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diff --git a/man/man7/hier.7 b/man/man7/hier.7 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6c4978 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man7/hier.7 @@ -0,0 +1,654 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de) +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft +.\" +.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 11:05:58 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) +.\" Modified Sat Feb 10 16:18:03 1996 by Urs Thuermann (urs@isnogud.escape.de) +.\" Modified Mon Jun 16 20:02:00 1997 by Nicolás Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org> +.\" Modified Mon Feb 6 16:41:00 1999 by Nicolás Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org> +.\" Modified Tue Feb 8 16:46:45 2000 by Chris Pepper <pepper@tgg.com> +.\" Modified Fri Sep 7 20:32:45 2001 by Tammy Fox <tfox@redhat.com> +.TH hier 7 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +hier \- description of the filesystem hierarchy +.SH DESCRIPTION +A typical Linux system has, among others, the following directories: +.TP +.I / +This is the root directory. +This is where the whole tree starts. +.TP +.I /bin +This directory contains executable programs which are needed in +single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it. +.TP +.I /boot +Contains static files for the boot loader. +This directory holds only +the files which are needed during the boot process. +The map installer +and configuration files should go to +.I /sbin +and +.IR /etc . +The operating system kernel (initrd for example) must be located in either +.I / +or +.IR /boot . +.TP +.I /dev +Special or device files, which refer to physical devices. +See +.BR mknod (1). +.TP +.I /etc +Contains configuration files which are local to the machine. +Some +larger software packages, like X11, can have their own subdirectories +below +.IR /etc . +Site-wide configuration files may be placed here or in +.IR /usr/etc . +Nevertheless, programs should always look for these files in +.I /etc +and you may have links for these files to +.IR /usr/etc . +.TP +.I /etc/opt +Host-specific configuration files for add-on applications installed +in +.IR /opt . +.TP +.I /etc/sgml +This directory contains the configuration files for SGML (optional). +.TP +.I /etc/skel +When a new user account is created, files from this directory are +usually copied into the user's home directory. +.TP +.I /etc/X11 +Configuration files for the X11 window system (optional). +.TP +.I /etc/xml +This directory contains the configuration files for XML (optional). +.TP +.I /home +On machines with home directories for users, these are usually beneath +this directory, directly or not. +The structure of this directory +depends on local administration decisions (optional). +.TP +.I /lib +This directory should hold those shared libraries that are necessary +to boot the system and to run the commands in the root filesystem. +.TP +.I /lib<qual> +These directories are variants of +.I /lib +on system which support more than one binary format requiring separate +libraries (optional). +.TP +.I /lib/modules +Loadable kernel modules (optional). +.TP +.I /lost+found +This directory contains items lost in the filesystem. +These items are usually chunks of files mangled as a consequence of +a faulty disk or a system crash. +.TP +.I /media +This directory contains mount points for removable media such as CD +and DVD disks or USB sticks. +On systems where more than one device exists +for mounting a certain type of media, +mount directories can be created by appending a digit +to the name of those available above starting with '0', +but the unqualified name must also exist. +.TP +.I /media/floppy[1\-9] +Floppy drive (optional). +.TP +.I /media/cdrom[1\-9] +CD-ROM drive (optional). +.TP +.I /media/cdrecorder[1\-9] +CD writer (optional). +.TP +.I /media/zip[1\-9] +Zip drive (optional). +.TP +.I /media/usb[1\-9] +USB drive (optional). +.TP +.I /mnt +This directory is a mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem. +In some distributions, +.I /mnt +contains subdirectories intended to be used as mount points for several +temporary filesystems. +.TP +.I /opt +This directory should contain add-on packages that contain static files. +.TP +.I /proc +This is a mount point for the +.I proc +filesystem, which provides information about running processes and +the kernel. +This pseudo-filesystem is described in more detail in +.BR proc (5). +.TP +.I /root +This directory is usually the home directory for the root user (optional). +.TP +.I /run +This directory contains information which +describes the system since it was booted. +Once this purpose was served by +.I /var/run +and programs may continue to use it. +.TP +.I /sbin +Like +.IR /bin , +this directory holds commands needed to boot the system, but which are +usually not executed by normal users. +.TP +.I /srv +This directory contains site-specific data that is served by this system. +.TP +.I /sys +This is a mount point for the sysfs filesystem, which provides information +about the kernel like +.IR /proc , +but better structured, following the formalism of kobject infrastructure. +.TP +.I /tmp +This directory contains temporary files which may be deleted with no +notice, such as by a regular job or at system boot up. +.TP +.I /usr +This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition. +It should hold only shareable, read-only data, so that it can be mounted +by various machines running Linux. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6 +The X\-Window system, version 11 release 6 (present in FHS 2.3, removed +in FHS 3.0). +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/bin +Binaries which belong to the X\-Window system; often, there is a +symbolic link from the more traditional +.I /usr/bin/X11 +to here. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/lib +Data files associated with the X\-Window system. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 +These contain miscellaneous files needed to run X; Often, there is a +symbolic link from +.I /usr/lib/X11 +to this directory. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/include/X11 +Contains include files needed for compiling programs using the X11 +window system. +Often, there is a symbolic link from +.I /usr/include/X11 +to this directory. +.TP +.I /usr/bin +This is the primary directory for executable programs. +Most programs +executed by normal users which are not needed for booting or for +repairing the system and which are not installed locally should be +placed in this directory. +.TP +.I /usr/bin/mh +Commands for the MH mail handling system (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/bin/X11 +This is the traditional place to look for X11 executables; on Linux, it +usually is a symbolic link to +.IR /usr/X11R6/bin . +.TP +.I /usr/dict +Replaced by +.IR /usr/share/dict . +.TP +.I /usr/doc +Replaced by +.IR /usr/share/doc . +.TP +.I /usr/etc +Site-wide configuration files to be shared between several machines +may be stored in this directory. +However, commands should always +reference those files using the +.I /etc +directory. +Links from files in +.I /etc +should point to the appropriate files in +.IR /usr/etc . +.TP +.I /usr/games +Binaries for games and educational programs (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/include +Include files for the C compiler. +.TP +.I /usr/include/bsd +BSD compatibility include files (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/include/X11 +Include files for the C compiler and the X\-Window system. +This is +usually a symbolic link to +.IR /usr/X11R6/include/X11 . +.TP +.I /usr/include/asm +Include files which declare some assembler functions. +This used to be a +symbolic link to +.IR /usr/src/linux/include/asm . +.TP +.I /usr/include/linux +This contains information which may change from system release to +system release and used to be a symbolic link to +.I /usr/src/linux/include/linux +to get at operating-system-specific information. +.IP +(Note that one should have include files there that work correctly with +the current libc and in user space. +However, Linux kernel source is not +designed to be used with user programs and does not know anything +about the libc you are using. +It is very likely that things will break +if you let +.I /usr/include/asm +and +.I /usr/include/linux +point at a random kernel tree. +Debian systems don't do this +and use headers from a known good kernel +version, provided in the libc*\-dev package.) +.TP +.I /usr/include/g++ +Include files to use with the GNU C++ compiler. +.TP +.I /usr/lib +Object libraries, including dynamic libraries, plus some executables +which usually are not invoked directly. +More complicated programs may +have whole subdirectories there. +.TP +.I /usr/libexec +Directory contains binaries for internal use only and they are not meant +to be executed directly by users shell or scripts. +.TP +.I /usr/lib<qual> +These directories are variants of +.I /usr/lib +on system which support more than one binary format requiring separate +libraries, except that the symbolic link +.IR /usr/lib qual /X11 +is not required (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/lib/X11 +The usual place for data files associated with X programs, and +configuration files for the X system itself. +On Linux, it usually is +a symbolic link to +.IR /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 . +.TP +.I /usr/lib/gcc\-lib +contains executables and include files for the GNU C compiler, +.BR gcc (1). +.TP +.I /usr/lib/groff +Files for the GNU groff document formatting system. +.TP +.I /usr/lib/uucp +Files for +.BR uucp (1). +.TP +.I /usr/local +This is where programs which are local to the site typically go. +.TP +.I /usr/local/bin +Binaries for programs local to the site. +.TP +.I /usr/local/doc +Local documentation. +.TP +.I /usr/local/etc +Configuration files associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/games +Binaries for locally installed games. +.TP +.I /usr/local/lib +Files associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/lib<qual> +These directories are variants of +.I /usr/local/lib +on system which support more than one binary format requiring separate +libraries (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/local/include +Header files for the local C compiler. +.TP +.I /usr/local/info +Info pages associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/man +Man pages associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/sbin +Locally installed programs for system administration. +.TP +.I /usr/local/share +Local application data that can be shared among different architectures +of the same OS. +.TP +.I /usr/local/src +Source code for locally installed software. +.TP +.I /usr/man +Replaced by +.IR /usr/share/man . +.TP +.I /usr/sbin +This directory contains program binaries for system administration +which are not essential for the boot process, for mounting +.IR /usr , +or for system repair. +.TP +.I /usr/share +This directory contains subdirectories with specific application data, that +can be shared among different architectures of the same OS. +Often one finds stuff here that used to live in +.I /usr/doc +or +.I /usr/lib +or +.IR /usr/man . +.TP +.I /usr/share/color +Contains color management information, like International Color Consortium (ICC) +Color profiles (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/dict +Contains the word lists used by spell checkers (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/dict/words +List of English words (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/doc +Documentation about installed programs (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/games +Static data files for games in +.I /usr/games +(optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/info +Info pages go here (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/locale +Locale information goes here (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/man +Manual pages go here in subdirectories according to the man page sections. +.TP +.IR /usr/share/man/ locale /man[1\-9] +These directories