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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-4-Clause-UC
.\"
.\" @(#)btree.3 8.4 (Berkeley) 8/18/94
.\"
.TH btree 3 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
.\".UC 7
.SH NAME
btree \- btree database access method
.SH LIBRARY
Standard C library
.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.ft B
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <db.h>
.ft R
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.IR "Note well" :
This page documents interfaces provided up until glibc 2.1.
Since glibc 2.2, glibc no longer provides these interfaces.
Probably, you are looking for the APIs provided by the
.I libdb
library instead.
.P
The routine
.BR dbopen (3)
is the library interface to database files.
One of the supported file formats is btree files.
The general description of the database access methods is in
.BR dbopen (3),
this manual page describes only the btree-specific information.
.P
The btree data structure is a sorted, balanced tree structure storing
associated key/data pairs.
.P
The btree access-method-specific data structure provided to
.BR dbopen (3)
is defined in the
.I <db.h>
include file as follows:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
typedef struct {
unsigned long flags;
unsigned int cachesize;
int maxkeypage;
int minkeypage;
unsigned int psize;
int (*compare)(const DBT *key1, const DBT *key2);
size_t (*prefix)(const DBT *key1, const DBT *key2);
int lorder;
} BTREEINFO;
.EE
.in
.P
The elements of this structure are as follows:
.TP
.I flags
The flag value is specified by ORing any of the following values:
.RS
.TP
.B R_DUP
Permit duplicate keys in the tree, that is,
permit insertion if the key to be
inserted already exists in the tree.
The default behavior, as described in
.BR dbopen (3),
is to overwrite a matching key when inserting a new key or to fail if
the
.B R_NOOVERWRITE
flag is specified.
The
.B R_DUP
flag is overridden by the
.B R_NOOVERWRITE
flag, and if the
.B R_NOOVERWRITE
flag is specified, attempts to insert duplicate keys into
the tree will fail.
.IP
If the database contains duplicate keys, the order of retrieval of
key/data pairs is undefined if the
.I get
routine is used, however,
.I seq
routine calls with the
.B R_CURSOR
flag set will always return the logical
"first" of any group of duplicate keys.
.RE
.TP
.I cachesize
A suggested maximum size (in bytes) of the memory cache.
This value is
.I only
advisory, and the access method will allocate more memory rather than fail.
Since every search examines the root page of the tree, caching the most
recently used pages substantially improves access time.
In addition, physical writes are delayed as long as possible, so a moderate
cache can reduce the number of I/O operations significantly.
Obviously, using a cache increases (but only increases) the likelihood of
corruption or lost data if the system crashes while a tree is being modified.
If
.I cachesize
is 0 (no size is specified), a default cache is used.
.TP
.I maxkeypage
The maximum number of keys which will be stored on any single page.
Not currently implemented.
.\" The maximum number of keys which will be stored on any single page.
.\" Because of the way the btree data structure works,
.\" .I maxkeypage
.\" must always be greater than or equal to 2.
.\" If
.\" .I maxkeypage
.\" is 0 (no maximum number of keys is specified), the page fill factor is
.\" made as large as possible (which is almost invariably what is wanted).
.TP
.I minkeypage
The minimum number of keys which will be stored on any single page.
This value is used to determine which keys will be stored on overflow
pages, that is, if a key or data item is longer than the pagesize divided
by the minkeypage value, it will be stored on overflow pages instead
of in the page itself.
If
.I minkeypage
is 0 (no minimum number of keys is specified), a value of 2 is used.
.TP
.I psize
Page size is the size (in bytes) of the pages used for nodes in the tree.
The minimum page size is 512 bytes and the maximum page size is 64\ KiB.
If
.I psize
is 0 (no page size is specified), a page size is chosen based on the
underlying filesystem I/O block size.
.TP
.I compare
Compare is the key comparison function.
It must return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the
first key argument is considered to be respectively less than, equal to,
or greater than the second key argument.
The same comparison function must be used on a given tree every time it
is opened.
If
.I compare
is NULL (no comparison function is specified), the keys are compared
lexically, with shorter keys considered less than longer keys.
.TP
.I prefix
Prefix is the prefix comparison function.
If specified, this routine must return the number of bytes of the second key
argument which are necessary to determine that it is greater than the first
key argument.
If the keys are equal, the key length should be returned.
Note, the usefulness of this routine is very data-dependent, but, in some
data sets can produce significantly reduced tree sizes and search times.
If
.I prefix
is NULL (no prefix function is specified),
.I and
no comparison function is specified, a default lexical comparison routine
is used.
If
.I prefix
is NULL and a comparison routine is specified, no prefix comparison is
done.
.TP
.I lorder
The byte order for integers in the stored database metadata.
The number should represent the order as an integer; for example,
big endian order would be the number 4,321.
If
.I lorder
is 0 (no order is specified), the current host order is used.
.P
If the file already exists (and the
.B O_TRUNC
flag is not specified), the
values specified for the arguments
.IR flags ,
.IR lorder ,
and
.I psize
are ignored
in favor of the values used when the tree was created.
.P
Forward sequential scans of a tree are from the least key to the greatest.
.P
Space freed up by deleting key/data pairs from the tree is never reclaimed,
although it is normally made available for reuse.
This means that the btree storage structure is grow-only.
The only solutions are to avoid excessive deletions, or to create a fresh
tree periodically from a scan of an existing one.
.P
Searches, insertions, and deletions in a btree will all complete in
O lg base N where base is the average fill factor.
Often, inserting ordered data into btrees results in a low fill factor.
This implementation has been modified to make ordered insertion the best
case, resulting in a much better than normal page fill factor.
.SH ERRORS
The
.I btree
access method routines may fail and set
.I errno
for any of the errors specified for the library routine
.BR dbopen (3).
.SH BUGS
Only big and little endian byte order is supported.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR dbopen (3),
.BR hash (3),
.BR mpool (3),
.BR recno (3)
.P
.IR "The Ubiquitous B-tree" ,
Douglas Comer, ACM Comput. Surv. 11, 2 (June 1979), 121-138.
.P
.IR "Prefix B-trees" ,
Bayer and Unterauer, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Vol. 2, 1
(March 1977), 11-26.
.P
.IR "The Art of Computer Programming Vol. 3: Sorting and Searching" ,
D.E. Knuth, 1968, pp 471-480.
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