Adding upstream version 2.1.1.upstream/2.1.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

26 files changed, 4961 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/example/Makefile.am b/example/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3033e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+SUBDIRS = multi_type_vector
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(top_srcdir)/include -DNDEBUG
+
+EXTRA_PROGRAMS = \
+	flat-segment-tree \
+	flat-segment-tree-itrs \
+	multi-type-matrix \
+	packed-trie-map \
+	packed-trie-state-custom \
+	packed-trie-state-int \
+	point-quad-tree \
+	segment-tree \
+	trie-map \
+	rtree-simple \
+	rtree-erase \
+	rtree-medium \
+	rtree-medium-bulkload
+
+flat_segment_tree_SOURCES = flat_segment_tree.cpp
+flat_segment_tree_itrs_SOURCES = flat_segment_tree_itrs.cpp
+multi_type_matrix_SOURCES = multi_type_matrix.cpp
+packed_trie_map_SOURCES = packed_trie_map.cpp
+packed_trie_state_custom_SOURCES = packed_trie_state_custom.cpp
+packed_trie_state_int_SOURCES = packed_trie_state_int.cpp
+point_quad_tree_SOURCES = point_quad_tree.cpp
+segment_tree_SOURCES = segment_tree.cpp
+trie_map_SOURCES = trie_map.cpp
+rtree_simple_SOURCES = rtree_simple.cpp
+rtree_erase_SOURCES = rtree_erase.cpp
+rtree_medium_SOURCES = rtree_medium.cpp
+rtree_medium_bulkload_SOURCES = rtree_medium_bulkload.cpp
+
+TESTS = \
+	flat-segment-tree \
+	flat-segment-tree-itrs \
+	multi-type-matrix \
+	packed-trie-map \
+	packed-trie-state-custom \
+	packed-trie-state-int \
+	point-quad-tree \
+	segment-tree \
+	trie-map \
+	rtree-simple \
+	rtree-erase \
+	rtree-medium \
+	rtree-medium-bulkload
+
+TEST_ARTIFACTS = \
+	*.svg \
+	us-presidents.bin \
+	cities.bin
+
+clean-local:
+	rm -f $(TESTS) $(TEST_ARTIFACTS)
+
diff --git a/example/Makefile.in b/example/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e800ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,1335 @@
+# Makefile.in generated by automake 1.16.5 from Makefile.am.
+# @configure_input@
+
+# Copyright (C) 1994-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without
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+	packed-trie-map$(EXEEXT) packed-trie-state-custom$(EXEEXT) \
+	packed-trie-state-int$(EXEEXT) point-quad-tree$(EXEEXT) \
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+	rtree-erase$(EXEEXT) rtree-medium$(EXEEXT) \
+	rtree-medium-bulkload$(EXEEXT)
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+	multi-type-matrix$(EXEEXT) packed-trie-map$(EXEEXT) \
+	packed-trie-state-custom$(EXEEXT) \
+	packed-trie-state-int$(EXEEXT) point-quad-tree$(EXEEXT) \
+	segment-tree$(EXEEXT) trie-map$(EXEEXT) rtree-simple$(EXEEXT) \
+	rtree-erase$(EXEEXT) rtree-medium$(EXEEXT) \
+	rtree-medium-bulkload$(EXEEXT)
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+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
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+	    || exit 1; \
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+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
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+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/rtree_simple.Po
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diff --git a/example/flat_segment_tree.cpp b/example/flat_segment_tree.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..deb96bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/flat_segment_tree.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/flat_segment_tree.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() try
+{
+    //!code-start: type
+    using fst_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<long, int>;
+    //!code-end: type
+
+    //!code-start: instance
+    // Define the begin and end points of the whole segment, and the default
+    // value.
+    fst_type db(0, 500, 0);
+    //!code-end: instance
+
+    //!code-start: insert-1
+    db.insert_front(10, 20, 10);
+    db.insert_back(50, 70, 15);
+    //!code-end: insert-1
+
+    //!code-start: insert-2
+    db.insert_back(60, 65, 5);
+    //!code-end: insert-2
+
+    //!code-start: linear-search
+    // Perform linear search.  This doesn't require the tree to be built ahead
+    // of time.
+    if (auto it = db.search(15); it != db.end())
+    {
+        auto segment = it.to_segment();
+        std::cout << "The value at 15 is " << segment->value
+            << ", and this segment spans from " << segment->start << " to "
+            << segment->end << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: linear-search
+
+    //!code-start: tree-search
+    // Don't forget to build tree before calling search_tree().
+    db.build_tree();
+
+    // Perform tree search.  Tree search is generally a lot faster than linear
+    // search, but requires the tree to be built ahead of time.
+    if (auto it = db.search_tree(62); it != db.end())
+    {
+        auto segment = it.to_segment();
+        std::cout << "The value at 62 is " << segment->value
+            << ", and this segment spans from " << segment->start << " to "
+            << segment->end << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: tree-search
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/flat_segment_tree_itrs.cpp b/example/flat_segment_tree_itrs.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a1b385
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/flat_segment_tree_itrs.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/flat_segment_tree.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using fst_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<long, int>;
+
+void iterate_nodes(const fst_type& db)
+{
+    //!code-start: iterate-nodes
+    for (auto it = db.begin(); it != db.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        std::cout << "key: " << it->first << "; value: " << it->second << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: iterate-nodes
+}
+
+void loop_nodes(const fst_type& db)
+{
+    //!code-start: loop-nodes
+    for (const auto& node : db)
+    {
+        std::cout << "key: " << node.first << "; value: " << node.second << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: loop-nodes
+}
+
+void iterate_segments(const fst_type& db)
+{
+    //!code-start: iterate-segments
+    for (auto it = db.begin_segment(); it != db.end_segment(); ++it)
+    {
+        std::cout << "start: " << it->start << "; end: " << it->end << "; value: " << it->value << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: iterate-segments
+}
+
+void loop_segments(const fst_type& db)
+{
+    //!code-start: loop-segments
+    for (const auto& segment : db.segment_range())
+    {
+        std::cout << "start: " << segment.start << "; end: " << segment.end << "; value: " << segment.value << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: loop-segments
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    fst_type db(0, 500, 0);
+
+    db.insert_front(10, 20, 10);
+    db.insert_back(50, 70, 15);
+    db.insert_back(60, 65, 5);
+
+    iterate_nodes(db);
+    loop_nodes(db);
+    iterate_segments(db);
+    loop_segments(db);
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/multi_type_matrix.cpp b/example/multi_type_matrix.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4901f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_matrix.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/multi_type_matrix.hpp>
+#include <vector>
+
+typedef mdds::multi_type_matrix<mdds::mtm::std_string_traits> mtm_type;
+
+int main() try
+{
+    // Create a 3x3 matrix with empty elements.
+    mtm_type mx(3, 3);
+
+    // Store values of four different types.
+    mx.set(0, 0, 1.1);  // numeric value (double)
+    mx.set(1, 0, std::string("text")); // string value
+    mx.set(0, 1, true); // boolean value
+    mx.set(1, 1, int(12)); // integer value
+
+    std::vector<double> values = {
+        1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9
+    };
+
+    // Set values for all elements in one step.
+    mx.set(0, 0, values.begin(), values.end());
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/Makefile.am b/example/multi_type_vector/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64dc5d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(top_srcdir)/include -DNDEBUG
+
+EXTRA_PROGRAMS = \
+	mtv-collection \
+	basic \
+	custom-value-types \
+	custom-value-types-custom-store \
+	debug-trace \
+	element-block1 \
+	standard-custom-store \
+	event1 \
+	pos-hint
+
+mtv_collection_SOURCES = mtv_collection.cpp
+basic_SOURCES = basic.cpp
+custom_value_types_SOURCES = custom_value_types.cpp
+custom_value_types_custom_store_SOURCES = custom_value_types_custom_store.cpp
+debug_trace_SOURCES = debug_trace.cpp
+element_block1_SOURCES = element_block1.cpp
+standard_custom_store_SOURCES = standard_custom_store.cpp
+event1_SOURCES = event1.cpp
+pos_hint_SOURCES = pos_hint.cpp
+
+TESTS = \
+	mtv-collection \
+	basic \
+	custom-value-types \
+	custom-value-types-custom-store \
+	debug-trace \
+	element-block1 \
+	standard-custom-store \
+	event1 \
+	pos-hint
+
+clean-local:
+	rm -f $(TESTS)
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/Makefile.in b/example/multi_type_vector/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dc2132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,1129 @@
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+        { \
+          break; \
+        } \
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+  if (recheck) \
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+      while ((rc = (getline line < ($$0 ".log"))) != 0) \
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+        if (rc < 0) \
+          fatal("failed to read from " $$0 ".log"); \
+        print line; \
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+    }; \
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+# Restructured Text title.
+am__rst_title = { sed 's/.*/   &   /;h;s/./=/g;p;x;s/ *$$//;p;g' && echo; }
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+AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(top_srcdir)/include -DNDEBUG
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+custom_value_types_custom_store_SOURCES = custom_value_types_custom_store.cpp
+debug_trace_SOURCES = debug_trace.cpp
+element_block1_SOURCES = element_block1.cpp
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+event1_SOURCES = event1.cpp
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+all: all-am
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+.SUFFIXES:
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+	@for dep in $?; do \
+	  case '$(am__configure_deps)' in \
+	    *$$dep*) \
+	      ( cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh ) \
+	        && { if test -f $@; then exit 0; else break; fi; }; \
+	      exit 1;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	echo ' cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign example/multi_type_vector/Makefile'; \
+	$(am__cd) $(top_srcdir) && \
+	  $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign example/multi_type_vector/Makefile
+Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
+	@case '$?' in \
+	  *config.status*) \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh;; \
+	  *) \
+	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles)'; \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles);; \
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+$(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
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+$(top_srcdir)/configure: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__configure_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(ACLOCAL_M4): @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__aclocal_m4_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(am__aclocal_m4_deps):
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+basic$(EXEEXT): $(basic_OBJECTS) $(basic_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_basic_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f basic$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(basic_OBJECTS) $(basic_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+custom-value-types$(EXEEXT): $(custom_value_types_OBJECTS) $(custom_value_types_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_custom_value_types_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f custom-value-types$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(custom_value_types_OBJECTS) $(custom_value_types_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+custom-value-types-custom-store$(EXEEXT): $(custom_value_types_custom_store_OBJECTS) $(custom_value_types_custom_store_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_custom_value_types_custom_store_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f custom-value-types-custom-store$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(custom_value_types_custom_store_OBJECTS) $(custom_value_types_custom_store_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+debug-trace$(EXEEXT): $(debug_trace_OBJECTS) $(debug_trace_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_debug_trace_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f debug-trace$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(debug_trace_OBJECTS) $(debug_trace_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+element-block1$(EXEEXT): $(element_block1_OBJECTS) $(element_block1_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_element_block1_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f element-block1$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(element_block1_OBJECTS) $(element_block1_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+event1$(EXEEXT): $(event1_OBJECTS) $(event1_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_event1_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f event1$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(event1_OBJECTS) $(event1_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+mtv-collection$(EXEEXT): $(mtv_collection_OBJECTS) $(mtv_collection_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_mtv_collection_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f mtv-collection$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(mtv_collection_OBJECTS) $(mtv_collection_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+pos-hint$(EXEEXT): $(pos_hint_OBJECTS) $(pos_hint_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_pos_hint_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f pos-hint$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(pos_hint_OBJECTS) $(pos_hint_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+standard-custom-store$(EXEEXT): $(standard_custom_store_OBJECTS) $(standard_custom_store_DEPENDENCIES) $(EXTRA_standard_custom_store_DEPENDENCIES) 
+	@rm -f standard-custom-store$(EXEEXT)
+	$(AM_V_CXXLD)$(CXXLINK) $(standard_custom_store_OBJECTS) $(standard_custom_store_LDADD) $(LIBS)
+
+mostlyclean-compile:
+	-rm -f *.$(OBJEXT)
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+distclean-compile:
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+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/basic.Po@am__quote@ # am--include-marker
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+ID: $(am__tagged_files)
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+GTAGS:
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+	  [\\/]* | ?:[\\/]*) sdir="$(srcdir)" ;; \
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+	esac; \
+	for i in $$list; do \
+	  if test -f "$$i"; then \
+	    echo "$(subdir)/$$i"; \
+	  else \
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+	  fi; \
+	done >> $(top_builddir)/cscope.files
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+distclean-tags:
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+# Recover from deleted '.trs' file; this should ensure that
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+	if $(am__make_dryrun); then :; else \
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+	    test -f $$i.trs && test -r $$i.trs \
+	      || { echo "$$errmsg $$i.trs" >&2; st=1; }; \
+	    test -f $$i.log && test -r $$i.log \
+	      || { echo "$$errmsg $$i.log" >&2; st=1; }; \
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+	  test $$st -eq 0 || exit 1; \
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+	@$(am__sh_e_setup); $(am__tty_colors); $(am__set_TESTS_bases); \
+	ws='[ 	]'; \
+	results=`for b in $$bases; do echo $$b.trs; done`; \
+	test -n "$$results" || results=/dev/null; \
+	all=`  grep "^$$ws*:test-result:"           $$results | wc -l`; \
+	pass=` grep "^$$ws*:test-result:$$ws*PASS"  $$results | wc -l`; \
+	fail=` grep "^$$ws*:test-result:$$ws*FAIL"  $$results | wc -l`; \
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+	xpass=`grep "^$$ws*:test-result:$$ws*XPASS" $$results | wc -l`; \
+	error=`grep "^$$ws*:test-result:$$ws*ERROR" $$results | wc -l`; \
+	if test `expr $$fail + $$xpass + $$error` -eq 0; then \
+	  success=true; \
+	else \
+	  success=false; \
+	fi; \
+	br='==================='; br=$$br$$br$$br$$br; \
+	result_count () \
+	{ \
+	    if test x"$$1" = x"--maybe-color"; then \
+	      maybe_colorize=yes; \
+	    elif test x"$$1" = x"--no-color"; then \
+	      maybe_colorize=no; \
+	    else \
+	      echo "$@: invalid 'result_count' usage" >&2; exit 4; \
+	    fi; \
+	    shift; \
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+	    if test $$maybe_colorize = yes && test $$count -gt 0; then \
+	      color_start=$$3 color_end=$$std; \
+	    else \
+	      color_start= color_end=; \
+	    fi; \
+	    echo "$${color_start}# $$desc $$count$${color_end}"; \
+	}; \
+	create_testsuite_report () \
+	{ \
+	  result_count $$1 "TOTAL:" $$all   "$$brg"; \
+	  result_count $$1 "PASS: " $$pass  "$$grn"; \
+	  result_count $$1 "SKIP: " $$skip  "$$blu"; \
+	  result_count $$1 "XFAIL:" $$xfail "$$lgn"; \
+	  result_count $$1 "FAIL: " $$fail  "$$red"; \
+	  result_count $$1 "XPASS:" $$xpass "$$red"; \
+	  result_count $$1 "ERROR:" $$error "$$mgn"; \
+	}; \
+	{								\
+	  echo "$(PACKAGE_STRING): $(subdir)/$(TEST_SUITE_LOG)" |	\
+	    $(am__rst_title);						\
+	  create_testsuite_report --no-color;				\
+	  echo;								\
+	  echo ".. contents:: :depth: 2";				\
+	  echo;								\
+	  for b in $$bases; do echo $$b; done				\
+	    | $(am__create_global_log);					\
+	} >$(TEST_SUITE_LOG).tmp || exit 1;				\
+	mv $(TEST_SUITE_LOG).tmp $(TEST_SUITE_LOG);			\
+	if $$success; then						\
+	  col="$$grn";							\
+	 else								\
+	  col="$$red";							\
+	  test x"$$VERBOSE" = x || cat $(TEST_SUITE_LOG);		\
+	fi;								\
+	echo "$${col}$$br$${std}"; 					\
+	echo "$${col}Testsuite summary"$(AM_TESTSUITE_SUMMARY_HEADER)"$${std}";	\
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+	create_testsuite_report --maybe-color;				\
+	echo "$$col$$br$$std";						\
+	if $$success; then :; else					\
+	  echo "$${col}See $(subdir)/$(TEST_SUITE_LOG)$${std}";		\
+	  if test -n "$(PACKAGE_BUGREPORT)"; then			\
+	    echo "$${col}Please report to $(PACKAGE_BUGREPORT)$${std}";	\
+	  fi;								\
+	  echo "$$col$$br$$std";					\
+	fi;								\
+	$$success || exit 1
+
+check-TESTS: 
+	@list='$(RECHECK_LOGS)';           test -z "$$list" || rm -f $$list
+	@list='$(RECHECK_LOGS:.log=.trs)'; test -z "$$list" || rm -f $$list
+	@test -z "$(TEST_SUITE_LOG)" || rm -f $(TEST_SUITE_LOG)
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+	log_list=`echo $$log_list`; trs_list=`echo $$trs_list`; \
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) $(TEST_SUITE_LOG) TEST_LOGS="$$log_list"; \
+	exit $$?;
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+	bases=`for i in $$bases; do echo $$i; done \
+	         | $(am__list_recheck_tests)` || exit 1; \
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+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) $(TEST_SUITE_LOG) \
+	        am__force_recheck=am--force-recheck \
+	        TEST_LOGS="$$log_list"; \
+	exit $$?
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+	b='mtv-collection'; \
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+	--log-file $$b.log --trs-file $$b.trs \
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+	@p='custom-value-types$(EXEEXT)'; \
+	b='custom-value-types'; \
+	$(am__check_pre) $(LOG_DRIVER) --test-name "$$f" \
+	--log-file $$b.log --trs-file $$b.trs \
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+	b='custom-value-types-custom-store'; \
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+	b='debug-trace'; \
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+	$(am__set_b); \
+	$(am__check_pre) $(TEST_LOG_DRIVER) --test-name "$$f" \
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+@am__EXEEXT_TRUE@	$(am__set_b); \
+@am__EXEEXT_TRUE@	$(am__check_pre) $(TEST_LOG_DRIVER) --test-name "$$f" \
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+@am__EXEEXT_TRUE@	$(am__common_driver_flags) $(AM_TEST_LOG_DRIVER_FLAGS) $(TEST_LOG_DRIVER_FLAGS) -- $(TEST_LOG_COMPILE) \
+@am__EXEEXT_TRUE@	"$$tst" $(AM_TESTS_FD_REDIRECT)
+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) check-TESTS
+check: check-am
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+install: install-am
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+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(TEST_LOGS)" || rm -f $(TEST_LOGS)
+	-test -z "$(TEST_LOGS:.log=.trs)" || rm -f $(TEST_LOGS:.log=.trs)
+	-test -z "$(TEST_SUITE_LOG)" || rm -f $(TEST_SUITE_LOG)
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
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+check-valgrind-am: check-valgrind-local
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+clean: clean-am
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+clean-am: clean-generic clean-local mostlyclean-am
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+distclean: distclean-am
+		-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/basic.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/custom_value_types.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/custom_value_types_custom_store.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/debug_trace.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/element_block1.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/event1.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/mtv_collection.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/pos_hint.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/standard_custom_store.Po
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+		-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/basic.Po
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+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/custom_value_types_custom_store.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/debug_trace.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/element_block1.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/event1.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/mtv_collection.Po
+	-rm -f ./$(DEPDIR)/pos_hint.Po
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+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/basic.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/basic.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75324e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/basic.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+//!code-start
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<mdds::mtv::standard_element_blocks_traits>;
+
+template<typename BlockT>
+void print_block(const mtv_type::value_type& v)
+{
+    for (const auto& elem : BlockT::range(*v.data))
+    {
+        cout << " * " << elem << endl;
+    }
+}
+
+int main() try
+{
+    mtv_type con(20); // Initialized with 20 empty elements.
+
+    // Set values individually.
+    con.set(0, 1.1);
+    con.set(1, 1.2);
+    con.set(2, 1.3);
+
+    // Set a sequence of values in one step.
+    std::vector<double> vals = { 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5 };
+    con.set(3, vals.begin(), vals.end());
+
+    // Set string values.
+    con.set<std::string>(10, "Andy");
+    con.set<std::string>(11, "Bruce");
+    con.set<std::string>(12, "Charlie");
+
+    // Iterate through all blocks and print all elements.
+    for (const auto& v : con)
+    {
+        switch (v.type)
+        {
+            case mdds::mtv::element_type_double:
+            {
+                cout << "numeric block of size " << v.size << endl;
+                print_block<mdds::mtv::double_element_block>(v);
+                break;
+            }
+            case mdds::mtv::element_type_string:
+            {
+                cout << "string block of size " << v.size << endl;
+                print_block<mdds::mtv::string_element_block>(v);
+                break;
+            }
+            case mdds::mtv::element_type_empty:
+                cout << "empty block of size " << v.size << endl;
+                cout << " - no data - " << endl;
+            default:
+                ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+//!code-end
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/custom_value_types.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/custom_value_types.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ee3c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/custom_value_types.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+//!code-start: header
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector.hpp>
+//!code-end: header
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+//!code-start: element-types
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t custom_value1_type = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start;
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t custom_value2_type = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start + 1;
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t custom_value3_type = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start + 2;
+//!code-end: element-types
+
+//!code-start: custom-values
+struct custom_value1 {};
+struct custom_value2 {};
+
+using custom_value1_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<custom_value1_type, custom_value1>;
+using custom_value2_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<custom_value2_type, custom_value2>;
+//!code-end: custom-values
+
+//!code-start: custom-values-macro
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(custom_value1, custom_value1_type, custom_value1{}, custom_value1_block)
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(custom_value2, custom_value2_type, custom_value2{}, custom_value2_block)
+//!code-end: custom-values-macro
+
+//!code-start: custom-value-ns
+namespace ns {
+
+struct custom_value3 {};
+
+using custom_value3_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<custom_value3_type, custom_value3>;
+
+// This macro MUST be in the same namespace as that of the value type, in order for
+// argument-dependent lookup to work properly during overload resolution.
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(custom_value3, custom_value2_type, custom_value3{}, custom_value3_block)
+
+} // namespace ns
+//!code-end: custom-value-ns
+
+//!code-start: trait
+struct my_custom_traits : public mdds::mtv::default_traits
+{
+    using block_funcs = mdds::mtv::element_block_funcs<
+        custom_value1_block, custom_value2_block, ns::custom_value3_block>;
+};
+//!code-end: trait
+
+//!code-start: mtv-type
+using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<my_custom_traits>;
+//!code-end: mtv-type
+
+int main() try
+{
+    //!code-start: main
+    mtv_type con{}; // initialize it as empty container.
+
+    // Push three values of different types to the end.
+    con.push_back(custom_value1{});
+    con.push_back(custom_value2{});
+    con.push_back(ns::custom_value3{});
+
+    auto v1 = con.get<custom_value1>(0);
+    auto v2 = con.get<custom_value2>(1);
+    auto v3 = con.get<ns::custom_value3>(2);
+
+    std::cout << "is this custom_value1? " << std::is_same_v<decltype(v1), custom_value1> << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "is this custom_value2? " << std::is_same_v<decltype(v2), custom_value2> << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "is this ns::custom_value3? " << std::is_same_v<decltype(v3), ns::custom_value3> << std::endl;
+    //!code-end: main
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
+
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/custom_value_types_custom_store.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/custom_value_types_custom_store.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7128684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/custom_value_types_custom_store.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <deque>
+
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t custom_value1_type = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start;
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t custom_value2_type = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start + 1;
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t custom_value3_type = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start + 2;
+
+struct custom_value1 {};
+struct custom_value2 {};
+
+//!code-start: blocks-1-2
+using custom_value1_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<
+    custom_value1_type, custom_value1, std::vector>;
+
+using custom_value2_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<
+    custom_value2_type, custom_value2, std::deque>;
+//!code-end: blocks-1-2
+
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(custom_value1, custom_value1_type, custom_value1{}, custom_value1_block)
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(custom_value2, custom_value2_type, custom_value2{}, custom_value2_block)
+
+namespace ns {
+
+struct custom_value3 {};
+
+//!code-start: block-3
+// This implicitly uses mdds::mtv::delayed_delete_vector.
+using custom_value3_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<
+    custom_value3_type, custom_value3>;
+//!code-end: block-3
+
+// This macro MUST be in the same namespace as that of the value type, in order for
+// argument-dependent lookup to work properly during overload resolution.
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(custom_value3, custom_value2_type, custom_value3{}, custom_value3_block)
+
+} // namespace ns
+
+struct my_custom_traits : public mdds::mtv::default_traits
+{
+    using block_funcs = mdds::mtv::element_block_funcs<
+        custom_value1_block, custom_value2_block, ns::custom_value3_block>;
+};
+
+using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<my_custom_traits>;
+
+int main() try
+{
+    //!code-start: main
+    std::cout << "custom_value1 stored in std::vector? "
+        << std::is_same_v<custom_value1_block::store_type, std::vector<custom_value1>>
+        << std::endl;
+
+    std::cout << "custom_value2 stored in std::deque? "
+        << std::is_same_v<custom_value2_block::store_type, std::deque<custom_value2>>
+        << std::endl;
+
+    std::cout << "ns::custom_value3 stored in delayed_delete_vector? "
+        << std::is_same_v<ns::custom_value3_block::store_type, mdds::mtv::delayed_delete_vector<ns::custom_value3>>
+        << std::endl;
+    //!code-end: main
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
+
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/debug_trace.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/debug_trace.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6036a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/debug_trace.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+//!code-start: header
+#define MDDS_MULTI_TYPE_VECTOR_DEBUG 1
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector/soa/main.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+//!code-end: header
+
+//!code-start: types
+namespace mtv = mdds::mtv;
+
+struct mtv_traits : public mtv::standard_element_blocks_traits
+{
+    static void trace(const mtv::trace_method_properties_t& props)
+    {
+        std::cout << "function:" << std::endl
+                  << "  name: " << props.function_name << std::endl
+                  << "  args: " << props.function_args << std::endl;
+    }
+};
+
+using mtv_type = mtv::soa::multi_type_vector<mtv_traits>;
+//!code-end: types
+
+int main() try
+{
+    //!code-start: main
+    mtv_type db(10);
+    db.set<int32_t>(0, 12);
+    db.set<int8_t>(2, 34);
+    db.set<int16_t>(4, 56);
+    //!code-end: main
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
+
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/element_block1.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/element_block1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f198c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/element_block1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+//!code-start
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+using mdds::mtv::double_element_block;
+using mdds::mtv::string_element_block;
+
+using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<mdds::mtv::standard_element_blocks_traits>;
+
+int main() try
+{
+    mtv_type db;  // starts with an empty container.
+
+    db.push_back(1.1);
+    db.push_back(1.2);
+    db.push_back(1.3);
+    db.push_back(1.4);
+    db.push_back(1.5);
+
+    db.push_back(std::string("A"));
+    db.push_back(std::string("B"));
+    db.push_back(std::string("C"));
+    db.push_back(std::string("D"));
+    db.push_back(std::string("E"));
+
+    // At this point, you have 2 blocks in the container.
+    cout << "block size: " << db.block_size() << endl;
+    cout << "--" << endl;
+
+    // Get an iterator that points to the first block in the primary array.
+    mtv_type::const_iterator it = db.begin();
+
+    // Get a pointer to the raw array of the numeric element block using the
+    // 'data' method.
+    const double* p = double_element_block::data(*it->data);
+
+    // Print the elements from this raw array pointer.
+    for (const double* p_end = p + it->size; p != p_end; ++p)
+        cout << *p << endl;
+
+    cout << "--" << endl;
+
+    ++it; // move to the next block, which is a string block.
+
+    // Get a pointer to the raw array of the string element block.
+    const std::string* pz = string_element_block::data(*it->data);
+
+    // Print out the string elements.
+    for (const std::string* pz_end = pz + it->size; pz != pz_end; ++pz)
+        cout << *pz << endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+//!code-end
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/event1.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/event1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44b8f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/event1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+//!code-start
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+class event_hdl
+{
+public:
+    void element_block_acquired(mdds::mtv::base_element_block* block)
+    {
+        (void)block;
+        cout << "  * element block acquired" << endl;
+    }
+
+    void element_block_released(mdds::mtv::base_element_block* block)
+    {
+        (void)block;
+        cout << "  * element block released" << endl;
+    }
+};
+
+struct trait : mdds::mtv::standard_element_blocks_traits
+{
+    using event_func = event_hdl;
+};
+
+using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<trait>;
+
+int main() try
+{
+    mtv_type db;  // starts with an empty container.
+
+    cout << "inserting string 'foo'..." << endl;
+    db.push_back(std::string("foo"));  // creates a new string element block.
+
+    cout << "inserting string 'bah'..." << endl;
+    db.push_back(std::string("bah"));  // appends to an existing string block.
+
+    cout << "inserting int 100..." << endl;
+    db.push_back(int(100)); // creates a new int element block.
+
+    cout << "emptying the container..." << endl;
+    db.clear(); // releases both the string and int element blocks.
+
+    cout << "exiting program..." << endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+//!code-end
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/mtv_collection.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/mtv_collection.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6752539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/mtv_collection.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector.hpp>
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector/collection.hpp>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+
+void example1()
+{
+    //!code-start: declare
+    using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<mdds::mtv::standard_element_blocks_traits>;
+    using collection_type = mdds::mtv::collection<mtv_type>;
+
+    std::vector<mtv_type> columns(5);
+    //!code-end: declare
+
+    //!code-start: header-row
+    // Populate the header row.
+    const char* headers[] = { "ID", "Make", "Model", "Year", "Color" };
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for (const char* v : headers)
+        columns[i++].push_back<std::string>(v);
+    //!code-end: header-row
+
+    //!code-start: column-1
+    // Fill column 1.
+    int c1_values[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 };
+
+    for (int v : c1_values)
+        columns[0].push_back(v);
+    //!code-end: column-1
+
+    //!code-start: column-2
+    // Fill column 2.
+    const char* c2_values[] =
+    {
+        "Nissan", "Mercedes-Benz", "Nissan", "Suzuki", "Saab", "Subaru", "GMC", "Mercedes-Benz", "Toyota", "Nissan",
+        "Mazda", "Dodge", "Ford", "Bentley", "GMC", "Audi", "GMC", "Mercury", "Pontiac", "BMW",
+    };
+
+    for (const char* v : c2_values)
+        columns[1].push_back<std::string>(v);
+    //!code-end: column-2
+
+    //!code-start: column-3
+    // Fill column 3.
+    const char* c3_values[] =
+    {
+        "Frontier", "W201", "Frontier", "Equator", "9-5", "Tribeca", "Yukon XL 2500", "E-Class", "Camry Hybrid", "Frontier",
+        "MX-5", "Ram Van 1500", "Edge", "Azure", "Sonoma Club Coupe", "S4", "3500 Club Coupe", "Villager", "Sunbird", "3 Series",
+    };
+
+    for (const char* v : c3_values)
+        columns[2].push_back<std::string>(v);
+    //!code-end: column-3
+
+    //!code-start: column-4
+    // Fill column 4.  Replace -1 with "unknown".
+    int32_t c4_values[] =
+    {
+        1998, 1986, 2009, -1, -1, 2008, 2009, 2008, 2010, 2001,
+        2008, 2000, -1, 2009, 1998, 2013, 1994, 2000, 1990, 1993,
+    };
+
+    for (int32_t v : c4_values)
+    {
+        if (v < 0)
+            // Insert a string value "unknown".
+            columns[3].push_back<std::string>("unknown");
+        else
+            columns[3].push_back(v);
+    }
+    //!code-end: column-4
+
+    //!code-start: column-5
+    // Fill column 5
+    const char* c5_values[] =
+    {
+        "Turquoise", "Fuscia", "Teal", "Fuscia", "Green", "Khaki", "Pink", "Goldenrod", "Turquoise", "Yellow",
+        "Orange", "Goldenrod", "Fuscia", "Goldenrod", "Mauv", "Crimson", "Turquoise", "Teal", "Indigo", "LKhaki",
+    };
+
+    for (const char* v : c5_values)
+        columns[4].push_back<std::string>(v);
+    //!code-end: column-5
+
+    //!code-start: wrap
+    // Wrap the columns with the 'collection'...
+    collection_type rows(columns.begin(), columns.end());
+    //!code-end: wrap
+
+    //!code-start: traverse-row
+    // Traverse the tabular data in row-wise direction.
+    for (const auto& cell : rows)
+    {
+        if (cell.index > 0)
+            // Insert a column separator before each cell except for the ones in the first column.
+            std::cout << " | ";
+
+        switch (cell.type)
+        {
+            // In this example, we use two element types only.
+            case mdds::mtv::element_type_int32:
+                std::cout << cell.get<mdds::mtv::int32_element_block>();
+                break;
+            case mdds::mtv::element_type_string:
+                std::cout << cell.get<mdds::mtv::string_element_block>();
+                break;
+            default:
+                std::cout << "???"; // The default case should not hit in this example.
+        }
+
+        if (cell.index == 4)
+            // We are in the last column. Insert a line break.
+            std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: traverse-row
+
+    //!code-start: limit-range
+    rows.set_collection_range(1, 2); // only columns 2 and 3.
+    rows.set_element_range(1, 10);   // only rows 2 through 11.
+    //!code-end: limit-range
+
+    std::cout << "--" << std::endl;
+
+    //!code-start: traverse-row-range
+    for (const auto& cell : rows)
+    {
+        if (cell.index > 1)
+            // Insert a column separator before each cell except for the ones in the first column.
+            std::cout << " | ";
+
+        switch (cell.type)
+        {
+            // In this example, we use two element types only.
+            case mdds::mtv::element_type_int32:
+                std::cout << cell.get<mdds::mtv::int32_element_block>();
+                break;
+            case mdds::mtv::element_type_string:
+                std::cout << cell.get<mdds::mtv::string_element_block>();
+                break;
+            default:
+                std::cout << "???"; // The default case should not hit in this example.
+        }
+
+        if (cell.index == 2)
+            // We are in the last column. Insert a line break.
+            std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+    //!code-end: traverse-row-range
+}
+
+int main() try
+{
+    example1();
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/pos_hint.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/pos_hint.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaae4c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/pos_hint.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <chrono>
+
+namespace {
+
+class stack_printer
+{
+public:
+    explicit stack_printer(const char* msg) :
+        m_msg(msg)
+    {
+        std::cout << m_msg << ": --begin" << std::endl;
+        m_start_time = get_time();
+    }
+
+    ~stack_printer()
+    {
+        double end_time = get_time();
+        std::cout << m_msg << ": --end (duration: " << (end_time-m_start_time) << " sec)" << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    void print_time(int line) const
+    {
+        double end_time = get_time();
+        std::cout << m_msg << ": --(" << line << ") (duration: " << (end_time-m_start_time) << " sec)" << std::endl;
+    }
+
+private:
+    double get_time() const
+    {
+        unsigned long usec_since_epoch =
+            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+                std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+
+        return usec_since_epoch / 1000000.0;
+    }
+
+    std::string m_msg;
+    double m_start_time;
+};
+
+}
+
+void run_no_position_hint()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::run_no_position_hint");
+
+    //!code-start: no-pos-hint
+    using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<mdds::mtv::standard_element_blocks_traits>;
+
+    size_t size = 50000;
+
+    // Initialize the container with one empty block of size 50000.
+    mtv_type db(size);
+
+    // Set non-empty value at every other logical position from top down.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+    {
+        if (i % 2)
+            db.set<double>(i, 1.0);
+    }
+    //!code-end: no-pos-hint
+}
+
+void run_with_position_hint()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::run_with_position_hint");
+
+    //!code-start: pos-hint
+    using mtv_type = mdds::multi_type_vector<mdds::mtv::standard_element_blocks_traits>;
+
+    size_t size = 50000;
+
+    // Initialize the container with one empty block of size 50000.
+    mtv_type db(size);
+    mtv_type::iterator pos = db.begin();
+
+    // Set non-empty value at every other logical position from top down.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+    {
+        if (i % 2)
+            // Pass the position hint as the first argument, and receive a new
+            // one returned from the method for the next call.
+            pos = db.set<double>(pos, i, 1.0);
+    }
+    //!code-end: pos-hint
+}
+
+int main() try
+{
+    run_no_position_hint();
+    run_with_position_hint();
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/multi_type_vector/standard_custom_store.cpp b/example/multi_type_vector/standard_custom_store.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e66a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/multi_type_vector/standard_custom_store.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+//!code-start: header
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector/types.hpp>
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector/macro.hpp>
+
+#include <deque>
+//!code-end: header
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+//!code-start: block-defs
+// Define element ID's for the standard element types.
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t my_doube_type_id = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start;
+constexpr mdds::mtv::element_t my_int32_type_id = mdds::mtv::element_type_user_start + 1;
+
+// Define the block types.
+using my_double_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<my_doube_type_id, double, std::deque>;
+using my_int32_block = mdds::mtv::default_element_block<my_int32_type_id, std::int32_t, std::deque>;
+
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(double, my_doube_type_id, 0.0, my_double_block)
+MDDS_MTV_DEFINE_ELEMENT_CALLBACKS(std::int32_t, my_int32_type_id, 0, my_int32_block)
+//!code-end: block-defs
+
+//!code-start: mtv-header
+#define MDDS_MTV_USE_STANDARD_ELEMENT_BLOCKS 0
+#include <mdds/multi_type_vector/soa/main.hpp>
+//!code-end: mtv-header
+
+//!code-start: mtv-def
+struct my_custom_traits : public mdds::mtv::default_traits
+{
+    using block_funcs = mdds::mtv::element_block_funcs<my_double_block, my_int32_block>;
+};
+
+using mtv_type = mdds::mtv::soa::multi_type_vector<my_custom_traits>;
+//!code-end: mtv-def
+
+int main() try
+{
+    //!code-start: main
+    mtv_type con(20); // Initialized with 20 empty elements.
+
+    con.set<std::int32_t>(0, 234);
+    con.set<double>(1, 425.1);
+    //!code-end: main
+
+    //!code-start: main-block-type
+    std::cout << "my_double_block: is std::deque its store type? "
+        << std::is_same_v<my_double_block::store_type, std::deque<double>>
+        << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "my_int32_block: is std::deque its store type? "
+        << std::is_same_v<my_int32_block::store_type, std::deque<std::int32_t>>
+        << std::endl;
+    //!code-end: main-block-type
+
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
+
diff --git a/example/packed_trie_map.cpp b/example/packed_trie_map.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0111e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/packed_trie_map.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/global.hpp>  // for MDDS_ASCII and MDDS_N_ELEMENTS
+#include <mdds/trie_map.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+int main()
+{
+    using trie_map_type = mdds::packed_trie_map<mdds::trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+
+    // Entries must be known prior to creating the instance, and they must be
+    // sorted by the key in ascending order.
+    trie_map_type::entry entries[] =
+    {
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Apex"),           42214 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Asheville"),      87236 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Burlington"),     51510 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Cary"),          151088 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Chapel Hill"),    59635 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Charlotte"),     792862 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Concord"),        83506 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Durham"),        245475 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Fayetteville"),  204408 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Gastonia"),       73209 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Goldsboro"),      36306 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Greensboro"),    279639 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Greenville"),     89130 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Hickory"),        40361 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("High Point"),    107741 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Huntersville"),   50458 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Jacksonville"),   69079 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Kannapolis"),     44359 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Raleigh"),       431746 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Rocky Mount"),    56954 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Wilmington"),    112067 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Wilson"),         49628 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Winston-Salem"), 236441 },
+    };
+
+    // Cities in North Carolina and their populations in 2013.
+    trie_map_type nc_cities(entries, MDDS_N_ELEMENTS(entries));
+
+    cout << "Cities that start with 'Cha' and their populations:" << endl;
+    auto results = nc_cities.prefix_search("Cha");
+    for (const auto& kv : results)
+    {
+        cout << "  " << kv.first << ": " << kv.second << endl;
+    }
+
+    cout << "Cities that start with 'W' and their populations:" << endl;
+    results = nc_cities.prefix_search("W");
+    for (const auto& kv : results)
+    {
+        cout << "  " << kv.first << ": " << kv.second << endl;
+    }
+
+    cout << "Cities that start with 'C' and their populations:" << endl;
+    results = nc_cities.prefix_search("C");
+    for (const auto& kv : results)
+    {
+        cout << "  " << kv.first << ": " << kv.second << endl;
+    }
+
+    // Individual search.
+    auto it = nc_cities.find("Wilmington");
+    cout << "Population of Wilmington: " << it->second << endl;
+
+    // You get an end position iterator when the container doesn't have the
+    // specified key.
+    it = nc_cities.find("Asheboro");
+
+    cout << "Population of Asheboro: ";
+
+    if (it == nc_cities.end())
+        cout << "not found";
+    else
+        cout << it->second;
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/packed_trie_state_custom.cpp b/example/packed_trie_state_custom.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..666074e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/packed_trie_state_custom.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <mdds/trie_map.hpp>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+enum affiliated_party_t : uint8_t
+{
+    unaffiliated = 0,
+    federalist,
+    democratic_republican,
+    democratic,
+    whig,
+    republican,
+    national_union,
+    republican_national_union,
+};
+
+struct us_president
+{
+    uint16_t year;
+    affiliated_party_t party;
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, affiliated_party_t v)
+{
+    static const char* names[] = {
+        "Unaffiliated",
+        "Federalist",
+        "Democratic Republican",
+        "Democratic",
+        "Whig",
+        "Republican",
+        "National Union",
+        "Republican / National Union",
+    };
+
+    os << names[v];
+    return os;
+}
+
+bool operator== (const us_president& left, const us_president& right)
+{
+    return left.year == right.year && left.party == right.party;
+}
+
+struct us_president_serializer
+{
+    union bin_buffer
+    {
+        char buffer[2];
+        uint16_t i16;
+        affiliated_party_t party;
+    };
+
+    static constexpr bool variable_size = false;
+    static constexpr size_t value_size = 3;
+
+    static void write(std::ostream& os, const us_president& v)
+    {
+        bin_buffer buf;
+
+        // Write the year value first.
+        buf.i16 = v.year;
+        os.write(buf.buffer, 2);
+
+        // Write the affiliated party value.
+        buf.party = v.party;
+        os.write(buf.buffer, 1);
+    }
+
+    static void read(std::istream& is, size_t /*n*/, us_president& v)
+    {
+        // For a fixed-size value type, this should equal the defined value size.
+        assert(n == 3);
+
+        bin_buffer buf;
+
+        // Read the year value.
+        is.read(buf.buffer, 2);
+        v.year = buf.i16;
+
+        // Read the affiliated party value.
+        is.read(buf.buffer, 1);
+        v.party = buf.party;
+    }
+};
+
+int main() try
+{
+
+    using map_type = mdds::packed_trie_map<mdds::trie::std_string_traits, us_president>;
+
+    // source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States
+    //
+    // The entries must be sorted by the keys.