contain manual pages for the +specific locale in source code form. +Systems which use a unique language and code set for all manual pages +may omit the <locale> substring. +.TP +.I /usr/share/misc +Miscellaneous data that can be shared among different architectures of the +same OS. +.TP +.I /usr/share/nls +The message catalogs for native language support go here (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/ppd +Postscript Printer Definition (PPD) files (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/sgml +Files for SGML (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/sgml/docbook +DocBook DTD (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/sgml/tei +TEI DTD (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/sgml/html +HTML DTD (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/sgml/mathml +MathML DTD (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/terminfo +The database for terminfo (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/tmac +Troff macros that are not distributed with groff (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/xml +Files for XML (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/xml/docbook +DocBook DTD (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/xml/xhtml +XHTML DTD (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/xml/mathml +MathML DTD (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/share/zoneinfo +Files for timezone information (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/src +Source files for different parts of the system, included with some packages +for reference purposes. +Don't work here with your own projects, as files +below /usr should be read-only except when installing software (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/src/linux +This was the traditional place for the kernel source. +Some distributions put here the source for the default kernel they ship. +You should probably use another directory when building your own kernel. +.TP +.I /usr/tmp +Obsolete. +This should be a link +to +.IR /var/tmp . +This link is present only for compatibility reasons and shouldn't be used. +.TP +.I /var +This directory contains files which may change in size, such as spool +and log files. +.TP +.I /var/account +Process accounting logs (optional). +.TP +.I /var/adm +This directory is superseded by +.I /var/log +and should be a symbolic link to +.IR /var/log . +.TP +.I /var/backups +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/cache +Data cached for programs. +.TP +.I /var/cache/fonts +Locally generated fonts (optional). +.TP +.I /var/cache/man +Locally formatted man pages (optional). +.TP +.I /var/cache/www +WWW proxy or cache data (optional). +.TP +.I /var/cache/<package> +Package specific cache data (optional). +.TP +.IR /var/catman/cat[1\-9] " or " /var/cache/man/cat[1\-9] +These directories contain preformatted manual pages according to their +man page section. +(The use of preformatted manual pages is deprecated.) +.TP +.I /var/crash +System crash dumps (optional). +.TP +.I /var/cron +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/games +Variable game data (optional). +.TP +.I /var/lib +Variable state information for programs. +.TP +.I /var/lib/color +Variable files containing color management information (optional). +.TP +.I /var/lib/hwclock +State directory for hwclock (optional). +.TP +.I /var/lib/misc +Miscellaneous state data. +.TP +.I /var/lib/xdm +X display manager variable data (optional). +.TP +.I /var/lib/<editor> +Editor backup files and state (optional). +.TP +.I /var/lib/<name> +These directories must be used for all distribution packaging support. +.TP +.I /var/lib/<package> +State data for packages and subsystems (optional). +.TP +.I /var/lib/<pkgtool> +Packaging support files (optional). +.TP +.I /var/local +Variable data for +.IR /usr/local . +.TP +.I /var/lock +Lock files are placed in this directory. +The naming convention for +device lock files is +.I LCK..<device> +where +.I <device> +is the device's name in the filesystem. +The format used is that of HDU UUCP lock files, that is, lock files +contain a PID as a 10-byte ASCII decimal number, followed by a newline +character. +.TP +.I /var/log +Miscellaneous log files. +.TP +.I /var/opt +Variable data for +.IR /opt . +.TP +.I /var/mail +Users' mailboxes. +Replaces +.IR /var/spool/mail . +.TP +.I /var/msgs +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/preserve +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/run +Run-time variable files, like files holding process identifiers (PIDs) +and logged user information +.IR (utmp) . +Files in this directory are usually cleared when the system boots. +.TP +.I /var/spool +Spooled (or queued) files for various programs. +.TP +.I /var/spool/at +Spooled jobs for +.BR at (1). +.TP +.I /var/spool/cron +Spooled jobs for +.BR cron (8). +.TP +.I /var/spool/lpd +Spooled files for printing (optional). +.TP +.I /var/spool/lpd/printer +Spools for a specific printer (optional). +.TP +.I /var/spool/mail +Replaced by +.IR /var/mail . +.TP +.I /var/spool/mqueue +Queued outgoing mail (optional). +.TP +.I /var/spool/news +Spool directory for news (optional). +.TP +.I /var/spool/rwho +Spooled files for +.BR rwhod (8) +(optional). +.TP +.I /var/spool/smail +Spooled files for the +.BR smail (1) +mail delivery program. +.TP +.I /var/spool/uucp +Spooled files for +.BR uucp (1) +(optional). +.TP +.I /var/tmp +Like +.IR /tmp , +this directory holds temporary files stored for an unspecified duration. +.TP +.I /var/yp +Database files for NIS, +formerly known as the Sun Yellow Pages (YP). +.SH STANDARDS +.UR https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml +The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), Version 3.0 +.UE , +published March 19, 2015 +.SH BUGS +This list is not exhaustive; +different distributions and systems may be configured differently. +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR find (1), +.BR ln (1), +.BR proc (5), +.BR file\-hierarchy (7), +.BR mount (8) +.P +The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard |