp, !xlog_verify_bno(log, 0, nbblks))) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "Invalid block length (0x%x) for buffer",
+			nbblks);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * We do log I/O in units of log sectors (a power-of-2 multiple of the
+	 * basic block size), so we round up the requested size to accommodate
+	 * the basic blocks required for complete log sectors.
+	 *
+	 * In addition, the buffer may be used for a non-sector-aligned block
+	 * offset, in which case an I/O of the requested size could extend
+	 * beyond the end of the buffer.  If the requested size is only 1 basic
+	 * block it will never straddle a sector boundary, so this won't be an
+	 * issue.  Nor will this be a problem if the log I/O is done in basic
+	 * blocks (sector size 1).  But otherwise we extend the buffer by one
+	 * extra log sector to ensure there's space to accommodate this
+	 * possibility.
+	 */
+	if (nbblks > 1 && log->l_sectBBsize > 1)
+		nbblks += log->l_sectBBsize;
+	nbblks = round_up(nbblks, log->l_sectBBsize);
+	return kvzalloc(BBTOB(nbblks), GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the address of the start of the given block number's data
+ * in a log buffer.  The buffer covers a log sector-aligned region.
+ */
+static inline unsigned int
+xlog_align(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	blk_no)
+{
+	return BBTOB(blk_no & ((xfs_daddr_t)log->l_sectBBsize - 1));
+}
+
+static int
+xlog_do_io(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		blk_no,
+	unsigned int		nbblks,
+	char			*data,
+	enum req_op		op)
+{
+	int			error;
+
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp, !xlog_verify_bno(log, blk_no, nbblks))) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+			 "Invalid log block/length (0x%llx, 0x%x) for buffer",
+			 blk_no, nbblks);
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+
+	blk_no = round_down(blk_no, log->l_sectBBsize);
+	nbblks = round_up(nbblks, log->l_sectBBsize);
+	ASSERT(nbblks > 0);
+
+	error = xfs_rw_bdev(log->l_targ->bt_bdev, log->l_logBBstart + blk_no,
+			BBTOB(nbblks), data, op);
+	if (error && !xlog_is_shutdown(log)) {
+		xfs_alert(log->l_mp,
+			  "log recovery %s I/O error at daddr 0x%llx len %d error %d",
+			  op == REQ_OP_WRITE ? "write" : "read",
+			  blk_no, nbblks, error);
+	}
+	return error;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_bread_noalign(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	blk_no,
+	int		nbblks,
+	char		*data)
+{
+	return xlog_do_io(log, blk_no, nbblks, data, REQ_OP_READ);
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_bread(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	blk_no,
+	int		nbblks,
+	char		*data,
+	char		**offset)
+{
+	int		error;
+
+	error = xlog_do_io(log, blk_no, nbblks, data, REQ_OP_READ);
+	if (!error)
+		*offset = data + xlog_align(log, blk_no);
+	return error;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_bwrite(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	blk_no,
+	int		nbblks,
+	char		*data)
+{
+	return xlog_do_io(log, blk_no, nbblks, data, REQ_OP_WRITE);
+}
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+/*
+ * dump debug superblock and log record information
+ */
+STATIC void
+xlog_header_check_dump(
+	xfs_mount_t		*mp,
+	xlog_rec_header_t	*head)
+{
+	xfs_debug(mp, "%s:  SB : uuid = %pU, fmt = %d",
+		__func__, &mp->m_sb.sb_uuid, XLOG_FMT);
+	xfs_debug(mp, "    log : uuid = %pU, fmt = %d",
+		&head->h_fs_uuid, be32_to_cpu(head->h_fmt));
+}
+#else
+#define xlog_header_check_dump(mp, head)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * check log record header for recovery
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_header_check_recover(
+	xfs_mount_t		*mp,
+	xlog_rec_header_t	*head)
+{
+	ASSERT(head->h_magicno == cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM));
+
+	/*
+	 * IRIX doesn't write the h_fmt field and leaves it zeroed
+	 * (XLOG_FMT_UNKNOWN). This stops us from trying to recover
+	 * a dirty log created in IRIX.
+	 */
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(mp, head->h_fmt != cpu_to_be32(XLOG_FMT))) {
+		xfs_warn(mp,
+	"dirty log written in incompatible format - can't recover");
+		xlog_header_check_dump(mp, head);
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(mp, !uuid_equal(&mp->m_sb.sb_uuid,
+					   &head->h_fs_uuid))) {
+		xfs_warn(mp,
+	"dirty log entry has mismatched uuid - can't recover");
+		xlog_header_check_dump(mp, head);
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * read the head block of the log and check the header
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_header_check_mount(
+	xfs_mount_t		*mp,
+	xlog_rec_header_t	*head)
+{
+	ASSERT(head->h_magicno == cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM));
+
+	if (uuid_is_null(&head->h_fs_uuid)) {
+		/*
+		 * IRIX doesn't write the h_fs_uuid or h_fmt fields. If
+		 * h_fs_uuid is null, we assume this log was last mounted
+		 * by IRIX and continue.
+		 */
+		xfs_warn(mp, "null uuid in log - IRIX style log");
+	} else if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(mp, !uuid_equal(&mp->m_sb.sb_uuid,
+						  &head->h_fs_uuid))) {
+		xfs_warn(mp, "log has mismatched uuid - can't recover");
+		xlog_header_check_dump(mp, head);
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This routine finds (to an approximation) the first block in the physical
+ * log which contains the given cycle.  It uses a binary search algorithm.
+ * Note that the algorithm can not be perfect because the disk will not
+ * necessarily be perfect.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_find_cycle_start(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	char		*buffer,
+	xfs_daddr_t	first_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t	*last_blk,
+	uint		cycle)
+{
+	char		*offset;
+	xfs_daddr_t	mid_blk;
+	xfs_daddr_t	end_blk;
+	uint		mid_cycle;
+	int		error;
+
+	end_blk = *last_blk;
+	mid_blk = BLK_AVG(first_blk, end_blk);
+	while (mid_blk != first_blk && mid_blk != end_blk) {
+		error = xlog_bread(log, mid_blk, 1, buffer, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+		mid_cycle = xlog_get_cycle(offset);
+		if (mid_cycle == cycle)
+			end_blk = mid_blk;   /* last_half_cycle == mid_cycle */
+		else
+			first_blk = mid_blk; /* first_half_cycle == mid_cycle */
+		mid_blk = BLK_AVG(first_blk, end_blk);
+	}
+	ASSERT((mid_blk == first_blk && mid_blk+1 == end_blk) ||
+	       (mid_blk == end_blk && mid_blk-1 == first_blk));
+
+	*last_blk = end_blk;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check that a range of blocks does not contain stop_on_cycle_no.
+ * Fill in *new_blk with the block offset where such a block is
+ * found, or with -1 (an invalid block number) if there is no such
+ * block in the range.  The scan needs to occur from front to back
+ * and the pointer into the region must be updated since a later
+ * routine will need to perform another test.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_find_verify_cycle(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	start_blk,
+	int		nbblks,
+	uint		stop_on_cycle_no,
+	xfs_daddr_t	*new_blk)
+{
+	xfs_daddr_t	i, j;
+	uint		cycle;
+	char		*buffer;
+	xfs_daddr_t	bufblks;
+	char		*buf = NULL;
+	int		error = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Greedily allocate a buffer big enough to handle the full
+	 * range of basic blocks we'll be examining.  If that fails,
+	 * try a smaller size.  We need to be able to read at least
+	 * a log sector, or we're out of luck.
+	 */
+	bufblks = roundup_pow_of_two(nbblks);
+	while (bufblks > log->l_logBBsize)
+		bufblks >>= 1;
+	while (!(buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, bufblks))) {
+		bufblks >>= 1;
+		if (bufblks < log->l_sectBBsize)
+			return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	for (i = start_blk; i < start_blk + nbblks; i += bufblks) {
+		int	bcount;
+
+		bcount = min(bufblks, (start_blk + nbblks - i));
+
+		error = xlog_bread(log, i, bcount, buffer, &buf);
+		if (error)
+			goto out;
+
+		for (j = 0; j < bcount; j++) {
+			cycle = xlog_get_cycle(buf);
+			if (cycle == stop_on_cycle_no) {
+				*new_blk = i+j;
+				goto out;
+			}
+
+			buf += BBSIZE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	*new_blk = -1;
+
+out:
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+	return error;
+}
+
+static inline int
+xlog_logrec_hblks(struct xlog *log, struct xlog_rec_header *rh)
+{
+	if (xfs_has_logv2(log->l_mp)) {
+		int	h_size = be32_to_cpu(rh->h_size);
+
+		if ((be32_to_cpu(rh->h_version) & XLOG_VERSION_2) &&
+		    h_size > XLOG_HEADER_CYCLE_SIZE)
+			return DIV_ROUND_UP(h_size, XLOG_HEADER_CYCLE_SIZE);
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Potentially backup over partial log record write.
+ *
+ * In the typical case, last_blk is the number of the block directly after
+ * a good log record.  Therefore, we subtract one to get the block number
+ * of the last block in the given buffer.  extra_bblks contains the number
+ * of blocks we would have read on a previous read.  This happens when the
+ * last log record is split over the end of the physical log.
+ *
+ * extra_bblks is the number of blocks potentially verified on a previous
+ * call to this routine.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_find_verify_log_record(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		start_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*last_blk,
+	int			extra_bblks)
+{
+	xfs_daddr_t		i;
+	char			*buffer;
+	char			*offset = NULL;
+	xlog_rec_header_t	*head = NULL;
+	int			error = 0;
+	int			smallmem = 0;
+	int			num_blks = *last_blk - start_blk;
+	int			xhdrs;
+
+	ASSERT(start_blk != 0 || *last_blk != start_blk);
+
+	buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, num_blks);
+	if (!buffer) {
+		buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+		if (!buffer)
+			return -ENOMEM;
+		smallmem = 1;
+	} else {
+		error = xlog_bread(log, start_blk, num_blks, buffer, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			goto out;
+		offset += ((num_blks - 1) << BBSHIFT);
+	}
+
+	for (i = (*last_blk) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+		if (i < start_blk) {
+			/* valid log record not found */
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+		"Log inconsistent (didn't find previous header)");
+			ASSERT(0);
+			error = -EFSCORRUPTED;
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		if (smallmem) {
+			error = xlog_bread(log, i, 1, buffer, &offset);
+			if (error)
+				goto out;
+		}
+
+		head = (xlog_rec_header_t *)offset;
+
+		if (head->h_magicno == cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM))
+			break;
+
+		if (!smallmem)
+			offset -= BBSIZE;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * We hit the beginning of the physical log & still no header.  Return
+	 * to caller.  If caller can handle a return of -1, then this routine
+	 * will be called again for the end of the physical log.
+	 */
+	if (i == -1) {
+		error = 1;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * We have the final block of the good log (the first block
+	 * of the log record _before_ the head. So we check the uuid.
+	 */
+	if ((error = xlog_header_check_mount(log->l_mp, head)))
+		goto out;
+
+	/*
+	 * We may have found a log record header before we expected one.
+	 * last_blk will be the 1st block # with a given cycle #.  We may end
+	 * up reading an entire log record.  In this case, we don't want to
+	 * reset last_blk.  Only when last_blk points in the middle of a log
+	 * record do we update last_blk.
+	 */
+	xhdrs = xlog_logrec_hblks(log, head);
+
+	if (*last_blk - i + extra_bblks !=
+	    BTOBB(be32_to_cpu(head->h_len)) + xhdrs)
+		*last_blk = i;
+
+out:
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Head is defined to be the point of the log where the next log write
+ * could go.  This means that incomplete LR writes at the end are
+ * eliminated when calculating the head.  We aren't guaranteed that previous
+ * LR have complete transactions.  We only know that a cycle number of
+ * current cycle number -1 won't be present in the log if we start writing
+ * from our current block number.
+ *
+ * last_blk contains the block number of the first block with a given
+ * cycle number.
+ *
+ * Return: zero if normal, non-zero if error.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_find_head(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	*return_head_blk)
+{
+	char		*buffer;
+	char		*offset;
+	xfs_daddr_t	new_blk, first_blk, start_blk, last_blk, head_blk;
+	int		num_scan_bblks;
+	uint		first_half_cycle, last_half_cycle;
+	uint		stop_on_cycle;
+	int		error, log_bbnum = log->l_logBBsize;
+
+	/* Is the end of the log device zeroed? */
+	error = xlog_find_zeroed(log, &first_blk);
+	if (error < 0) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "empty log check failed");
+		return error;
+	}
+	if (error == 1) {
+		*return_head_blk = first_blk;
+
+		/* Is the whole lot zeroed? */
+		if (!first_blk) {
+			/* Linux XFS shouldn't generate totally zeroed logs -
+			 * mkfs etc write a dummy unmount record to a fresh
+			 * log so we can store the uuid in there
+			 */
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "totally zeroed log");
+		}
+
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	first_blk = 0;			/* get cycle # of 1st block */
+	buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+	if (!buffer)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	error = xlog_bread(log, 0, 1, buffer, &offset);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_free_buffer;
+
+	first_half_cycle = xlog_get_cycle(offset);
+
+	last_blk = head_blk = log_bbnum - 1;	/* get cycle # of last block */
+	error = xlog_bread(log, last_blk, 1, buffer, &offset);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_free_buffer;
+
+	last_half_cycle = xlog_get_cycle(offset);
+	ASSERT(last_half_cycle != 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * If the 1st half cycle number is equal to the last half cycle number,
+	 * then the entire log is stamped with the same cycle number.  In this
+	 * case, head_blk can't be set to zero (which makes sense).  The below
+	 * math doesn't work out properly with head_blk equal to zero.  Instead,
+	 * we set it to log_bbnum which is an invalid block number, but this
+	 * value makes the math correct.  If head_blk doesn't changed through
+	 * all the tests below, *head_blk is set to zero at the very end rather
+	 * than log_bbnum.  In a sense, log_bbnum and zero are the same block
+	 * in a circular file.
+	 */
+	if (first_half_cycle == last_half_cycle) {
+		/*
+		 * In this case we believe that the entire log should have
+		 * cycle number last_half_cycle.  We need to scan backwards
+		 * from the end verifying that there are no holes still
+		 * containing last_half_cycle - 1.  If we find such a hole,
+		 * then the start of that hole will be the new head.  The
+		 * simple case looks like
+		 *        x | x ... | x - 1 | x
+		 * Another case that fits this picture would be
+		 *        x | x + 1 | x ... | x
+		 * In this case the head really is somewhere at the end of the
+		 * log, as one of the latest writes at the beginning was
+		 * incomplete.
+		 * One more case is
+		 *        x | x + 1 | x ... | x - 1 | x
+		 * This is really the combination of the above two cases, and
+		 * the head has to end up at the start of the x-1 hole at the
+		 * end of the log.
+		 *
+		 * In the 256k log case, we will read from the beginning to the
+		 * end of the log and search for cycle numbers equal to x-1.
+		 * We don't worry about the x+1 blocks that we encounter,
+		 * because we know that they cannot be the head since the log
+		 * started with x.
+		 */
+		head_blk = log_bbnum;
+		stop_on_cycle = last_half_cycle - 1;
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * In this case we want to find the first block with cycle
+		 * number matching last_half_cycle.  We expect the log to be
+		 * some variation on
+		 *        x + 1 ... | x ... | x
+		 * The first block with cycle number x (last_half_cycle) will
+		 * be where the new head belongs.  First we do a binary search
+		 * for the first occurrence of last_half_cycle.  The binary
+		 * search may not be totally accurate, so then we scan back
+		 * from there looking for occurrences of last_half_cycle before
+		 * us.  If that backwards scan wraps around the beginning of
+		 * the log, then we look for occurrences of last_half_cycle - 1
+		 * at the end of the log.  The cases we're looking for look
+		 * like
+		 *                               v binary search stopped here
+		 *        x + 1 ... | x | x + 1 | x ... | x
+		 *                   ^ but we want to locate this spot
+		 * or
+		 *        <---------> less than scan distance
+		 *        x + 1 ... | x ... | x - 1 | x
+		 *                           ^ we want to locate this spot
+		 */
+		stop_on_cycle = last_half_cycle;
+		error = xlog_find_cycle_start(log, buffer, first_blk, &head_blk,
+				last_half_cycle);
+		if (error)
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Now validate the answer.  Scan back some number of maximum possible
+	 * blocks and make sure each one has the expected cycle number.  The
+	 * maximum is determined by the total possible amount of buffering
+	 * in the in-core log.  The following number can be made tighter if
+	 * we actually look at the block size of the filesystem.
+	 */
+	num_scan_bblks = min_t(int, log_bbnum, XLOG_TOTAL_REC_SHIFT(log));
+	if (head_blk >= num_scan_bblks) {
+		/*
+		 * We are guaranteed that the entire check can be performed
+		 * in one buffer.
+		 */
+		start_blk = head_blk - num_scan_bblks;
+		if ((error = xlog_find_verify_cycle(log,
+						start_blk, num_scan_bblks,
+						stop_on_cycle, &new_blk)))
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+		if (new_blk != -1)
+			head_blk = new_blk;
+	} else {		/* need to read 2 parts of log */
+		/*
+		 * We are going to scan backwards in the log in two parts.
+		 * First we scan the physical end of the log.  In this part
+		 * of the log, we are looking for blocks with cycle number
+		 * last_half_cycle - 1.
+		 * If we find one, then we know that the log starts there, as
+		 * we've found a hole that didn't get written in going around
+		 * the end of the physical log.  The simple case for this is
+		 *        x + 1 ... | x ... | x - 1 | x
+		 *        <---------> less than scan distance
+		 * If all of the blocks at the end of the log have cycle number
+		 * last_half_cycle, then we check the blocks at the start of
+		 * the log looking for occurrences of last_half_cycle.  If we
+		 * find one, then our current estimate for the location of the
+		 * first occurrence of last_half_cycle is wrong and we move
+		 * back to the hole we've found.  This case looks like
+		 *        x + 1 ... | x | x + 1 | x ...
+		 *                               ^ binary search stopped here
+		 * Another case we need to handle that only occurs in 256k
+		 * logs is
+		 *        x + 1 ... | x ... | x+1 | x ...
+		 *                   ^ binary search stops here
+		 * In a 256k log, the scan at the end of the log will see the
+		 * x + 1 blocks.  We need to skip past those since that is
+		 * certainly not the head of the log.  By searching for
+		 * last_half_cycle-1 we accomplish that.
+		 */
+		ASSERT(head_blk <= INT_MAX &&
+			(xfs_daddr_t) num_scan_bblks >= head_blk);
+		start_blk = log_bbnum - (num_scan_bblks - head_blk);
+		if ((error = xlog_find_verify_cycle(log, start_blk,
+					num_scan_bblks - (int)head_blk,
+					(stop_on_cycle - 1), &new_blk)))
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+		if (new_blk != -1) {
+			head_blk = new_blk;
+			goto validate_head;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Scan beginning of log now.  The last part of the physical
+		 * log is good.  This scan needs to verify that it doesn't find
+		 * the last_half_cycle.
+		 */
+		start_blk = 0;
+		ASSERT(head_blk <= INT_MAX);
+		if ((error = xlog_find_verify_cycle(log,
+					start_blk, (int)head_blk,
+					stop_on_cycle, &new_blk)))
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+		if (new_blk != -1)
+			head_blk = new_blk;
+	}
+
+validate_head:
+	/*
+	 * Now we need to make sure head_blk is not pointing to a block in
+	 * the middle of a log record.
+	 */
+	num_scan_bblks = XLOG_REC_SHIFT(log);
+	if (head_blk >= num_scan_bblks) {
+		start_blk = head_blk - num_scan_bblks; /* don't read head_blk */
+
+		/* start ptr at last block ptr before head_blk */
+		error = xlog_find_verify_log_record(log, start_blk, &head_blk, 0);
+		if (error == 1)
+			error = -EIO;
+		if (error)
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+	} else {
+		start_blk = 0;
+		ASSERT(head_blk <= INT_MAX);
+		error = xlog_find_verify_log_record(log, start_blk, &head_blk, 0);
+		if (error < 0)
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+		if (error == 1) {
+			/* We hit the beginning of the log during our search */
+			start_blk = log_bbnum - (num_scan_bblks - head_blk);
+			new_blk = log_bbnum;
+			ASSERT(start_blk <= INT_MAX &&
+				(xfs_daddr_t) log_bbnum-start_blk >= 0);
+			ASSERT(head_blk <= INT_MAX);
+			error = xlog_find_verify_log_record(log, start_blk,
+							&new_blk, (int)head_blk);
+			if (error == 1)
+				error = -EIO;
+			if (error)
+				goto out_free_buffer;
+			if (new_blk != log_bbnum)
+				head_blk = new_blk;
+		} else if (error)
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+	}
+
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+	if (head_blk == log_bbnum)
+		*return_head_blk = 0;
+	else
+		*return_head_blk = head_blk;
+	/*
+	 * When returning here, we have a good block number.  Bad block
+	 * means that during a previous crash, we didn't have a clean break
+	 * from cycle number N to cycle number N-1.  In this case, we need
+	 * to find the first block with cycle number N-1.
+	 */
+	return 0;
+
+out_free_buffer:
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+	if (error)
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "failed to find log head");
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Seek backwards in the log for log record headers.
+ *
+ * Given a starting log block, walk backwards until we find the provided number
+ * of records or hit the provided tail block. The return value is the number of
+ * records encountered or a negative error code. The log block and buffer
+ * pointer of the last record seen are returned in rblk and rhead respectively.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_rseek_logrec_hdr(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		tail_blk,
+	int			count,
+	char			*buffer,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*rblk,
+	struct xlog_rec_header	**rhead,
+	bool			*wrapped)
+{
+	int			i;
+	int			error;
+	int			found = 0;
+	char			*offset = NULL;
+	xfs_daddr_t		end_blk;
+
+	*wrapped = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Walk backwards from the head block until we hit the tail or the first
+	 * block in the log.
+	 */
+	end_blk = head_blk > tail_blk ? tail_blk : 0;
+	for (i = (int) head_blk - 1; i >= end_blk; i--) {
+		error = xlog_bread(log, i, 1, buffer, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			goto out_error;
+
+		if (*(__be32 *) offset == cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM)) {
+			*rblk = i;
+			*rhead = (struct xlog_rec_header *) offset;
+			if (++found == count)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If we haven't hit the tail block or the log record header count,
+	 * start looking again from the end of the physical log. Note that
+	 * callers can pass head == tail if the tail is not yet known.
+	 */
+	if (tail_blk >= head_blk && found != count) {
+		for (i = log->l_logBBsize - 1; i >= (int) tail_blk; i--) {
+			error = xlog_bread(log, i, 1, buffer, &offset);
+			if (error)
+				goto out_error;
+
+			if (*(__be32 *)offset ==
+			    cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM)) {
+				*wrapped = true;
+				*rblk = i;
+				*rhead = (struct xlog_rec_header *) offset;
+				if (++found == count)
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return found;
+
+out_error:
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Seek forward in the log for log record headers.
+ *
+ * Given head and tail blocks, walk forward from the tail block until we find
+ * the provided number of records or hit the head block. The return value is the
+ * number of records encountered or a negative error code. The log block and
+ * buffer pointer of the last record seen are returned in rblk and rhead
+ * respectively.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_seek_logrec_hdr(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		tail_blk,
+	int			count,
+	char			*buffer,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*rblk,
+	struct xlog_rec_header	**rhead,
+	bool			*wrapped)
+{
+	int			i;
+	int			error;
+	int			found = 0;
+	char			*offset = NULL;
+	xfs_daddr_t		end_blk;
+
+	*wrapped = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Walk forward from the tail block until we hit the head or the last
+	 * block in the log.
+	 */
+	end_blk = head_blk > tail_blk ? head_blk : log->l_logBBsize - 1;
+	for (i = (int) tail_blk; i <= end_blk; i++) {
+		error = xlog_bread(log, i, 1, buffer, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			goto out_error;
+
+		if (*(__be32 *) offset == cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM)) {
+			*rblk = i;
+			*rhead = (struct xlog_rec_header *) offset;
+			if (++found == count)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If we haven't hit the head block or the log record header count,
+	 * start looking again from the start of the physical log.
+	 */
+	if (tail_blk > head_blk && found != count) {
+		for (i = 0; i < (int) head_blk; i++) {
+			error = xlog_bread(log, i, 1, buffer, &offset);
+			if (error)
+				goto out_error;
+
+			if (*(__be32 *)offset ==
+			    cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM)) {
+				*wrapped = true;
+				*rblk = i;
+				*rhead = (struct xlog_rec_header *) offset;
+				if (++found == count)
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return found;
+
+out_error:
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Calculate distance from head to tail (i.e., unused space in the log).
+ */
+static inline int
+xlog_tail_distance(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t	tail_blk)
+{
+	if (head_blk < tail_blk)
+		return tail_blk - head_blk;
+
+	return tail_blk + (log->l_logBBsize - head_blk);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify the log tail. This is particularly important when torn or incomplete
+ * writes have been detected near the front of the log and the head has been
+ * walked back accordingly.
+ *
+ * We also have to handle the case where the tail was pinned and the head
+ * blocked behind the tail right before a crash. If the tail had been pushed
+ * immediately prior to the crash and the subsequent checkpoint was only
+ * partially written, it's possible it overwrote the last referenced tail in the
+ * log with garbage. This is not a coherency problem because the tail must have
+ * been pushed before it can be overwritten, but appears as log corruption to
+ * recovery because we have no way to know the tail was updated if the
+ * subsequent checkpoint didn't write successfully.
+ *
+ * Therefore, CRC check the log from tail to head. If a failure occurs and the
+ * offending record is within max iclog bufs from the head, walk the tail
+ * forward and retry until a valid tail is found or corruption is detected out
+ * of the range of a possible overwrite.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_verify_tail(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*tail_blk,
+	int			hsize)
+{
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*thead;
+	char			*buffer;
+	xfs_daddr_t		first_bad;
+	int			error = 0;
+	bool			wrapped;
+	xfs_daddr_t		tmp_tail;
+	xfs_daddr_t		orig_tail = *tail_blk;
+
+	buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+	if (!buffer)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the tail points to a record (returns positive count on
+	 * success).
+	 */
+	error = xlog_seek_logrec_hdr(log, head_blk, *tail_blk, 1, buffer,
+			&tmp_tail, &thead, &wrapped);
+	if (error < 0)
+		goto out;
+	if (*tail_blk != tmp_tail)
+		*tail_blk = tmp_tail;
+
+	/*
+	 * Run a CRC check from the tail to the head. We can't just check
+	 * MAX_ICLOGS records past the tail because the tail may point to stale
+	 * blocks cleared during the search for the head/tail. These blocks are
+	 * overwritten with zero-length records and thus record count is not a
+	 * reliable indicator of the iclog state before a crash.
+	 */
+	first_bad = 0;
+	error = xlog_do_recovery_pass(log, head_blk, *tail_blk,
+				      XLOG_RECOVER_CRCPASS, &first_bad);
+	while ((error == -EFSBADCRC || error == -EFSCORRUPTED) && first_bad) {
+		int	tail_distance;
+
+		/*
+		 * Is corruption within range of the head? If so, retry from
+		 * the next record. Otherwise return an error.
+		 */
+		tail_distance = xlog_tail_distance(log, head_blk, first_bad);
+		if (tail_distance > BTOBB(XLOG_MAX_ICLOGS * hsize))
+			break;
+
+		/* skip to the next record; returns positive count on success */
+		error = xlog_seek_logrec_hdr(log, head_blk, first_bad, 2,
+				buffer, &tmp_tail, &thead, &wrapped);
+		if (error < 0)
+			goto out;
+
+		*tail_blk = tmp_tail;
+		first_bad = 0;
+		error = xlog_do_recovery_pass(log, head_blk, *tail_blk,
+					      XLOG_RECOVER_CRCPASS, &first_bad);
+	}
+
+	if (!error && *tail_blk != orig_tail)
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+		"Tail block (0x%llx) overwrite detected. Updated to 0x%llx",
+			 orig_tail, *tail_blk);
+out:
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Detect and trim torn writes from the head of the log.
+ *
+ * Storage without sector atomicity guarantees can result in torn writes in the
+ * log in the event of a crash. Our only means to detect this scenario is via
+ * CRC verification. While we can't always be certain that CRC verification
+ * failure is due to a torn write vs. an unrelated corruption, we do know that
+ * only a certain number (XLOG_MAX_ICLOGS) of log records can be written out at
+ * one time. Therefore, CRC verify up to XLOG_MAX_ICLOGS records at the head of
+ * the log and treat failures in this range as torn writes as a matter of
+ * policy. In the event of CRC failure, the head is walked back to the last good
+ * record in the log and the tail is updated from that record and verified.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_verify_head(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*head_blk,	/* in/out: unverified head */
+	xfs_daddr_t		*tail_blk,	/* out: tail block */
+	char			*buffer,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*rhead_blk,	/* start blk of last record */
+	struct xlog_rec_header	**rhead,	/* ptr to last record */
+	bool			*wrapped)	/* last rec. wraps phys. log */
+{
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*tmp_rhead;
+	char			*tmp_buffer;
+	xfs_daddr_t		first_bad;
+	xfs_daddr_t		tmp_rhead_blk;
+	int			found;
+	int			error;
+	bool			tmp_wrapped;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the head of the log for torn writes. Search backwards from the
+	 * head until we hit the tail or the maximum number of log record I/Os
+	 * that could have been in flight at one time. Use a temporary buffer so
+	 * we don't trash the rhead/buffer pointers from the caller.
+	 */
+	tmp_buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+	if (!tmp_buffer)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	error = xlog_rseek_logrec_hdr(log, *head_blk, *tail_blk,
+				      XLOG_MAX_ICLOGS, tmp_buffer,
+				      &tmp_rhead_blk, &tmp_rhead, &tmp_wrapped);
+	kmem_free(tmp_buffer);
+	if (error < 0)
+		return error;
+
+	/*
+	 * Now run a CRC verification pass over the records starting at the
+	 * block found above to the current head. If a CRC failure occurs, the
+	 * log block of the first bad record is saved in first_bad.
+	 */
+	error = xlog_do_recovery_pass(log, *head_blk, tmp_rhead_blk,
+				      XLOG_RECOVER_CRCPASS, &first_bad);
+	if ((error == -EFSBADCRC || error == -EFSCORRUPTED) && first_bad) {
+		/*
+		 * We've hit a potential torn write. Reset the error and warn
+		 * about it.
+		 */
+		error = 0;
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+"Torn write (CRC failure) detected at log block 0x%llx. Truncating head block from 0x%llx.",
+			 first_bad, *head_blk);
+
+		/*
+		 * Get the header block and buffer pointer for the last good
+		 * record before the bad record.
+		 *
+		 * Note that xlog_find_tail() clears the blocks at the new head
+		 * (i.e., the records with invalid CRC) if the cycle number
+		 * matches the current cycle.
+		 */
+		found = xlog_rseek_logrec_hdr(log, first_bad, *tail_blk, 1,
+				buffer, rhead_blk, rhead, wrapped);
+		if (found < 0)
+			return found;
+		if (found == 0)		/* XXX: right thing to do here? */
+			return -EIO;
+
+		/*
+		 * Reset the head block to the starting block of the first bad
+		 * log record and set the tail block based on the last good
+		 * record.
+		 *
+		 * Bail out if the updated head/tail match as this indicates
+		 * possible corruption outside of the acceptable
+		 * (XLOG_MAX_ICLOGS) range. This is a job for xfs_repair...
+		 */
+		*head_blk = first_bad;
+		*tail_blk = BLOCK_LSN(be64_to_cpu((*rhead)->h_tail_lsn));
+		if (*head_blk == *tail_blk) {
+			ASSERT(0);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	if (error)
+		return error;
+
+	return xlog_verify_tail(log, *head_blk, tail_blk,
+				be32_to_cpu((*rhead)->h_size));
+}
+
+/*
+ * We need to make sure we handle log wrapping properly, so we can't use the
+ * calculated logbno directly. Make sure it wraps to the correct bno inside the
+ * log.
+ *
+ * The log is limited to 32 bit sizes, so we use the appropriate modulus
+ * operation here and cast it back to a 64 bit daddr on return.
+ */
+static inline xfs_daddr_t
+xlog_wrap_logbno(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		bno)
+{
+	int			mod;
+
+	div_s64_rem(bno, log->l_logBBsize, &mod);
+	return mod;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check whether the head of the log points to an unmount record. In other
+ * words, determine whether the log is clean. If so, update the in-core state
+ * appropriately.
+ */
+static int
+xlog_check_unmount_rec(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*tail_blk,
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	xfs_daddr_t		rhead_blk,
+	char			*buffer,
+	bool			*clean)
+{
+	struct xlog_op_header	*op_head;
+	xfs_daddr_t		umount_data_blk;
+	xfs_daddr_t		after_umount_blk;
+	int			hblks;
+	int			error;
+	char			*offset;
+
+	*clean = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Look for unmount record. If we find it, then we know there was a
+	 * clean unmount. Since 'i' could be the last block in the physical
+	 * log, we convert to a log block before comparing to the head_blk.
+	 *
+	 * Save the current tail lsn to use to pass to xlog_clear_stale_blocks()
+	 * below. We won't want to clear the unmount record if there is one, so
+	 * we pass the lsn of the unmount record rather than the block after it.
+	 */
+	hblks = xlog_logrec_hblks(log, rhead);
+	after_umount_blk = xlog_wrap_logbno(log,
+			rhead_blk + hblks + BTOBB(be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len)));
+
+	if (*head_blk == after_umount_blk &&
+	    be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_num_logops) == 1) {
+		umount_data_blk = xlog_wrap_logbno(log, rhead_blk + hblks);
+		error = xlog_bread(log, umount_data_blk, 1, buffer, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+
+		op_head = (struct xlog_op_header *)offset;
+		if (op_head->oh_flags & XLOG_UNMOUNT_TRANS) {
+			/*
+			 * Set tail and last sync so that newly written log
+			 * records will point recovery to after the current
+			 * unmount record.
+			 */
+			xlog_assign_atomic_lsn(&log->l_tail_lsn,
+					log->l_curr_cycle, after_umount_blk);
+			xlog_assign_atomic_lsn(&log->l_last_sync_lsn,
+					log->l_curr_cycle, after_umount_blk);
+			*tail_blk = after_umount_blk;
+
+			*clean = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+xlog_set_state(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		head_blk,
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	xfs_daddr_t		rhead_blk,
+	bool			bump_cycle)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Reset log values according to the state of the log when we
+	 * crashed.  In the case where head_blk == 0, we bump curr_cycle
+	 * one because the next write starts a new cycle rather than
+	 * continuing the cycle of the last good log record.  At this
+	 * point we have guaranteed that all partial log records have been
+	 * accounted for.  Therefore, we know that the last good log record
+	 * written was complete and ended exactly on the end boundary
+	 * of the physical log.
+	 */
+	log->l_prev_block = rhead_blk;
+	log->l_curr_block = (int)head_blk;
+	log->l_curr_cycle = be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_cycle);
+	if (bump_cycle)
+		log->l_curr_cycle++;
+	atomic64_set(&log->l_tail_lsn, be64_to_cpu(rhead->h_tail_lsn));
+	atomic64_set(&log->l_last_sync_lsn, be64_to_cpu(rhead->h_lsn));
+	xlog_assign_grant_head(&log->l_reserve_head.grant, log->l_curr_cycle,
+					BBTOB(log->l_curr_block));
+	xlog_assign_grant_head(&log->l_write_head.grant, log->l_curr_cycle,
+					BBTOB(log->l_curr_block));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find the sync block number or the tail of the log.
+ *
+ * This will be the block number of the last record to have its
+ * associated buffers synced to disk.  Every log record header has
+ * a sync lsn embedded in it.  LSNs hold block numbers, so it is easy
+ * to get a sync block number.  The only concern is to figure out which
+ * log record header to believe.
+ *
+ * The following algorithm uses the log record header with the largest
+ * lsn.  The entire log record does not need to be valid.  We only care
+ * that the header is valid.
+ *
+ * We could speed up search by using current head_blk buffer, but it is not
+ * available.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_find_tail(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*tail_blk)
+{
+	xlog_rec_header_t	*rhead;
+	char			*offset = NULL;
+	char			*buffer;
+	int			error;
+	xfs_daddr_t		rhead_blk;
+	xfs_lsn_t		tail_lsn;
+	bool			wrapped = false;
+	bool			clean = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Find previous log record
+	 */
+	if ((error = xlog_find_head(log, head_blk)))
+		return error;
+	ASSERT(*head_blk < INT_MAX);
+
+	buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+	if (!buffer)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (*head_blk == 0) {				/* special case */
+		error = xlog_bread(log, 0, 1, buffer, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			goto done;
+
+		if (xlog_get_cycle(offset) == 0) {
+			*tail_blk = 0;
+			/* leave all other log inited values alone */
+			goto done;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Search backwards through the log looking for the log record header
+	 * block. This wraps all the way back around to the head so something is
+	 * seriously wrong if we can't find it.
+	 */
+	error = xlog_rseek_logrec_hdr(log, *head_blk, *head_blk, 1, buffer,
+				      &rhead_blk, &rhead, &wrapped);
+	if (error < 0)
+		goto done;
+	if (!error) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: couldn't find sync record", __func__);
+		error = -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		goto done;
+	}
+	*tail_blk = BLOCK_LSN(be64_to_cpu(rhead->h_tail_lsn));
+
+	/*
+	 * Set the log state based on the current head record.
+	 */
+	xlog_set_state(log, *head_blk, rhead, rhead_blk, wrapped);
+	tail_lsn = atomic64_read(&log->l_tail_lsn);
+
+	/*
+	 * Look for an unmount record at the head of the log. This sets the log
+	 * state to determine whether recovery is necessary.
+	 */
+	error = xlog_check_unmount_rec(log, head_blk, tail_blk, rhead,
+				       rhead_blk, buffer, &clean);
+	if (error)
+		goto done;
+
+	/*
+	 * Verify the log head if the log is not clean (e.g., we have anything
+	 * but an unmount record at the head). This uses CRC verification to
+	 * detect and trim torn writes. If discovered, CRC failures are
+	 * considered torn writes and the log head is trimmed accordingly.
+	 *
+	 * Note that we can only run CRC verification when the log is dirty
+	 * because there's no guarantee that the log data behind an unmount
+	 * record is compatible with the current architecture.
+	 */
+	if (!clean) {
+		xfs_daddr_t	orig_head = *head_blk;
+
+		error = xlog_verify_head(log, head_blk, tail_blk, buffer,
+					 &rhead_blk, &rhead, &wrapped);
+		if (error)
+			goto done;
+
+		/* update in-core state again if the head changed */
+		if (*head_blk != orig_head) {
+			xlog_set_state(log, *head_blk, rhead, rhead_blk,
+				       wrapped);
+			tail_lsn = atomic64_read(&log->l_tail_lsn);
+			error = xlog_check_unmount_rec(log, head_blk, tail_blk,
+						       rhead, rhead_blk, buffer,
+						       &clean);
+			if (error)
+				goto done;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Note that the unmount was clean. If the unmount was not clean, we
+	 * need to know this to rebuild the superblock counters from the perag
+	 * headers if we have a filesystem using non-persistent counters.
+	 */
+	if (clean)
+		set_bit(XFS_OPSTATE_CLEAN, &log->l_mp->m_opstate);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure that there are no blocks in front of the head
+	 * with the same cycle number as the head.  This can happen
+	 * because we allow multiple outstanding log writes concurrently,
+	 * and the later writes might make it out before earlier ones.
+	 *
+	 * We use the lsn from before modifying it so that we'll never
+	 * overwrite the unmount record after a clean unmount.
+	 *
+	 * Do this only if we are going to recover the filesystem
+	 *
+	 * NOTE: This used to say "if (!readonly)"
+	 * However on Linux, we can & do recover a read-only filesystem.
+	 * We only skip recovery if NORECOVERY is specified on mount,
+	 * in which case we would not be here.
+	 *
+	 * But... if the -device- itself is readonly, just skip this.
+	 * We can't recover this device anyway, so it won't matter.
+	 */
+	if (!xfs_readonly_buftarg(log->l_targ))
+		error = xlog_clear_stale_blocks(log, tail_lsn);
+
+done:
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+
+	if (error)
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "failed to locate log tail");
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Is the log zeroed at all?
+ *
+ * The last binary search should be changed to perform an X block read
+ * once X becomes small enough.  You can then search linearly through
+ * the X blocks.  This will cut down on the number of reads we need to do.
+ *
+ * If the log is partially zeroed, this routine will pass back the blkno
+ * of the first block with cycle number 0.  It won't have a complete LR
+ * preceding it.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ *	0  => the log is completely written to
+ *	1 => use *blk_no as the first block of the log
+ *	<0 => error has occurred
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_find_zeroed(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	*blk_no)
+{
+	char		*buffer;
+	char		*offset;
+	uint	        first_cycle, last_cycle;
+	xfs_daddr_t	new_blk, last_blk, start_blk;
+	xfs_daddr_t     num_scan_bblks;
+	int	        error, log_bbnum = log->l_logBBsize;
+
+	*blk_no = 0;
+
+	/* check totally zeroed log */
+	buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+	if (!buffer)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	error = xlog_bread(log, 0, 1, buffer, &offset);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_free_buffer;
+
+	first_cycle = xlog_get_cycle(offset);
+	if (first_cycle == 0) {		/* completely zeroed log */
+		*blk_no = 0;
+		kmem_free(buffer);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	/* check partially zeroed log */
+	error = xlog_bread(log, log_bbnum-1, 1, buffer, &offset);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_free_buffer;
+
+	last_cycle = xlog_get_cycle(offset);
+	if (last_cycle != 0) {		/* log completely written to */
+		kmem_free(buffer);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* we have a partially zeroed log */
+	last_blk = log_bbnum-1;
+	error = xlog_find_cycle_start(log, buffer, 0, &last_blk, 0);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_free_buffer;
+
+	/*
+	 * Validate the answer.  Because there is no way to guarantee that
+	 * the entire log is made up of log records which are the same size,
+	 * we scan over the defined maximum blocks.  At this point, the maximum
+	 * is not chosen to mean anything special.   XXXmiken
+	 */
+	num_scan_bblks = XLOG_TOTAL_REC_SHIFT(log);
+	ASSERT(num_scan_bblks <= INT_MAX);
+
+	if (last_blk < num_scan_bblks)
+		num_scan_bblks = last_blk;
+	start_blk = last_blk - num_scan_bblks;
+
+	/*
+	 * We search for any instances of cycle number 0 that occur before
+	 * our current estimate of the head.  What we're trying to detect is
+	 *        1 ... | 0 | 1 | 0...
+	 *                       ^ binary search ends here
+	 */
+	if ((error = xlog_find_verify_cycle(log, start_blk,
+					 (int)num_scan_bblks, 0, &new_blk)))
+		goto out_free_buffer;
+	if (new_blk != -1)
+		last_blk = new_blk;
+
+	/*
+	 * Potentially backup over partial log record write.  We don't need
+	 * to search the end of the log because we know it is zero.
+	 */
+	error = xlog_find_verify_log_record(log, start_blk, &last_blk, 0);
+	if (error == 1)
+		error = -EIO;
+	if (error)
+		goto out_free_buffer;
+
+	*blk_no = last_blk;
+out_free_buffer:
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+	if (error)
+		return error;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * These are simple subroutines used by xlog_clear_stale_blocks() below
+ * to initialize a buffer full of empty log record headers and write
+ * them into the log.
+ */
+STATIC void
+xlog_add_record(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	char			*buf,
+	int			cycle,
+	int			block,
+	int			tail_cycle,
+	int			tail_block)
+{
+	xlog_rec_header_t	*recp = (xlog_rec_header_t *)buf;
+
+	memset(buf, 0, BBSIZE);
+	recp->h_magicno = cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM);
+	recp->h_cycle = cpu_to_be32(cycle);
+	recp->h_version = cpu_to_be32(
+			xfs_has_logv2(log->l_mp) ? 2 : 1);
+	recp->h_lsn = cpu_to_be64(xlog_assign_lsn(cycle, block));
+	recp->h_tail_lsn = cpu_to_be64(xlog_assign_lsn(tail_cycle, tail_block));
+	recp->h_fmt = cpu_to_be32(XLOG_FMT);
+	memcpy(&recp->h_fs_uuid, &log->l_mp->m_sb.sb_uuid, sizeof(uuid_t));
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_write_log_records(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	int		cycle,
+	int		start_block,
+	int		blocks,
+	int		tail_cycle,
+	int		tail_block)
+{
+	char		*offset;
+	char		*buffer;
+	int		balign, ealign;
+	int		sectbb = log->l_sectBBsize;
+	int		end_block = start_block + blocks;
+	int		bufblks;
+	int		error = 0;
+	int		i, j = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Greedily allocate a buffer big enough to handle the full
+	 * range of basic blocks to be written.  If that fails, try
+	 * a smaller size.  We need to be able to write at least a
+	 * log sector, or we're out of luck.
+	 */
+	bufblks = roundup_pow_of_two(blocks);
+	while (bufblks > log->l_logBBsize)
+		bufblks >>= 1;
+	while (!(buffer = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, bufblks))) {
+		bufblks >>= 1;
+		if (bufblks < sectbb)
+			return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	/* We may need to do a read at the start to fill in part of
+	 * the buffer in the starting sector not covered by the first
+	 * write below.
+	 */
+	balign = round_down(start_block, sectbb);
+	if (balign != start_block) {
+		error = xlog_bread_noalign(log, start_block, 1, buffer);
+		if (error)
+			goto out_free_buffer;
+
+		j = start_block - balign;
+	}
+
+	for (i = start_block; i < end_block; i += bufblks) {
+		int		bcount, endcount;
+
+		bcount = min(bufblks, end_block - start_block);
+		endcount = bcount - j;
+
+		/* We may need to do a read at the end to fill in part of
+		 * the buffer in the final sector not covered by the write.
+		 * If this is the same sector as the above read, skip it.
+		 */
+		ealign = round_down(end_block, sectbb);
+		if (j == 0 && (start_block + endcount > ealign)) {
+			error = xlog_bread_noalign(log, ealign, sectbb,
+					buffer + BBTOB(ealign - start_block));
+			if (error)
+				break;
+
+		}
+
+		offset = buffer + xlog_align(log, start_block);
+		for (; j < endcount; j++) {
+			xlog_add_record(log, offset, cycle, i+j,
+					tail_cycle, tail_block);
+			offset += BBSIZE;
+		}
+		error = xlog_bwrite(log, start_block, endcount, buffer);
+		if (error)
+			break;
+		start_block += endcount;
+		j = 0;
+	}
+
+out_free_buffer:
+	kmem_free(buffer);
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This routine is called to blow away any incomplete log writes out
+ * in front of the log head.  We do this so that we won't become confused
+ * if we come up, write only a little bit more, and then crash again.
+ * If we leave the partial log records out there, this situation could
+ * cause us to think those partial writes are valid blocks since they
+ * have the current cycle number.  We get rid of them by overwriting them
+ * with empty log records with the old cycle number rather than the
+ * current one.
+ *
+ * The tail lsn is passed in rather than taken from
+ * the log so that we will not write over the unmount record after a
+ * clean unmount in a 512 block log.  Doing so would leave the log without
+ * any valid log records in it until a new one was written.  If we crashed
+ * during that time we would not be able to recover.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_clear_stale_blocks(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_lsn_t	tail_lsn)
+{
+	int		tail_cycle, head_cycle;
+	int		tail_block, head_block;
+	int		tail_distance, max_distance;
+	int		distance;
+	int		error;
+
+	tail_cycle = CYCLE_LSN(tail_lsn);
+	tail_block = BLOCK_LSN(tail_lsn);
+	head_cycle = log->l_curr_cycle;
+	head_block = log->l_curr_block;
+
+	/*
+	 * Figure out the distance between the new head of the log
+	 * and the tail.  We want to write over any blocks beyond the
+	 * head that we may have written just before the crash, but
+	 * we don't want to overwrite the tail of the log.
+	 */
+	if (head_cycle == tail_cycle) {
+		/*
+		 * The tail is behind the head in the physical log,
+		 * so the distance from the head to the tail is the
+		 * distance from the head to the end of the log plus
+		 * the distance from the beginning of the log to the
+		 * tail.
+		 */
+		if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp,
+				   head_block < tail_block ||
+				   head_block >= log->l_logBBsize))
+			return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		tail_distance = tail_block + (log->l_logBBsize - head_block);
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * The head is behind the tail in the physical log,
+		 * so the distance from the head to the tail is just
+		 * the tail block minus the head block.
+		 */
+		if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp,
+				   head_block >= tail_block ||
+				   head_cycle != tail_cycle + 1))
+			return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		tail_distance = tail_block - head_block;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If the head is right up against the tail, we can't clear
+	 * anything.
+	 */
+	if (tail_distance <= 0) {
+		ASSERT(tail_distance == 0);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	max_distance = XLOG_TOTAL_REC_SHIFT(log);
+	/*
+	 * Take the smaller of the maximum amount of outstanding I/O
+	 * we could have and the distance to the tail to clear out.
+	 * We take the smaller so that we don't overwrite the tail and
+	 * we don't waste all day writing from the head to the tail
+	 * for no reason.
+	 */
+	max_distance = min(max_distance, tail_distance);
+
+	if ((head_block + max_distance) <= log->l_logBBsize) {
+		/*
+		 * We can stomp all the blocks we need to without
+		 * wrapping around the end of the log.  Just do it
+		 * in a single write.  Use the cycle number of the
+		 * current cycle minus one so that the log will look like:
+		 *     n ... | n - 1 ...
+		 */
+		error = xlog_write_log_records(log, (head_cycle - 1),
+				head_block, max_distance, tail_cycle,
+				tail_block);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * We need to wrap around the end of the physical log in
+		 * order to clear all the blocks.  Do it in two separate
+		 * I/Os.  The first write should be from the head to the
+		 * end of the physical log, and it should use the current
+		 * cycle number minus one just like above.
+		 */
+		distance = log->l_logBBsize - head_block;
+		error = xlog_write_log_records(log, (head_cycle - 1),
+				head_block, distance, tail_cycle,
+				tail_block);
+
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+
+		/*
+		 * Now write the blocks at the start of the physical log.
+		 * This writes the remainder of the blocks we want to clear.
+		 * It uses the current cycle number since we're now on the
+		 * same cycle as the head so that we get:
+		 *    n ... n ... | n - 1 ...
+		 *    ^^^^^ blocks we're writing
+		 */
+		distance = max_distance - (log->l_logBBsize - head_block);
+		error = xlog_write_log_records(log, head_cycle, 0, distance,
+				tail_cycle, tail_block);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Release the recovered intent item in the AIL that matches the given intent
+ * type and intent id.
+ */
+void
+xlog_recover_release_intent(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	unsigned short		intent_type,
+	uint64_t		intent_id)
+{
+	struct xfs_ail_cursor	cur;
+	struct xfs_log_item	*lip;
+	struct xfs_ail		*ailp = log->l_ailp;
+
+	spin_lock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+	for (lip = xfs_trans_ail_cursor_first(ailp, &cur, 0); lip != NULL;
+	     lip = xfs_trans_ail_cursor_next(ailp, &cur)) {
+		if (lip->li_type != intent_type)
+			continue;
+		if (!lip->li_ops->iop_match(lip, intent_id))
+			continue;
+
+		spin_unlock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+		lip->li_ops->iop_release(lip);
+		spin_lock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	xfs_trans_ail_cursor_done(&cur);
+	spin_unlock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+}
+
+int
+xlog_recover_iget(
+	struct xfs_mount	*mp,
+	xfs_ino_t		ino,
+	struct xfs_inode	**ipp)
+{
+	int			error;
+
+	error = xfs_iget(mp, NULL, ino, 0, 0, ipp);
+	if (error)
+		return error;
+
+	error = xfs_qm_dqattach(*ipp);
+	if (error) {
+		xfs_irele(*ipp);
+		return error;
+	}
+
+	if (VFS_I(*ipp)->i_nlink == 0)
+		xfs_iflags_set(*ipp, XFS_IRECOVERY);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ *
+ *		Log recover routines
+ *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+static const struct xlog_recover_item_ops *xlog_recover_item_ops[] = {
+	&xlog_buf_item_ops,
+	&xlog_inode_item_ops,
+	&xlog_dquot_item_ops,
+	&xlog_quotaoff_item_ops,
+	&xlog_icreate_item_ops,
+	&xlog_efi_item_ops,
+	&xlog_efd_item_ops,
+	&xlog_rui_item_ops,
+	&xlog_rud_item_ops,
+	&xlog_cui_item_ops,
+	&xlog_cud_item_ops,
+	&xlog_bui_item_ops,
+	&xlog_bud_item_ops,
+	&xlog_attri_item_ops,
+	&xlog_attrd_item_ops,
+};
+
+static const struct xlog_recover_item_ops *
+xlog_find_item_ops(
+	struct xlog_recover_item		*item)
+{
+	unsigned int				i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(xlog_recover_item_ops); i++)
+		if (ITEM_TYPE(item) == xlog_recover_item_ops[i]->item_type)
+			return xlog_recover_item_ops[i];
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sort the log items in the transaction.
+ *
+ * The ordering constraints are defined by the inode allocation and unlink
+ * behaviour. The rules are:
+ *
+ *	1. Every item is only logged once in a given transaction. Hence it
+ *	   represents the last logged state of the item. Hence ordering is
+ *	   dependent on the order in which operations need to be performed so
+ *	   required initial conditions are always met.
+ *
+ *	2. Cancelled buffers are recorded in pass 1 in a separate table and
+ *	   there's nothing to replay from them so we can simply cull them
+ *	   from the transaction. However, we can't do that until after we've
+ *	   replayed all the other items because they may be dependent on the
+ *	   cancelled buffer and replaying the cancelled buffer can remove it
+ *	   form the cancelled buffer table. Hence they have tobe done last.
+ *
+ *	3. Inode allocation buffers must be replayed before inode items that
+ *	   read the buffer and replay changes into it. For filesystems using the
+ *	   ICREATE transactions, this means XFS_LI_ICREATE objects need to get
+ *	   treated the same as inode allocation buffers as they create and
+ *	   initialise the buffers directly.
+ *
+ *	4. Inode unlink buffers must be replayed after inode items are replayed.
+ *	   This ensures that inodes are completely flushed to the inode buffer
+ *	   in a "free" state before we remove the unlinked inode list pointer.
+ *
+ * Hence the ordering needs to be inode allocation buffers first, inode items
+ * second, inode unlink buffers third and cancelled buffers last.
+ *
+ * But there's a problem with that - we can't tell an inode allocation buffer
+ * apart from a regular buffer, so we can't separate them. We can, however,
+ * tell an inode unlink buffer from the others, and so we can separate them out
+ * from all the other buffers and move them to last.
+ *
+ * Hence, 4 lists, in order from head to tail:
+ *	- buffer_list for all buffers except cancelled/inode unlink buffers
+ *	- item_list for all non-buffer items
+ *	- inode_buffer_list for inode unlink buffers
+ *	- cancel_list for the cancelled buffers
+ *
+ * Note that we add objects to the tail of the lists so that first-to-last
+ * ordering is preserved within the lists. Adding objects to the head of the
+ * list means when we traverse from the head we walk them in last-to-first
+ * order. For cancelled buffers and inode unlink buffers this doesn't matter,
+ * but for all other items there may be specific ordering that we need to
+ * preserve.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_reorder_trans(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans,
+	int			pass)
+{
+	struct xlog_recover_item *item, *n;
+	int			error = 0;
+	LIST_HEAD(sort_list);
+	LIST_HEAD(cancel_list);
+	LIST_HEAD(buffer_list);
+	LIST_HEAD(inode_buffer_list);
+	LIST_HEAD(item_list);
+
+	list_splice_init(&trans->r_itemq, &sort_list);
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(item, n, &sort_list, ri_list) {
+		enum xlog_recover_reorder	fate = XLOG_REORDER_ITEM_LIST;
+
+		item->ri_ops = xlog_find_item_ops(item);
+		if (!item->ri_ops) {
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+				"%s: unrecognized type of log operation (%d)",
+				__func__, ITEM_TYPE(item));
+			ASSERT(0);
+			/*
+			 * return the remaining items back to the transaction
+			 * item list so they can be freed in caller.
+			 */
+			if (!list_empty(&sort_list))
+				list_splice_init(&sort_list, &trans->r_itemq);
+			error = -EFSCORRUPTED;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (item->ri_ops->reorder)
+			fate = item->ri_ops->reorder(item);
+
+		switch (fate) {
+		case XLOG_REORDER_BUFFER_LIST:
+			list_move_tail(&item->ri_list, &buffer_list);
+			break;
+		case XLOG_REORDER_CANCEL_LIST:
+			trace_xfs_log_recover_item_reorder_head(log,
+					trans, item, pass);
+			list_move(&item->ri_list, &cancel_list);
+			break;
+		case XLOG_REORDER_INODE_BUFFER_LIST:
+			list_move(&item->ri_list, &inode_buffer_list);
+			break;
+		case XLOG_REORDER_ITEM_LIST:
+			trace_xfs_log_recover_item_reorder_tail(log,
+							trans, item, pass);
+			list_move_tail(&item->ri_list, &item_list);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	ASSERT(list_empty(&sort_list));
+	if (!list_empty(&buffer_list))
+		list_splice(&buffer_list, &trans->r_itemq);
+	if (!list_empty(&item_list))
+		list_splice_tail(&item_list, &trans->r_itemq);
+	if (!list_empty(&inode_buffer_list))
+		list_splice_tail(&inode_buffer_list, &trans->r_itemq);
+	if (!list_empty(&cancel_list))
+		list_splice_tail(&cancel_list, &trans->r_itemq);
+	return error;
+}
+
+void
+xlog_buf_readahead(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		blkno,
+	uint			len,
+	const struct xfs_buf_ops *ops)
+{
+	if (!xlog_is_buffer_cancelled(log, blkno, len))
+		xfs_buf_readahead(log->l_mp->m_ddev_targp, blkno, len, ops);
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_items_pass2(
+	struct xlog                     *log,
+	struct xlog_recover             *trans,
+	struct list_head                *buffer_list,
+	struct list_head                *item_list)
+{
+	struct xlog_recover_item	*item;
+	int				error = 0;
+
+	list_for_each_entry(item, item_list, ri_list) {
+		trace_xfs_log_recover_item_recover(log, trans, item,
+				XLOG_RECOVER_PASS2);
+
+		if (item->ri_ops->commit_pass2)
+			error = item->ri_ops->commit_pass2(log, buffer_list,
+					item, trans->r_lsn);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+	}
+
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Perform the transaction.
+ *
+ * If the transaction modifies a buffer or inode, do it now.  Otherwise,
+ * EFIs and EFDs get queued up by adding entries into the AIL for them.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_commit_trans(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans,
+	int			pass,
+	struct list_head	*buffer_list)
+{
+	int				error = 0;
+	int				items_queued = 0;
+	struct xlog_recover_item	*item;
+	struct xlog_recover_item	*next;
+	LIST_HEAD			(ra_list);
+	LIST_HEAD			(done_list);
+
+	#define XLOG_RECOVER_COMMIT_QUEUE_MAX 100
+
+	hlist_del_init(&trans->r_list);
+
+	error = xlog_recover_reorder_trans(log, trans, pass);
+	if (error)
+		return error;
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(item, next, &trans->r_itemq, ri_list) {
+		trace_xfs_log_recover_item_recover(log, trans, item, pass);
+
+		switch (pass) {
+		case XLOG_RECOVER_PASS1:
+			if (item->ri_ops->commit_pass1)
+				error = item->ri_ops->commit_pass1(log, item);
+			break;
+		case XLOG_RECOVER_PASS2:
+			if (item->ri_ops->ra_pass2)
+				item->ri_ops->ra_pass2(log, item);
+			list_move_tail(&item->ri_list, &ra_list);
+			items_queued++;
+			if (items_queued >= XLOG_RECOVER_COMMIT_QUEUE_MAX) {
+				error = xlog_recover_items_pass2(log, trans,
+						buffer_list, &ra_list);
+				list_splice_tail_init(&ra_list, &done_list);
+				items_queued = 0;
+			}
+
+			break;
+		default:
+			ASSERT(0);
+		}
+
+		if (error)
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+out:
+	if (!list_empty(&ra_list)) {
+		if (!error)
+			error = xlog_recover_items_pass2(log, trans,
+					buffer_list, &ra_list);
+		list_splice_tail_init(&ra_list, &done_list);
+	}
+
+	if (!list_empty(&done_list))
+		list_splice_init(&done_list, &trans->r_itemq);
+
+	return error;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+xlog_recover_add_item(
+	struct list_head	*head)
+{
+	struct xlog_recover_item *item;
+
+	item = kmem_zalloc(sizeof(struct xlog_recover_item), 0);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&item->ri_list);
+	list_add_tail(&item->ri_list, head);
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_add_to_cont_trans(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans,
+	char			*dp,
+	int			len)
+{
+	struct xlog_recover_item *item;
+	char			*ptr, *old_ptr;
+	int			old_len;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the transaction is empty, the header was split across this and the
+	 * previous record. Copy the rest of the header.
+	 */
+	if (list_empty(&trans->r_itemq)) {
+		ASSERT(len <= sizeof(struct xfs_trans_header));
+		if (len > sizeof(struct xfs_trans_header)) {
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: bad header length", __func__);
+			return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		}
+
+		xlog_recover_add_item(&trans->r_itemq);
+		ptr = (char *)&trans->r_theader +
+				sizeof(struct xfs_trans_header) - len;
+		memcpy(ptr, dp, len);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* take the tail entry */
+	item = list_entry(trans->r_itemq.prev, struct xlog_recover_item,
+			  ri_list);
+
+	old_ptr = item->ri_buf[item->ri_cnt-1].i_addr;
+	old_len = item->ri_buf[item->ri_cnt-1].i_len;
+
+	ptr = kvrealloc(old_ptr, old_len, len + old_len, GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!ptr)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	memcpy(&ptr[old_len], dp, len);
+	item->ri_buf[item->ri_cnt-1].i_len += len;
+	item->ri_buf[item->ri_cnt-1].i_addr = ptr;
+	trace_xfs_log_recover_item_add_cont(log, trans, item, 0);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The next region to add is the start of a new region.  It could be
+ * a whole region or it could be the first part of a new region.  Because
+ * of this, the assumption here is that the type and size fields of all
+ * format structures fit into the first 32 bits of the structure.
+ *
+ * This works because all regions must be 32 bit aligned.  Therefore, we
+ * either have both fields or we have neither field.  In the case we have
+ * neither field, the data part of the region is zero length.  We only have
+ * a log_op_header and can throw away the header since a new one will appear
+ * later.  If we have at least 4 bytes, then we can determine how many regions
+ * will appear in the current log item.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_add_to_trans(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans,
+	char			*dp,
+	int			len)
+{
+	struct xfs_inode_log_format	*in_f;			/* any will do */
+	struct xlog_recover_item *item;
+	char			*ptr;
+
+	if (!len)
+		return 0;
+	if (list_empty(&trans->r_itemq)) {
+		/* we need to catch log corruptions here */
+		if (*(uint *)dp != XFS_TRANS_HEADER_MAGIC) {
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: bad header magic number",
+				__func__);
+			ASSERT(0);
+			return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		}
+
+		if (len > sizeof(struct xfs_trans_header)) {
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: bad header length", __func__);
+			ASSERT(0);
+			return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * The transaction header can be arbitrarily split across op
+		 * records. If we don't have the whole thing here, copy what we
+		 * do have and handle the rest in the next record.
+		 */
+		if (len == sizeof(struct xfs_trans_header))
+			xlog_recover_add_item(&trans->r_itemq);
+		memcpy(&trans->r_theader, dp, len);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	ptr = kmem_alloc(len, 0);
+	memcpy(ptr, dp, len);
+	in_f = (struct xfs_inode_log_format *)ptr;
+
+	/* take the tail entry */
+	item = list_entry(trans->r_itemq.prev, struct xlog_recover_item,
+			  ri_list);
+	if (item->ri_total != 0 &&
+	     item->ri_total == item->ri_cnt) {
+		/* tail item is in use, get a new one */
+		xlog_recover_add_item(&trans->r_itemq);
+		item = list_entry(trans->r_itemq.prev,
+					struct xlog_recover_item, ri_list);
+	}
+
+	if (item->ri_total == 0) {		/* first region to be added */
+		if (in_f->ilf_size == 0 ||
+		    in_f->ilf_size > XLOG_MAX_REGIONS_IN_ITEM) {
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+		"bad number of regions (%d) in inode log format",
+				  in_f->ilf_size);
+			ASSERT(0);
+			kmem_free(ptr);
+			return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		}
+
+		item->ri_total = in_f->ilf_size;
+		item->ri_buf =
+			kmem_zalloc(item->ri_total * sizeof(xfs_log_iovec_t),
+				    0);
+	}
+
+	if (item->ri_total <= item->ri_cnt) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+	"log item region count (%d) overflowed size (%d)",
+				item->ri_cnt, item->ri_total);
+		ASSERT(0);
+		kmem_free(ptr);
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+
+	/* Description region is ri_buf[0] */
+	item->ri_buf[item->ri_cnt].i_addr = ptr;
+	item->ri_buf[item->ri_cnt].i_len  = len;
+	item->ri_cnt++;
+	trace_xfs_log_recover_item_add(log, trans, item, 0);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free up any resources allocated by the transaction
+ *
+ * Remember that EFIs, EFDs, and IUNLINKs are handled later.
+ */
+STATIC void
+xlog_recover_free_trans(
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans)
+{
+	struct xlog_recover_item *item, *n;
+	int			i;
+
+	hlist_del_init(&trans->r_list);
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(item, n, &trans->r_itemq, ri_list) {
+		/* Free the regions in the item. */
+		list_del(&item->ri_list);
+		for (i = 0; i < item->ri_cnt; i++)
+			kmem_free(item->ri_buf[i].i_addr);
+		/* Free the item itself */
+		kmem_free(item->ri_buf);
+		kmem_free(item);
+	}
+	/* Free the transaction recover structure */
+	kmem_free(trans);
+}
+
+/*
+ * On error or completion, trans is freed.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_recovery_process_trans(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans,
+	char			*dp,
+	unsigned int		len,
+	unsigned int		flags,
+	int			pass,
+	struct list_head	*buffer_list)
+{
+	int			error = 0;
+	bool			freeit = false;
+
+	/* mask off ophdr transaction container flags */
+	flags &= ~XLOG_END_TRANS;
+	if (flags & XLOG_WAS_CONT_TRANS)
+		flags &= ~XLOG_CONTINUE_TRANS;
+
+	/*
+	 * Callees must not free the trans structure. We'll decide if we need to
+	 * free it or not based on the operation being done and it's result.
+	 */
+	switch (flags) {
+	/* expected flag values */
+	case 0:
+	case XLOG_CONTINUE_TRANS:
+		error = xlog_recover_add_to_trans(log, trans, dp, len);
+		break;
+	case XLOG_WAS_CONT_TRANS:
+		error = xlog_recover_add_to_cont_trans(log, trans, dp, len);
+		break;
+	case XLOG_COMMIT_TRANS:
+		error = xlog_recover_commit_trans(log, trans, pass,
+						  buffer_list);
+		/* success or fail, we are now done with this transaction. */
+		freeit = true;
+		break;
+
+	/* unexpected flag values */
+	case XLOG_UNMOUNT_TRANS:
+		/* just skip trans */
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: Unmount LR", __func__);
+		freeit = true;
+		break;
+	case XLOG_START_TRANS:
+	default:
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: bad flag 0x%x", __func__, flags);
+		ASSERT(0);
+		error = -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		break;
+	}
+	if (error || freeit)
+		xlog_recover_free_trans(trans);
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Lookup the transaction recovery structure associated with the ID in the
+ * current ophdr. If the transaction doesn't exist and the start flag is set in
+ * the ophdr, then allocate a new transaction for future ID matches to find.
+ * Either way, return what we found during the lookup - an existing transaction
+ * or nothing.
+ */
+STATIC struct xlog_recover *
+xlog_recover_ophdr_to_trans(
+	struct hlist_head	rhash[],
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	struct xlog_op_header	*ohead)
+{
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans;
+	xlog_tid_t		tid;
+	struct hlist_head	*rhp;
+
+	tid = be32_to_cpu(ohead->oh_tid);
+	rhp = &rhash[XLOG_RHASH(tid)];
+	hlist_for_each_entry(trans, rhp, r_list) {
+		if (trans->r_log_tid == tid)
+			return trans;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * skip over non-start transaction headers - we could be
+	 * processing slack space before the next transaction starts
+	 */
+	if (!(ohead->oh_flags & XLOG_START_TRANS))
+		return NULL;
+
+	ASSERT(be32_to_cpu(ohead->oh_len) == 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * This is a new transaction so allocate a new recovery container to
+	 * hold the recovery ops that will follow.
+	 */
+	trans = kmem_zalloc(sizeof(struct xlog_recover), 0);
+	trans->r_log_tid = tid;
+	trans->r_lsn = be64_to_cpu(rhead->h_lsn);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&trans->r_itemq);
+	INIT_HLIST_NODE(&trans->r_list);
+	hlist_add_head(&trans->r_list, rhp);
+
+	/*
+	 * Nothing more to do for this ophdr. Items to be added to this new
+	 * transaction will be in subsequent ophdr containers.
+	 */
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_process_ophdr(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct hlist_head	rhash[],
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	struct xlog_op_header	*ohead,
+	char			*dp,
+	char			*end,
+	int			pass,
+	struct list_head	*buffer_list)
+{
+	struct xlog_recover	*trans;
+	unsigned int		len;
+	int			error;
+
+	/* Do we understand who wrote this op? */
+	if (ohead->oh_clientid != XFS_TRANSACTION &&
+	    ohead->oh_clientid != XFS_LOG) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: bad clientid 0x%x",
+			__func__, ohead->oh_clientid);
+		ASSERT(0);
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the ophdr contains all the data it is supposed to contain.
+	 */
+	len = be32_to_cpu(ohead->oh_len);
+	if (dp + len > end) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: bad length 0x%x", __func__, len);
+		WARN_ON(1);
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+
+	trans = xlog_recover_ophdr_to_trans(rhash, rhead, ohead);
+	if (!trans) {
+		/* nothing to do, so skip over this ophdr */
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The recovered buffer queue is drained only once we know that all
+	 * recovery items for the current LSN have been processed. This is
+	 * required because:
+	 *
+	 * - Buffer write submission updates the metadata LSN of the buffer.
+	 * - Log recovery skips items with a metadata LSN >= the current LSN of
+	 *   the recovery item.
+	 * - Separate recovery items against the same metadata buffer can share
+	 *   a current LSN. I.e., consider that the LSN of a recovery item is
+	 *   defined as the starting LSN of the first record in which its
+	 *   transaction appears, that a record can hold multiple transactions,
+	 *   and/or that a transaction can span multiple records.
+	 *
+	 * In other words, we are allowed to submit a buffer from log recovery
+	 * once per current LSN. Otherwise, we may incorrectly skip recovery
+	 * items and cause corruption.
+	 *
+	 * We don't know up front whether buffers are updated multiple times per
+	 * LSN. Therefore, track the current LSN of each commit log record as it
+	 * is processed and drain the queue when it changes. Use commit records
+	 * because they are ordered correctly by the logging code.
+	 */
+	if (log->l_recovery_lsn != trans->r_lsn &&
+	    ohead->oh_flags & XLOG_COMMIT_TRANS) {
+		error = xfs_buf_delwri_submit(buffer_list);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+		log->l_recovery_lsn = trans->r_lsn;
+	}
+
+	return xlog_recovery_process_trans(log, trans, dp, len,
+					   ohead->oh_flags, pass, buffer_list);
+}
+
+/*
+ * There are two valid states of the r_state field.  0 indicates that the
+ * transaction structure is in a normal state.  We have either seen the
+ * start of the transaction or the last operation we added was not a partial
+ * operation.  If the last operation we added to the transaction was a
+ * partial operation, we need to mark r_state with XLOG_WAS_CONT_TRANS.
+ *
+ * NOTE: skip LRs with 0 data length.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_process_data(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct hlist_head	rhash[],
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	char			*dp,
+	int			pass,
+	struct list_head	*buffer_list)
+{
+	struct xlog_op_header	*ohead;
+	char			*end;
+	int			num_logops;
+	int			error;
+
+	end = dp + be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len);
+	num_logops = be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_num_logops);
+
+	/* check the log format matches our own - else we can't recover */
+	if (xlog_header_check_recover(log->l_mp, rhead))
+		return -EIO;
+
+	trace_xfs_log_recover_record(log, rhead, pass);
+	while ((dp < end) && num_logops) {
+
+		ohead = (struct xlog_op_header *)dp;
+		dp += sizeof(*ohead);
+		ASSERT(dp <= end);
+
+		/* errors will abort recovery */
+		error = xlog_recover_process_ophdr(log, rhash, rhead, ohead,
+						   dp, end, pass, buffer_list);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+
+		dp += be32_to_cpu(ohead->oh_len);
+		num_logops--;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Take all the collected deferred ops and finish them in order. */
+static int
+xlog_finish_defer_ops(
+	struct xfs_mount	*mp,
+	struct list_head	*capture_list)
+{
+	struct xfs_defer_capture *dfc, *next;
+	struct xfs_trans	*tp;
+	int			error = 0;
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(dfc, next, capture_list, dfc_list) {
+		struct xfs_trans_res	resv;
+		struct xfs_defer_resources dres;
+
+		/*
+		 * Create a new transaction reservation from the captured
+		 * information.  Set logcount to 1 to force the new transaction
+		 * to regrant every roll so that we can make forward progress
+		 * in recovery no matter how full the log might be.
+		 */
+		resv.tr_logres = dfc->dfc_logres;
+		resv.tr_logcount = 1;
+		resv.tr_logflags = XFS_TRANS_PERM_LOG_RES;
+
+		error = xfs_trans_alloc(mp, &resv, dfc->dfc_blkres,
+				dfc->dfc_rtxres, XFS_TRANS_RESERVE, &tp);
+		if (error) {
+			xlog_force_shutdown(mp->m_log, SHUTDOWN_LOG_IO_ERROR);
+			return error;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Transfer to this new transaction all the dfops we captured
+		 * from recovering a single intent item.
+		 */
+		list_del_init(&dfc->dfc_list);
+		xfs_defer_ops_continue(dfc, tp, &dres);
+		error = xfs_trans_commit(tp);
+		xfs_defer_resources_rele(&dres);
+		if (error)
+			return error;
+	}
+
+	ASSERT(list_empty(capture_list));
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Release all the captured defer ops and capture structures in this list. */
+static void
+xlog_abort_defer_ops(
+	struct xfs_mount		*mp,
+	struct list_head		*capture_list)
+{
+	struct xfs_defer_capture	*dfc;
+	struct xfs_defer_capture	*next;
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(dfc, next, capture_list, dfc_list) {
+		list_del_init(&dfc->dfc_list);
+		xfs_defer_ops_capture_free(mp, dfc);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * When this is called, all of the log intent items which did not have
+ * corresponding log done items should be in the AIL.  What we do now is update
+ * the data structures associated with each one.
+ *
+ * Since we process the log intent items in normal transactions, they will be
+ * removed at some point after the commit.  This prevents us from just walking
+ * down the list processing each one.  We'll use a flag in the intent item to
+ * skip those that we've already processed and use the AIL iteration mechanism's
+ * generation count to try to speed this up at least a bit.
+ *
+ * When we start, we know that the intents are the only things in the AIL. As we
+ * process them, however, other items are added to the AIL. Hence we know we
+ * have started recovery on all the pending intents when we find an non-intent
+ * item in the AIL.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_process_intents(
+	struct xlog		*log)
+{
+	LIST_HEAD(capture_list);
+	struct xfs_ail_cursor	cur;
+	struct xfs_log_item	*lip;
+	struct xfs_ail		*ailp;
+	int			error = 0;
+#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(XFS_WARN)
+	xfs_lsn_t		last_lsn;
+#endif
+
+	ailp = log->l_ailp;
+	spin_lock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(XFS_WARN)
+	last_lsn = xlog_assign_lsn(log->l_curr_cycle, log->l_curr_block);
+#endif
+	for (lip = xfs_trans_ail_cursor_first(ailp, &cur, 0);
+	     lip != NULL;
+	     lip = xfs_trans_ail_cursor_next(ailp, &cur)) {
+		const struct xfs_item_ops	*ops;
+
+		if (!xlog_item_is_intent(lip))
+			break;
+
+		/*
+		 * We should never see a redo item with a LSN higher than
+		 * the last transaction we found in the log at the start
+		 * of recovery.
+		 */
+		ASSERT(XFS_LSN_CMP(last_lsn, lip->li_lsn) >= 0);
+
+		/*
+		 * NOTE: If your intent processing routine can create more
+		 * deferred ops, you /must/ attach them to the capture list in
+		 * the recover routine or else those subsequent intents will be
+		 * replayed in the wrong order!
+		 *
+		 * The recovery function can free the log item, so we must not
+		 * access lip after it returns.
+		 */
+		spin_unlock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+		ops = lip->li_ops;
+		error = ops->iop_recover(lip, &capture_list);
+		spin_lock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+		if (error) {
+			trace_xlog_intent_recovery_failed(log->l_mp, error,
+					ops->iop_recover);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	xfs_trans_ail_cursor_done(&cur);
+	spin_unlock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+	if (error)
+		goto err;
+
+	error = xlog_finish_defer_ops(log->l_mp, &capture_list);
+	if (error)
+		goto err;
+
+	return 0;
+err:
+	xlog_abort_defer_ops(log->l_mp, &capture_list);
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * A cancel occurs when the mount has failed and we're bailing out.  Release all
+ * pending log intent items that we haven't started recovery on so they don't
+ * pin the AIL.
+ */
+STATIC void
+xlog_recover_cancel_intents(
+	struct xlog		*log)
+{
+	struct xfs_log_item	*lip;
+	struct xfs_ail_cursor	cur;
+	struct xfs_ail		*ailp;
+
+	ailp = log->l_ailp;
+	spin_lock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+	lip = xfs_trans_ail_cursor_first(ailp, &cur, 0);
+	while (lip != NULL) {
+		if (!xlog_item_is_intent(lip))
+			break;
+
+		spin_unlock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+		lip->li_ops->iop_release(lip);
+		spin_lock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+		lip = xfs_trans_ail_cursor_next(ailp, &cur);
+	}
+
+	xfs_trans_ail_cursor_done(&cur);
+	spin_unlock(&ailp->ail_lock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This routine performs a transaction to null out a bad inode pointer
+ * in an agi unlinked inode hash bucket.
+ */
+STATIC void
+xlog_recover_clear_agi_bucket(
+	struct xfs_perag	*pag,
+	int			bucket)
+{
+	struct xfs_mount	*mp = pag->pag_mount;
+	struct xfs_trans	*tp;
+	struct xfs_agi		*agi;
+	struct xfs_buf		*agibp;
+	int			offset;
+	int			error;
+
+	error = xfs_trans_alloc(mp, &M_RES(mp)->tr_clearagi, 0, 0, 0, &tp);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_error;
+
+	error = xfs_read_agi(pag, tp, &agibp);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_abort;
+
+	agi = agibp->b_addr;
+	agi->agi_unlinked[bucket] = cpu_to_be32(NULLAGINO);
+	offset = offsetof(xfs_agi_t, agi_unlinked) +
+		 (sizeof(xfs_agino_t) * bucket);
+	xfs_trans_log_buf(tp, agibp, offset,
+			  (offset + sizeof(xfs_agino_t) - 1));
+
+	error = xfs_trans_commit(tp);
+	if (error)
+		goto out_error;
+	return;
+
+out_abort:
+	xfs_trans_cancel(tp);
+out_error:
+	xfs_warn(mp, "%s: failed to clear agi %d. Continuing.", __func__,
+			pag->pag_agno);
+	return;
+}
+
+static int
+xlog_recover_iunlink_bucket(
+	struct xfs_perag	*pag,
+	struct xfs_agi		*agi,
+	int			bucket)
+{
+	struct xfs_mount	*mp = pag->pag_mount;
+	struct xfs_inode	*prev_ip = NULL;
+	struct xfs_inode	*ip;
+	xfs_agino_t		prev_agino, agino;
+	int			error = 0;
+
+	agino = be32_to_cpu(agi->agi_unlinked[bucket]);
+	while (agino != NULLAGINO) {
+		error = xfs_iget(mp, NULL,
+				XFS_AGINO_TO_INO(mp, pag->pag_agno, agino),
+				0, 0, &ip);
+		if (error)
+			break;
+
+		ASSERT(VFS_I(ip)->i_nlink == 0);
+		ASSERT(VFS_I(ip)->i_mode != 0);
+		xfs_iflags_clear(ip, XFS_IRECOVERY);
+		agino = ip->i_next_unlinked;
+
+		if (prev_ip) {
+			ip->i_prev_unlinked = prev_agino;
+			xfs_irele(prev_ip);
+
+			/*
+			 * Ensure the inode is removed from the unlinked list
+			 * before we continue so that it won't race with
+			 * building the in-memory list here. This could be
+			 * serialised with the agibp lock, but that just
+			 * serialises via lockstepping and it's much simpler
+			 * just to flush the inodegc queue and wait for it to
+			 * complete.
+			 */
+			error = xfs_inodegc_flush(mp);
+			if (error)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		prev_agino = agino;
+		prev_ip = ip;
+	}
+
+	if (prev_ip) {
+		int	error2;
+
+		ip->i_prev_unlinked = prev_agino;
+		xfs_irele(prev_ip);
+
+		error2 = xfs_inodegc_flush(mp);
+		if (error2 && !error)
+			return error2;
+	}
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Recover AGI unlinked lists
+ *
+ * This is called during recovery to process any inodes which we unlinked but
+ * not freed when the system crashed.  These inodes will be on the lists in the
+ * AGI blocks. What we do here is scan all the AGIs and fully truncate and free
+ * any inodes found on the lists. Each inode is removed from the lists when it
+ * has been fully truncated and is freed. The freeing of the inode and its
+ * removal from the list must be atomic.
+ *
+ * If everything we touch in the agi processing loop is already in memory, this
+ * loop can hold the cpu for a long time. It runs without lock contention,
+ * memory allocation contention, the need wait for IO, etc, and so will run
+ * until we either run out of inodes to process, run low on memory or we run out
+ * of log space.
+ *
+ * This behaviour is bad for latency on single CPU and non-preemptible kernels,
+ * and can prevent other filesystem work (such as CIL pushes) from running. This
+ * can lead to deadlocks if the recovery process runs out of log reservation
+ * space. Hence we need to yield the CPU when there is other kernel work
+ * scheduled on this CPU to ensure other scheduled work can run without undue
+ * latency.
+ */
+static void
+xlog_recover_iunlink_ag(
+	struct xfs_perag	*pag)
+{
+	struct xfs_agi		*agi;
+	struct xfs_buf		*agibp;
+	int			bucket;
+	int			error;
+
+	error = xfs_read_agi(pag, NULL, &agibp);
+	if (error) {
+		/*
+		 * AGI is b0rked. Don't process it.
+		 *
+		 * We should probably mark the filesystem as corrupt after we've
+		 * recovered all the ag's we can....
+		 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Unlock the buffer so that it can be acquired in the normal course of
+	 * the transaction to truncate and free each inode.  Because we are not
+	 * racing with anyone else here for the AGI buffer, we don't even need
+	 * to hold it locked to read the initial unlinked bucket entries out of
+	 * the buffer. We keep buffer reference though, so that it stays pinned
+	 * in memory while we need the buffer.
+	 */
+	agi = agibp->b_addr;
+	xfs_buf_unlock(agibp);
+
+	for (bucket = 0; bucket < XFS_AGI_UNLINKED_BUCKETS; bucket++) {
+		error = xlog_recover_iunlink_bucket(pag, agi, bucket);
+		if (error) {
+			/*
+			 * Bucket is unrecoverable, so only a repair scan can
+			 * free the remaining unlinked inodes. Just empty the
+			 * bucket and remaining inodes on it unreferenced and
+			 * unfreeable.
+			 */
+			xlog_recover_clear_agi_bucket(pag, bucket);
+		}
+	}
+
+	xfs_buf_rele(agibp);
+}
+
+static void
+xlog_recover_process_iunlinks(
+	struct xlog	*log)
+{
+	struct xfs_perag	*pag;
+	xfs_agnumber_t		agno;
+
+	for_each_perag(log->l_mp, agno, pag)
+		xlog_recover_iunlink_ag(pag);
+}
+
+STATIC void
+xlog_unpack_data(
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	char			*dp,
+	struct xlog		*log)
+{
+	int			i, j, k;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < BTOBB(be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len)) &&
+		  i < (XLOG_HEADER_CYCLE_SIZE / BBSIZE); i++) {
+		*(__be32 *)dp = *(__be32 *)&rhead->h_cycle_data[i];
+		dp += BBSIZE;
+	}
+
+	if (xfs_has_logv2(log->l_mp)) {
+		xlog_in_core_2_t *xhdr = (xlog_in_core_2_t *)rhead;
+		for ( ; i < BTOBB(be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len)); i++) {
+			j = i / (XLOG_HEADER_CYCLE_SIZE / BBSIZE);
+			k = i % (XLOG_HEADER_CYCLE_SIZE / BBSIZE);
+			*(__be32 *)dp = xhdr[j].hic_xheader.xh_cycle_data[k];
+			dp += BBSIZE;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CRC check, unpack and process a log record.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_recover_process(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct hlist_head	rhash[],
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	char			*dp,
+	int			pass,
+	struct list_head	*buffer_list)
+{
+	__le32			old_crc = rhead->h_crc;
+	__le32			crc;
+
+	crc = xlog_cksum(log, rhead, dp, be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len));
+
+	/*
+	 * Nothing else to do if this is a CRC verification pass. Just return
+	 * if this a record with a non-zero crc. Unfortunately, mkfs always
+	 * sets old_crc to 0 so we must consider this valid even on v5 supers.
+	 * Otherwise, return EFSBADCRC on failure so the callers up the stack
+	 * know precisely what failed.
+	 */
+	if (pass == XLOG_RECOVER_CRCPASS) {
+		if (old_crc && crc != old_crc)
+			return -EFSBADCRC;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * We're in the normal recovery path. Issue a warning if and only if the
+	 * CRC in the header is non-zero. This is an advisory warning and the
+	 * zero CRC check prevents warnings from being emitted when upgrading
+	 * the kernel from one that does not add CRCs by default.
+	 */
+	if (crc != old_crc) {
+		if (old_crc || xfs_has_crc(log->l_mp)) {
+			xfs_alert(log->l_mp,
+		"log record CRC mismatch: found 0x%x, expected 0x%x.",
+					le32_to_cpu(old_crc),
+					le32_to_cpu(crc));
+			xfs_hex_dump(dp, 32);
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * If the filesystem is CRC enabled, this mismatch becomes a
+		 * fatal log corruption failure.
+		 */
+		if (xfs_has_crc(log->l_mp)) {
+			XFS_ERROR_REPORT(__func__, XFS_ERRLEVEL_LOW, log->l_mp);
+			return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+		}
+	}
+
+	xlog_unpack_data(rhead, dp, log);
+
+	return xlog_recover_process_data(log, rhash, rhead, dp, pass,
+					 buffer_list);
+}
+
+STATIC int
+xlog_valid_rec_header(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	struct xlog_rec_header	*rhead,
+	xfs_daddr_t		blkno,
+	int			bufsize)
+{
+	int			hlen;
+
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp,
+			   rhead->h_magicno != cpu_to_be32(XLOG_HEADER_MAGIC_NUM)))
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp,
+			   (!rhead->h_version ||
+			   (be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_version) &
+			    (~XLOG_VERSION_OKBITS))))) {
+		xfs_warn(log->l_mp, "%s: unrecognised log version (%d).",
+			__func__, be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_version));
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * LR body must have data (or it wouldn't have been written)
+	 * and h_len must not be greater than LR buffer size.
+	 */
+	hlen = be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len);
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp, hlen <= 0 || hlen > bufsize))
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+
+	if (XFS_IS_CORRUPT(log->l_mp,
+			   blkno > log->l_logBBsize || blkno > INT_MAX))
+		return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Read the log from tail to head and process the log records found.
+ * Handle the two cases where the tail and head are in the same cycle
+ * and where the active portion of the log wraps around the end of
+ * the physical log separately.  The pass parameter is passed through
+ * to the routines called to process the data and is not looked at
+ * here.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_do_recovery_pass(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		tail_blk,
+	int			pass,
+	xfs_daddr_t		*first_bad)	/* out: first bad log rec */
+{
+	xlog_rec_header_t	*rhead;
+	xfs_daddr_t		blk_no, rblk_no;
+	xfs_daddr_t		rhead_blk;
+	char			*offset;
+	char			*hbp, *dbp;
+	int			error = 0, h_size, h_len;
+	int			error2 = 0;
+	int			bblks, split_bblks;
+	int			hblks, split_hblks, wrapped_hblks;
+	int			i;
+	struct hlist_head	rhash[XLOG_RHASH_SIZE];
+	LIST_HEAD		(buffer_list);
+
+	ASSERT(head_blk != tail_blk);
+	blk_no = rhead_blk = tail_blk;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < XLOG_RHASH_SIZE; i++)
+		INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&rhash[i]);
+
+	/*
+	 * Read the header of the tail block and get the iclog buffer size from
+	 * h_size.  Use this to tell how many sectors make up the log header.
+	 */
+	if (xfs_has_logv2(log->l_mp)) {
+		/*
+		 * When using variable length iclogs, read first sector of
+		 * iclog header and extract the header size from it.  Get a
+		 * new hbp that is the correct size.
+		 */
+		hbp = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+		if (!hbp)
+			return -ENOMEM;
+
+		error = xlog_bread(log, tail_blk, 1, hbp, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			goto bread_err1;
+
+		rhead = (xlog_rec_header_t *)offset;
+
+		/*
+		 * xfsprogs has a bug where record length is based on lsunit but
+		 * h_size (iclog size) is hardcoded to 32k. Now that we
+		 * unconditionally CRC verify the unmount record, this means the
+		 * log buffer can be too small for the record and cause an
+		 * overrun.
+		 *
+		 * Detect this condition here. Use lsunit for the buffer size as
+		 * long as this looks like the mkfs case. Otherwise, return an
+		 * error to avoid a buffer overrun.
+		 */
+		h_size = be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_size);
+		h_len = be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len);
+		if (h_len > h_size && h_len <= log->l_mp->m_logbsize &&
+		    rhead->h_num_logops == cpu_to_be32(1)) {
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+		"invalid iclog size (%d bytes), using lsunit (%d bytes)",
+				 h_size, log->l_mp->m_logbsize);
+			h_size = log->l_mp->m_logbsize;
+		}
+
+		error = xlog_valid_rec_header(log, rhead, tail_blk, h_size);
+		if (error)
+			goto bread_err1;
+
+		hblks = xlog_logrec_hblks(log, rhead);
+		if (hblks != 1) {
+			kmem_free(hbp);
+			hbp = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, hblks);
+		}
+	} else {
+		ASSERT(log->l_sectBBsize == 1);
+		hblks = 1;
+		hbp = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, 1);
+		h_size = XLOG_BIG_RECORD_BSIZE;
+	}
+
+	if (!hbp)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	dbp = xlog_alloc_buffer(log, BTOBB(h_size));
+	if (!dbp) {
+		kmem_free(hbp);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	memset(rhash, 0, sizeof(rhash));
+	if (tail_blk > head_blk) {
+		/*
+		 * Perform recovery around the end of the physical log.
+		 * When the head is not on the same cycle number as the tail,
+		 * we can't do a sequential recovery.
+		 */
+		while (blk_no < log->l_logBBsize) {
+			/*
+			 * Check for header wrapping around physical end-of-log
+			 */
+			offset = hbp;
+			split_hblks = 0;
+			wrapped_hblks = 0;
+			if (blk_no + hblks <= log->l_logBBsize) {
+				/* Read header in one read */
+				error = xlog_bread(log, blk_no, hblks, hbp,
+						   &offset);
+				if (error)
+					goto bread_err2;
+			} else {
+				/* This LR is split across physical log end */
+				if (blk_no != log->l_logBBsize) {
+					/* some data before physical log end */
+					ASSERT(blk_no <= INT_MAX);
+					split_hblks = log->l_logBBsize - (int)blk_no;
+					ASSERT(split_hblks > 0);
+					error = xlog_bread(log, blk_no,
+							   split_hblks, hbp,
+							   &offset);
+					if (error)
+						goto bread_err2;
+				}
+
+				/*
+				 * Note: this black magic still works with
+				 * large sector sizes (non-512) only because:
+				 * - we increased the buffer size originally
+				 *   by 1 sector giving us enough extra space
+				 *   for the second read;
+				 * - the log start is guaranteed to be sector
+				 *   aligned;
+				 * - we read the log end (LR header start)
+				 *   _first_, then the log start (LR header end)
+				 *   - order is important.
+				 */
+				wrapped_hblks = hblks - split_hblks;
+				error = xlog_bread_noalign(log, 0,
+						wrapped_hblks,
+						offset + BBTOB(split_hblks));
+				if (error)
+					goto bread_err2;
+			}
+			rhead = (xlog_rec_header_t *)offset;
+			error = xlog_valid_rec_header(log, rhead,
+					split_hblks ? blk_no : 0, h_size);
+			if (error)
+				goto bread_err2;
+
+			bblks = (int)BTOBB(be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len));
+			blk_no += hblks;
+
+			/*
+			 * Read the log record data in multiple reads if it
+			 * wraps around the end of the log. Note that if the
+			 * header already wrapped, blk_no could point past the
+			 * end of the log. The record data is contiguous in
+			 * that case.
+			 */
+			if (blk_no + bblks <= log->l_logBBsize ||
+			    blk_no >= log->l_logBBsize) {
+				rblk_no = xlog_wrap_logbno(log, blk_no);
+				error = xlog_bread(log, rblk_no, bblks, dbp,
+						   &offset);
+				if (error)
+					goto bread_err2;
+			} else {
+				/* This log record is split across the
+				 * physical end of log */
+				offset = dbp;
+				split_bblks = 0;
+				if (blk_no != log->l_logBBsize) {
+					/* some data is before the physical
+					 * end of log */
+					ASSERT(!wrapped_hblks);
+					ASSERT(blk_no <= INT_MAX);
+					split_bblks =
+						log->l_logBBsize - (int)blk_no;
+					ASSERT(split_bblks > 0);
+					error = xlog_bread(log, blk_no,
+							split_bblks, dbp,
+							&offset);
+					if (error)
+						goto bread_err2;
+				}
+
+				/*
+				 * Note: this black magic still works with
+				 * large sector sizes (non-512) only because:
+				 * - we increased the buffer size originally
+				 *   by 1 sector giving us enough extra space
+				 *   for the second read;
+				 * - the log start is guaranteed to be sector
+				 *   aligned;
+				 * - we read the log end (LR header start)
+				 *   _first_, then the log start (LR header end)
+				 *   - order is important.
+				 */
+				error = xlog_bread_noalign(log, 0,
+						bblks - split_bblks,
+						offset + BBTOB(split_bblks));
+				if (error)
+					goto bread_err2;
+			}
+
+			error = xlog_recover_process(log, rhash, rhead, offset,
+						     pass, &buffer_list);
+			if (error)
+				goto bread_err2;
+
+			blk_no += bblks;
+			rhead_blk = blk_no;
+		}
+
+		ASSERT(blk_no >= log->l_logBBsize);
+		blk_no -= log->l_logBBsize;
+		rhead_blk = blk_no;
+	}
+
+	/* read first part of physical log */
+	while (blk_no < head_blk) {
+		error = xlog_bread(log, blk_no, hblks, hbp, &offset);
+		if (error)
+			goto bread_err2;
+
+		rhead = (xlog_rec_header_t *)offset;
+		error = xlog_valid_rec_header(log, rhead, blk_no, h_size);
+		if (error)
+			goto bread_err2;
+
+		/* blocks in data section */
+		bblks = (int)BTOBB(be32_to_cpu(rhead->h_len));
+		error = xlog_bread(log, blk_no+hblks, bblks, dbp,
+				   &offset);
+		if (error)
+			goto bread_err2;
+
+		error = xlog_recover_process(log, rhash, rhead, offset, pass,
+					     &buffer_list);
+		if (error)
+			goto bread_err2;
+
+		blk_no += bblks + hblks;
+		rhead_blk = blk_no;
+	}
+
+ bread_err2:
+	kmem_free(dbp);
+ bread_err1:
+	kmem_free(hbp);
+
+	/*
+	 * Submit buffers that have been added from the last record processed,
+	 * regardless of error status.
+	 */
+	if (!list_empty(&buffer_list))
+		error2 = xfs_buf_delwri_submit(&buffer_list);
+
+	if (error && first_bad)
+		*first_bad = rhead_blk;
+
+	/*
+	 * Transactions are freed at commit time but transactions without commit
+	 * records on disk are never committed. Free any that may be left in the
+	 * hash table.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < XLOG_RHASH_SIZE; i++) {
+		struct hlist_node	*tmp;
+		struct xlog_recover	*trans;
+
+		hlist_for_each_entry_safe(trans, tmp, &rhash[i], r_list)
+			xlog_recover_free_trans(trans);
+	}
+
+	return error ? error : error2;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do the recovery of the log.  We actually do this in two phases.
+ * The two passes are necessary in order to implement the function
+ * of cancelling a record written into the log.  The first pass
+ * determines those things which have been cancelled, and the
+ * second pass replays log items normally except for those which
+ * have been cancelled.  The handling of the replay and cancellations
+ * takes place in the log item type specific routines.
+ *
+ * The table of items which have cancel records in the log is allocated
+ * and freed at this level, since only here do we know when all of
+ * the log recovery has been completed.
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_do_log_recovery(
+	struct xlog	*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t	head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t	tail_blk)
+{
+	int		error;
+
+	ASSERT(head_blk != tail_blk);
+
+	/*
+	 * First do a pass to find all of the cancelled buf log items.
+	 * Store them in the buf_cancel_table for use in the second pass.
+	 */
+	error = xlog_alloc_buf_cancel_table(log);
+	if (error)
+		return error;
+
+	error = xlog_do_recovery_pass(log, head_blk, tail_blk,
+				      XLOG_RECOVER_PASS1, NULL);
+	if (error != 0)
+		goto out_cancel;
+
+	/*
+	 * Then do a second pass to actually recover the items in the log.
+	 * When it is complete free the table of buf cancel items.
+	 */
+	error = xlog_do_recovery_pass(log, head_blk, tail_blk,
+				      XLOG_RECOVER_PASS2, NULL);
+	if (!error)
+		xlog_check_buf_cancel_table(log);
+out_cancel:
+	xlog_free_buf_cancel_table(log);
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do the actual recovery
+ */
+STATIC int
+xlog_do_recover(
+	struct xlog		*log,
+	xfs_daddr_t		head_blk,
+	xfs_daddr_t		tail_blk)
+{
+	struct xfs_mount	*mp = log->l_mp;
+	struct xfs_buf		*bp = mp->m_sb_bp;
+	struct xfs_sb		*sbp = &mp->m_sb;
+	int			error;
+
+	trace_xfs_log_recover(log, head_blk, tail_blk);
+
+	/*
+	 * First replay the images in the log.
+	 */
+	error = xlog_do_log_recovery(log, head_blk, tail_blk);
+	if (error)
+		return error;
+
+	if (xlog_is_shutdown(log))
+		return -EIO;
+
+	/*
+	 * We now update the tail_lsn since much of the recovery has completed
+	 * and there may be space available to use.  If there were no extent
+	 * or iunlinks, we can free up the entire log and set the tail_lsn to
+	 * be the last_sync_lsn.  This was set in xlog_find_tail to be the
+	 * lsn of the last known good LR on disk.  If there are extent frees
+	 * or iunlinks they will have some entries in the AIL; so we look at
+	 * the AIL to determine how to set the tail_lsn.
+	 */
+	xlog_assign_tail_lsn(mp);
+
+	/*
+	 * Now that we've finished replaying all buffer and inode updates,
+	 * re-read the superblock and reverify it.
+	 */
+	xfs_buf_lock(bp);
+	xfs_buf_hold(bp);
+	error = _xfs_buf_read(bp, XBF_READ);
+	if (error) {
+		if (!xlog_is_shutdown(log)) {
+			xfs_buf_ioerror_alert(bp, __this_address);
+			ASSERT(0);
+		}
+		xfs_buf_relse(bp);
+		return error;
+	}
+
+	/* Convert superblock from on-disk format */
+	xfs_sb_from_disk(sbp, bp->b_addr);
+	xfs_buf_relse(bp);
+
+	/* re-initialise in-core superblock and geometry structures */
+	mp->m_features |= xfs_sb_version_to_features(sbp);
+	xfs_reinit_percpu_counters(mp);
+	error = xfs_initialize_perag(mp, sbp->sb_agcount, sbp->sb_dblocks,
+			&mp->m_maxagi);
+	if (error) {
+		xfs_warn(mp, "Failed post-recovery per-ag init: %d", error);
+		return error;
+	}
+	mp->m_alloc_set_aside = xfs_alloc_set_aside(mp);
+
+	/* Normal transactions can now occur */
+	clear_bit(XLOG_ACTIVE_RECOVERY, &log->l_opstate);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Perform recovery and re-initialize some log variables in xlog_find_tail.
+ *
+ * Return error or zero.
+ */
+int
+xlog_recover(
+	struct xlog	*log)
+{
+	xfs_daddr_t	head_blk, tail_blk;
+	int		error;
+
+	/* find the tail of the log */
+	error = xlog_find_tail(log, &head_blk, &tail_blk);
+	if (error)
+		return error;
+
+	/*
+	 * The superblock was read before the log was available and thus the LSN
+	 * could not be verified. Check the superblock LSN against the current
+	 * LSN now that it's known.
+	 */
+	if (xfs_has_crc(log->l_mp) &&
+	    !xfs_log_check_lsn(log->l_mp, log->l_mp->m_sb.sb_lsn))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (tail_blk != head_blk) {
+		/* There used to be a comment here:
+		 *
+		 * disallow recovery on read-only mounts.  note -- mount
+		 * checks for ENOSPC and turns it into an intelligent
+		 * error message.
+		 * ...but this is no longer true.  Now, unless you specify
+		 * NORECOVERY (in which case this function would never be
+		 * called), we just go ahead and recover.  We do this all
+		 * under the vfs layer, so we can get away with it unless
+		 * the device itself is read-only, in which case we fail.
+		 */
+		if ((error = xfs_dev_is_read_only(log->l_mp, "recovery"))) {
+			return error;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Version 5 superblock log feature mask validation. We know the
+		 * log is dirty so check if there are any unknown log features
+		 * in what we need to recover. If there are unknown features
+		 * (e.g. unsupported transactions, then simply reject the
+		 * attempt at recovery before touching anything.
+		 */
+		if (xfs_sb_is_v5(&log->l_mp->m_sb) &&
+		    xfs_sb_has_incompat_log_feature(&log->l_mp->m_sb,
+					XFS_SB_FEAT_INCOMPAT_LOG_UNKNOWN)) {
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+"Superblock has unknown incompatible log features (0x%x) enabled.",
+				(log->l_mp->m_sb.sb_features_log_incompat &
+					XFS_SB_FEAT_INCOMPAT_LOG_UNKNOWN));
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+"The log can not be fully and/or safely recovered by this kernel.");
+			xfs_warn(log->l_mp,
+"Please recover the log on a kernel that supports the unknown features.");
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Delay log recovery if the debug hook is set. This is debug
+		 * instrumentation to coordinate simulation of I/O failures with
+		 * log recovery.
+		 */
+		if (xfs_globals.log_recovery_delay) {
+			xfs_notice(log->l_mp,
+				"Delaying log recovery for %d seconds.",
+				xfs_globals.log_recovery_delay);
+			msleep(xfs_globals.log_recovery_delay * 1000);
+		}
+
+		xfs_notice(log->l_mp, "Starting recovery (logdev: %s)",
+				log->l_mp->m_logname ? log->l_mp->m_logname
+						     : "internal");
+
+		error = xlog_do_recover(log, head_blk, tail_blk);
+		set_bit(XLOG_RECOVERY_NEEDED, &log->l_opstate);
+	}
+	return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * In the first part of recovery we replay inodes and buffers and build up the
+ * list of intents which need to be processed. Here we process the intents and
+ * clean up the on disk unlinked inode lists. This is separated from the first
+ * part of recovery so that the root and real-time bitmap inodes can be read in
+ * from disk in between the two stages.  This is necessary so that we can free
+ * space in the real-time portion of the file system.
+ */
+int
+xlog_recover_finish(
+	struct xlog	*log)
+{
+	int	error;
+
+	error = xlog_recover_process_intents(log);
+	if (error) {
+		/*
+		 * Cancel all the unprocessed intent items now so that we don't
+		 * leave them pinned in the AIL.  This can cause the AIL to
+		 * livelock on the pinned item if anyone tries to push the AIL
+		 * (inode reclaim does this) before we get around to
+		 * xfs_log_mount_cancel.
+		 */
+		xlog_recover_cancel_intents(log);
+		xfs_alert(log->l_mp, "Failed to recover intents");
+		xlog_force_shutdown(log, SHUTDOWN_LOG_IO_ERROR);
+		return error;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Sync the log to get all the intents out of the AIL.  This isn't
+	 * absolutely necessary, but it helps in case the unlink transactions
+	 * would have problems pushing the intents out of the way.
+	 */
+	xfs_log_force(log->l_mp, XFS_LOG_SYNC);
+
+	/*
+	 * Now that we've recovered the log and all the intents, we can clear
+	 * the log incompat feature bits in the superblock because there's no
+	 * longer anything to protect.  We rely on the AIL push to write out the
+	 * updated superblock after everything else.
+	 */
+	if (xfs_clear_incompat_log_features(log->l_mp)) {
+		error = xfs_sync_sb(log->l_mp, false);
+		if (error < 0) {
+			xfs_alert(log->l_mp,
+	"Failed to clear log incompat features on recovery");
+			return error;
+		}
+	}
+
+	xlog_recover_process_iunlinks(log);
+
+	/*
+	 * Recover any CoW staging blocks that are still referenced by the
+	 * ondisk refcount metadata.  During mount there cannot be any live
+	 * staging extents as we have not permitted any user modifications.
+	 * Therefore, it is safe to free them all right now, even on a
+	 * read-only mount.
+	 */
+	error = xfs_reflink_recover_cow(log->l_mp);
+	if (error) {
+		xfs_alert(log->l_mp,
+	"Failed to recover leftover CoW staging extents, err %d.",
+				error);
+		/*
+		 * If we get an error here, make sure the log is shut down
+		 * but return zero so that any log items committed since the
+		 * end of intents processing can be pushed through the CIL
+		 * and AIL.
+		 */
+		xlog_force_shutdown(log, SHUTDOWN_LOG_IO_ERROR);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void
+xlog_recover_cancel(
+	struct xlog	*log)
+{
+	if (xlog_recovery_needed(log))
+		xlog_recover_cancel_intents(log);
+}
+