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diff --git a/man1/intro.1 b/man1/intro.1 deleted file mode 100644 index bf8a1fe..0000000 --- a/man1/intro.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,305 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 2002 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl> -.\" -.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft -.\" -.TH intro 1 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.7" -.SH NAME -intro \- introduction to user commands -.SH DESCRIPTION -Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools, -for example, file manipulation tools, shells, compilers, -web browsers, file and image viewers and editors, and so on. -.SH NOTES -Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation -all user commands under UNIX work precisely the same under -Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of other UNIX-like systems). -.P -Under Linux, there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you -can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without -first reading lots of documentation. -The traditional UNIX environment -is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to -tell the computer what to do. -That is faster and more powerful, -but requires finding out what the commands are. -Below a bare minimum, to get started. -.SS Login -In order to start working, you probably first have to open a session by -giving your username and password. -The program -.BR login (1) -now starts a -.I shell -(command interpreter) for you. -In case of a graphical login, you get a screen with menus or icons -and a mouse click will start a shell in a window. -See also -.BR xterm (1). -.SS The shell -One types commands to the -.IR shell , -the command interpreter. -It is not built-in, but is just a program -and you can change your shell. -Everybody has their own favorite one. -The standard one is called -.IR sh . -See also -.BR ash (1), -.BR bash (1), -.BR chsh (1), -.BR csh (1), -.BR dash (1), -.BR ksh (1), -.BR zsh (1). -.P -A session might go like: -.P -.in +4n -.EX -.RB "knuth login: " aeb -.RB "Password: " ******** -.RB "$ " date -Tue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002 -.RB "$ " cal - August 2002 -Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa - 1 2 3 - 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -11 12 13 14 15 16 17 -18 19 20 21 22 23 24 -25 26 27 28 29 30 31 -\& -.RB "$ " ls -bin tel -.RB "$ " "ls \-l" -total 2 -drwxrwxr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin -\-rw\-rw\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel -.RB "$ " "cat tel" -maja 0501\-1136285 -peter 0136\-7399214 -.RB "$ " "cp tel tel2" -.RB "$ " "ls \-l" -total 3 -drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin -\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel -\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 -.RB "$ " "mv tel tel1" -.RB "$ " "ls \-l" -total 3 -drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin -\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1 -\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 -.RB "$ " "diff tel1 tel2" -.RB "$ " "rm tel1" -.RB "$ " "grep maja tel2" -maja 0501\-1136285 -$ -.EE -.in -.P -Here typing Control-D ended the session. -.P -The -.B $ -here was the command prompt\[em]it is the shell's way of indicating -that it is ready for the next command. -The prompt can be customized -in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username, -machine name, current directory, time, and so on. -An assignment PS1="What next, master? " -would change the prompt as indicated. -.P -We see that there are commands -.I date -(that gives date and time), and -.I cal -(that gives a calendar). -.P -The command -.I ls -lists the contents of the current directory\[em]it tells you what -files you have. -With a -.I \-l -option it gives a long listing, -that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the -permissions people have for reading and/or changing the file. -For example, the file "tel" here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb -and the owner can read and write it, others can only read it. -Owner and permissions can be changed by the commands -.I chown -and -.IR chmod . -.P -The command -.I cat -will show the contents of a file. -(The name is from "concatenate and print": all files given as -parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output" -(see -.BR stdout (3)), -here -the terminal screen.) -.P -The command -.I cp -(from "copy") will copy a file. -.P -The command -.I mv -(from "move"), on the other hand, only renames it. -.P -The command -.I diff -lists the differences between two files. -Here there was no output because there were no differences. -.P -The command -.I rm -(from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone. -No wastepaper basket or anything. -Deleted means lost. -.P -The command -.I grep -(from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files. -Here it finds Maja's telephone number. -.SS Pathnames and the current directory -Files live in a large tree, the file hierarchy. -Each has a -.I "pathname" -describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called -.IR / ) -to the file. -For example, such a full pathname might be -.IR /home/aeb/tel . -Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name -of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by giving -only the last component. -That is why -.I /home/aeb/tel -can be abbreviated -to -.I tel -when the current directory is -.IR /home/aeb . -.P -The command -.I pwd -prints the current directory. -.P -The command -.I cd -changes the current directory. -.P -Try alternatively -.I cd -and -.I pwd -commands and explore -.I cd -usage: "cd", "cd .", "cd ..", "cd /", and "cd \[ti]". -.SS Directories -The command -.I mkdir -makes a new directory. -.P -The command -.I rmdir -removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise. -.P -The command -.I find -(with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name -or other properties. -For example, "find . \-name tel" would find -the file -.I tel -starting in the present directory (which is called -.IR . ). -And "find / \-name tel" would do the same, but starting at the root -of the tree. -Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, -and it may be better to use -.BR locate (1). -.SS Disks and filesystems -The command -.I mount -will attach the filesystem found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so) -to the big filesystem hierarchy. -And -.I umount -detaches it again. -The command -.I df -will tell you how much of your disk is still free. -.SS Processes -On a UNIX system many user and system processes run simultaneously. -The one you are talking to runs in the -.IR foreground , -the others in the -.IR background . -The command -.I ps -will show you which processes are active and what numbers these -processes have. -The command -.I kill -allows you to get rid of them. -Without option this is a friendly -request: please go away. -And "kill \-9" followed by the number -of the process is an immediate kill. -Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C. -.SS Getting information -There are thousands of commands, each with many options. -Traditionally commands are documented on -.IR "man pages" , -(like this one), so that the command "man kill" will document -the use of the command "kill" (and "man man" document the command "man"). -The program -.I man -sends the text through some -.IR pager , -usually -.IR less . -Hit the space bar to get the next page, hit q to quit. -.P -In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages -by giving the name and section number, as in -.BR man (1). -Man pages are terse, and allow you to find quickly some forgotten -detail. -For newcomers an introductory text with more examples -and explanations is useful. -.P -A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. -Type "info info" -for an introduction on the use of the program -.IR info . -.P -Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. -Look in -.I /usr/share/doc/howto/en -and use a browser if you find HTML files there. -.\" -.\" Actual examples? Separate section for each of cat, cp, ...? -.\" gzip, bzip2, tar, rpm -.SH SEE ALSO -.BR ash (1), -.BR bash (1), -.BR chsh (1), -.BR csh (1), -.BR dash (1), -.BR ksh (1), -.BR locate (1), -.BR login (1), -.BR man (1), -.BR xterm (1), -.BR zsh (1), -.BR wait (2), -.BR stdout (3), -.BR man\-pages (7), -.BR standards (7) |