Adding upstream version 4.22.0.upstream/4.22.0

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+\
+.\" This man page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source.
+.\" Do not hand-hack it!  If you have bug fixes or improvements, please find
+.\" the corresponding HTML page on the Netpbm website, generate a patch
+.\" against that, and send it to the Netpbm maintainer.
+.TH "Pamcrater User Manual" 0 "03 November 2014" "netpbm documentation"
+
+.SH NAME
+
+pamcrater - create cratered terrain by fractal forgery
+
+.UN examples
+.SH EXAMPLES
+
+.nf
+\f(CW
+    $ pamcrater | pamshadedrelief | pamx
+
+    $ pamcrater -number=500000 -height=1000 -width=1000 >craters.pam
+\fP  
+.fi
+
+.UN synopsis
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+
+\fBpamcrater\fP
+
+[\fB-number\fP \fIn\fP]
+
+[\fB-height\fP \fIpixels\fP]
+
+[\fB-width\fP \fIpixels\fP]
+
+[\fB-randomseed=\fP\fIinteger\fP]
+
+[\fB-verbose\fP]
+
+.UN description
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.PP
+This program is part of
+.BR "Netpbm" (1)\c
+\&.
+.PP
+\fBpamcrater\fP creates a PAM image which is a terrain map (not a visual
+image) of cratered terrain.  The terrain is as if a given number of impacts
+into a surface create craters with random position and size.
+.PP
+The size distribution of the craters is based on a power law which results
+in many more small craters than large ones.  The number of craters of a given
+size varies as the reciprocal of the area as described on pages 31 and 32 of
+Peitgen and Saupe[1]; cratered bodies in the Solar System are observed to obey
+this relationship.  The formula used to obtain crater radii governed by this
+law from a uniformly distributed pseudorandom sequence was developed by Rudy
+Rucker.
+.PP
+A terrain map is a two dimensional map of terrain elevations.  the PAM
+image that \fBpamcrater\fP produces is therefore not a visual image but a
+depth-one image of tuple type "elevation", with the sample value
+being proportional to an elevation.
+.PP
+You can visualize the terrain map by generating a shaded relief image of it
+with \fBpamshadedrelief\fP.  
+.PP
+High resolution images with large numbers of
+craters often benefit from being piped through \fBpnmsmooth\fP.  The
+averaging performed by this process eliminates some of the jagged pixels and
+lends a mellow ``telescopic image'' feel to the overall picture.
+.PP
+\fBpamcrater\fP generates only small craters, which are hemispherical in
+shape (regardless of the incidence angle of the impacting body, as long as the
+velocity is sufficiently high).  Large craters, such as Copernicus and Tycho
+on the Moon, have a ``walled plain'' shape with a cross-section more like:
+
+.nf
+                /\e                            /\e
+          _____/  \e____________/\e____________/  \e_____
+.fi
+.PP
+Larger craters should really use this profile, including the central
+peak, and totally obliterate the pre-existing terrain.
+.PP
+The maxval of the PAM image is always 65535.
+.PP
+The randomness in the image is limited before Netpbm 10.37 (December
+2006) -- if you run the program twice in the same second, you may get
+identical output.
+
+
+.UN options
+.SH OPTIONS
+.PP
+All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix.
+
+
+.TP
+\fB-number\fP \fIn\fP
+This causes \fBpamcrater\fP to generate \fIn\fP craters.  If you do not
+specify \fB-number\fP, it generates 50000 craters.  Don't expect to see them
+all!  For every large crater there are many, many more tiny ones which tend
+simply to erode the landscape.  In general, the more craters you specify, the
+more realistic the result; ideally you want the entire terrain to have been
+extensively turned over again and again by cratering.  High resolution images
+containing five to ten million craters are stunning but take longer to create.
+
+.TP
+\fB-height\fP \fIheight\fP
+This sets the height of the generated image to \fIheight\fP pixels.
+The default height is 256 pixels.
+
+.TP
+\fB-width\fP \fIwidth\fP
+This sets the width of the generated image to \fIwidth\fP pixels.  The
+default width is 256 pixels.
+
+.TP
+\fB-randomseed=\fP\fIinteger\fP
+This is the seed for the random number generator that generates the
+pixels.
+.sp
+Use this to ensure you get the same image on separate invocations.
+.sp
+By default, \fBpamcrater\fP uses a seed derived from the time of day and
+process ID, which gives you fairly uncorrelated results in multiple
+invocations.
+.sp
+This option was new in Netpbm 10.61 (December 2012).
+
+.TP
+\fB-verbose\fP
+This causes \fBpamcrater\fP to issue additional messages about what it
+is doing.
+.sp
+This option was new in Neptbm 10.69 (December 2014).
+
+
+
+
+.UN designnotes
+.SH DESIGN NOTES
+.PP
+Real craters have two distinct morphologies.
+
+
+.UN seealso
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR "pamshadedrelief" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "ppmrelief" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pnmsmooth" (1)\c
+\&
+.BR "pam" (5)\c
+\&,
+
+
+.TP
+[1]
+Peitgen, H.-O., and Saupe, D. eds., The Science Of Fractal Images,
+New York: Springer Verlag, 1988.
+
+
+
+.UN author
+.SH AUTHOR
+.PP
+\fBpgmcrater\fP, from which this is derived, was written by John Walker:
+
+.nf
+John Walker
+Autodesk SA
+Avenue des Champs-Montants 14b
+CH-2074 MARIN
+Suisse/Schweiz/Svizzera/Svizra/Switzerland
+    \fBUsenet:\fP\fIkelvin@Autodesk.com\fP
+    \fBFax:\fP038/33 88 15
+    \fBVoice:\fP038/33 76 33
+.fi
+.PP
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+without any conditions or restrictions.  This software is provided
+"as is" without express or implied warranty.
+
+
+.UN history
+.SH HISTORY
+.PP
+John Walker wrote \fBpgmcrater\fP in 1991 and it was included in Pbmplus.
+\fBpgmcrater\fP did the equivalent of \f(CWpamcrater | pamshadedrelief\fP.
+In Netpbm 10.68 (September 2014), Bryan Henderson split the functions
+of \fBpgmcrater\fP into two programs, one (\fBpamcrater\fP) to compute
+elevations, and the other (\fBpamshadedrelief\fP) to generate a shaded relief
+visual image showing those elevations.  Bryan did this because it is more in
+keeping with Netpbm's modular architecture, and because
+the \fBpamshadedrelief\fP might be useful with other inputs.
+.PP
+(Like all Netpbm programs, \fBpgmcrater\fP was not static between the two
+events described above; minor changes, including replacement of most of the
+code, happened in between).
+.PP
+The original 1991 \fBpgmcrater\fP manual contains the following:
+
+.SS PLUGWARE!
+.PP
+If you like this kind of stuff, you may also enjoy "James Gleick's
+Chaos--The Software" for MS-DOS, available for $59.95 from your
+local software store or directly from Autodesk, Inc., Attn: Science
+Series, 2320 Marinship Way, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA.  Telephone:
+(800) 688-2344 toll-free or, outside the U.S. (415) 332-2344 Ext
+4886.  Fax: (415) 289-4718.  "Chaos--The Software" includes a more
+comprehensive fractal forgery generator which creates
+three-dimensional landscapes as well as clouds and planets, plus five
+more modules which explore other aspects of Chaos.  The user guide of
+more than 200 pages includes an introduction by James Gleick and
+detailed explanations by Rudy Rucker of the mathematics and algorithms
+used by each program.
+.SH DOCUMENT SOURCE
+This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML
+source.  The master documentation is at
+.IP
+.B http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pamcrater.html
+.PP
\ No newline at end of file