1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
|
'\" t
.\" Copyright (c) 2012 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.TH mtrace 3 2023-07-20 "Linux man-pages 6.05.01"
.SH NAME
mtrace, muntrace \- malloc tracing
.SH LIBRARY
Standard C library
.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B "#include <mcheck.h>"
.PP
.B "void mtrace(void);"
.B "void muntrace(void);"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR mtrace ()
function installs hook functions for the memory-allocation functions
.RB ( malloc (3),
.BR realloc (3)
.BR memalign (3),
.BR free (3)).
These hook functions record tracing information about memory allocation
and deallocation.
The tracing information can be used to discover memory leaks and
attempts to free nonallocated memory in a program.
.PP
The
.BR muntrace ()
function disables the hook functions installed by
.BR mtrace (),
so that tracing information is no longer recorded
for the memory-allocation functions.
If no hook functions were successfully installed by
.BR mtrace (),
.BR muntrace ()
does nothing.
.PP
When
.BR mtrace ()
is called, it checks the value of the environment variable
.BR MALLOC_TRACE ,
which should contain the pathname of a file in which
the tracing information is to be recorded.
If the pathname is successfully opened, it is truncated to zero length.
.PP
If
.B MALLOC_TRACE
is not set,
or the pathname it specifies is invalid or not writable,
then no hook functions are installed, and
.BR mtrace ()
has no effect.
In set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs,
.B MALLOC_TRACE
is ignored, and
.BR mtrace ()
has no effect.
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.TS
allbox;
lbx lb lb
l l l.
Interface Attribute Value
T{
.na
.nh
.BR mtrace (),
.BR muntrace ()
T} Thread safety MT-Unsafe
.TE
.sp 1
.\" FIXME: The marking is different from that in the glibc manual,
.\" markings in glibc manual are more detailed:
.\"
.\" mtrace: MT-Unsafe env race:mtrace const:malloc_hooks init
.\" muntrace: MT-Unsafe race:mtrace const:malloc_hooks locale
.\"
.\" But there is something wrong in glibc manual, for example:
.\" glibc manual says muntrace should have marking locale because it calls
.\" fprintf(), but muntrace does not execute area which cause locale problem.
.SH STANDARDS
GNU.
.SH NOTES
In normal usage,
.BR mtrace ()
is called once at the start of execution of a program, and
.BR muntrace ()
is never called.
.PP
The tracing output produced after a call to
.BR mtrace ()
is textual, but not designed to be human readable.
The GNU C library provides a Perl script,
.BR mtrace (1),
that interprets the trace log and produces human-readable output.
For best results,
the traced program should be compiled with debugging enabled,
so that line-number information is recorded in the executable.
.PP
The tracing performed by
.BR mtrace ()
incurs a performance penalty (if
.B MALLOC_TRACE
points to a valid, writable pathname).
.SH BUGS
The line-number information produced by
.BR mtrace (1)
is not always precise:
the line number references may refer to the previous or following (nonblank)
line of the source code.
.SH EXAMPLES
The shell session below demonstrates the use of the
.BR mtrace ()
function and the
.BR mtrace (1)
command in a program that has memory leaks at two different locations.
The demonstration uses the following program:
.PP
.in +4n
.RB "$ " "cat t_mtrace.c"
.\" SRC BEGIN (t_mtrace.c)
.EX
#include <mcheck.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
\&
int
main(void)
{
mtrace();
\&
for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
malloc(100); /* Never freed\-\-a memory leak */
\&
calloc(16, 16); /* Never freed\-\-a memory leak */
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.EE
.\" SRC END
.in
.PP
When we run the program as follows, we see that
.BR mtrace ()
diagnosed memory leaks at two different locations in the program:
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
.RB "$ " "cc \-g t_mtrace.c \-o t_mtrace"
.RB "$ " "export MALLOC_TRACE=/tmp/t"
.RB "$ " "./t_mtrace"
.RB "$ " "mtrace ./t_mtrace $MALLOC_TRACE"
Memory not freed:
-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
Address Size Caller
0x084c9378 0x64 at /home/cecilia/t_mtrace.c:12
0x084c93e0 0x64 at /home/cecilia/t_mtrace.c:12
0x084c9448 0x100 at /home/cecilia/t_mtrace.c:16
.EE
.in
.PP
The first two messages about unfreed memory correspond to the two
.BR malloc (3)
calls inside the
.I for
loop.
The final message corresponds to the call to
.BR calloc (3)
(which in turn calls
.BR malloc (3)).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR mtrace (1),
.BR malloc (3),
.BR malloc_hook (3),
.BR mcheck (3)
|