+
+    std::vector<map_type::entry> entries =
+    {
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Abraham Lincoln"),        { 1861, republican_national_union } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Andrew Jackson"),         { 1829, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Andrew Johnson"),         { 1865, national_union            } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Barack Obama"),           { 2009, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Benjamin Harrison"),      { 1889, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Bill Clinton"),           { 1993, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Calvin Coolidge"),        { 1923, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Chester A. Arthur"),      { 1881, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Donald Trump"),           { 2017, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Dwight D. Eisenhower"),   { 1953, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Franklin D. Roosevelt"),  { 1933, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Franklin Pierce"),        { 1853, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("George H. W. Bush"),      { 1989, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("George W. Bush"),         { 2001, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("George Washington"),      { 1789, unaffiliated              } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Gerald Ford"),            { 1974, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Grover Cleveland 1"),     { 1885, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Grover Cleveland 2"),     { 1893, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Harry S. Truman"),        { 1945, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Herbert Hoover"),         { 1929, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("James A. Garfield"),      { 1881, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("James Buchanan"),         { 1857, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("James K. Polk"),          { 1845, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("James Madison"),          { 1809, democratic_republican     } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("James Monroe"),           { 1817, democratic_republican     } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Jimmy Carter"),           { 1977, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("John Adams"),             { 1797, federalist                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("John F. Kennedy"),        { 1961, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("John Quincy Adams"),      { 1825, democratic_republican     } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("John Tyler"),             { 1841, whig                      } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Lyndon B. Johnson"),      { 1963, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Martin Van Buren"),       { 1837, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Millard Fillmore"),       { 1850, whig                      } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Richard Nixon"),          { 1969, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Ronald Reagan"),          { 1981, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Rutherford B. Hayes"),    { 1877, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Theodore Roosevelt"),     { 1901, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Thomas Jefferson"),       { 1801, democratic_republican     } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Ulysses S. Grant"),       { 1869, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Warren G. Harding"),      { 1921, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("William Henry Harrison"), { 1841, whig                      } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("William Howard Taft"),    { 1909, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("William McKinley"),       { 1897, republican                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Woodrow Wilson"),         { 1913, democratic                } },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Zachary Taylor"),         { 1849, whig                      } },
+    };
+
+    map_type us_presidents(entries.data(), entries.size());
+    cout << "Number of entries: " << us_presidents.size() << endl;
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    {
+        std::ofstream outfile("us-presidents.bin", std::ios::binary);
+        us_presidents.save_state<us_president_serializer>(outfile);
+    }
+
+    map_type us_presidents_loaded;
+
+    {
+        std::ifstream infile("us-presidents.bin", std::ios::binary);
+        us_presidents_loaded.load_state<us_president_serializer>(infile);
+    }
+
+    std::ios_base::fmtflags origflags = cout.flags();
+    cout << "Equal to the original? " << std::boolalpha << (us_presidents == us_presidents_loaded) << endl;
+    cout.setf(origflags);
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    cout << "Presidents whose first name is 'John':" << endl;
+    auto results = us_presidents_loaded.prefix_search("John");
+    for (const auto& entry : results)
+        cout << "  * " << entry.first << " (" << entry.second.year << "; " << entry.second.party << ")" << endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
+
diff --git a/example/packed_trie_state_int.cpp b/example/packed_trie_state_int.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0157b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/packed_trie_state_int.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <mdds/trie_map.hpp>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+int main() try
+{
+    using map_type = mdds::packed_trie_map<mdds::trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+
+    // List of world's largest cities and their populations. The entries must
+    // be sorted by the keys.
+    //
+    // c.f. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities#cities
+
+    std::vector<map_type::entry> entries =
+    {
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Ahmedabad"),        7681000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Alexandria"),       5086000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Atlanta"),          5572000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Baghdad"),          6812000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Bangalore"),        11440000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Bangkok"),          10156000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Barcelona"),        5494000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Beijing"),          19618000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Belo Horizonte"),   5972000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Bogota"),           10574000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Buenos Aires"),     14967000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Cairo"),            20076000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Chengdu"),          8813000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Chennai"),          10456000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Chicago"),          8864000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Chongqing"),        14838000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Dalian"),           5300000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Dallas"),           6099000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Dar es Salaam"),    6048000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Delhi"),            28514000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Dhaka"),            19578000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Dongguan"),         7360000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Foshan"),           7236000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Fukuoka"),          5551000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Guadalajara"),      5023000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Guangzhou"),        12638000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Hangzhou"),         7236000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Harbin"),           6115000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Ho Chi Minh City"), 8145000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Hong Kong"),        7429000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Houston"),          6115000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Hyderabad"),        9482000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Istanbul"),         14751000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Jakarta"),          10517000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Jinan"),            5052000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Johannesburg"),     5486000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Karachi"),          15400000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Khartoum"),         5534000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Kinshasa"),         13171000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Kolkata"),          14681000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Kuala Lumpur"),     7564000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Lagos"),            13463000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Lahore"),           11738000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Lima"),             10391000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("London"),           9046000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Los Angeles"),      12458000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Luanda"),           7774000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Madrid"),           6497000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Manila"),           13482000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Mexico City"),      21581000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Miami"),            6036000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Moscow"),           12410000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Mumbai"),           19980000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Nagoya"),           9507000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Nanjing"),          8245000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("New York City"),    18819000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Osaka"),            19281000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Paris"),            10901000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Philadelphia"),     5695000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Pune"),             6276000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Qingdao"),          5381000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Rio de Janeiro"),   13293000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Riyadh"),           6907000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Saint Petersburg"), 5383000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Santiago"),         6680000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Sao Paulo"),        21650000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Seoul"),            9963000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Shanghai"),         25582000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Shenyang"),         6921000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Shenzhen"),         11908000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Singapore"),        5792000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Surat"),            6564000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Suzhou"),           6339000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Tehran"),           8896000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Tianjin"),          13215000 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Tokyo"),            37400068 },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Toronto"),          6082000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Washington, D.C."), 5207000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Wuhan"),            8176000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Xi'an"),            7444000  },
+        { MDDS_ASCII("Yangon"),           5157000  },
+    };
+
+    map_type cities(entries.data(), entries.size());
+    cout << "Number of cities: " << cities.size() << endl;
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    {
+        cout << "Cities that begin with 'S':" << endl;
+        auto results = cities.prefix_search("S");
+        for (const auto& city : results)
+            cout << "  * " << city.first << ": " << city.second << endl;
+    }
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    {
+        std::ofstream outfile("cities.bin", std::ios::binary);
+        cities.save_state(outfile);
+    }
+
+    map_type cities_loaded;
+
+    {
+        std::ifstream infile("cities.bin", std::ios::binary);
+        cities_loaded.load_state(infile);
+    }
+
+    std::ios_base::fmtflags origflags = cout.flags();
+    cout << "Equal to the original? " << std::boolalpha << (cities == cities_loaded) << endl;
+    cout.setf(origflags);
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    cout << "Number of cities: " << cities_loaded.size() << endl;
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    cout << "Cities that begin with 'S':" << endl;
+    auto results = cities_loaded.prefix_search("S");
+    for (const auto& city : results)
+        cout << "  * " << city.first << ": " << city.second << endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/point_quad_tree.cpp b/example/point_quad_tree.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70016f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/point_quad_tree.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/point_quad_tree.hpp>
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+int main() try
+{
+    typedef ::mdds::point_quad_tree<double, std::string> db_type;
+    db_type db;
+    
+    std::string chicago("Chicago");
+    std::string hamburg("Hamburg");
+    std::string helsinki("Helsinki");
+    std::string london("London");
+    std::string paris("Paris");
+    std::string prague("Prague");
+    std::string shanghai("Shanghai");
+    std::string tokyo("Tokyo");
+
+    // insert cities by longitude and latitude.
+    db.insert(-87.755280, 41.784168, chicago);
+    db.insert(10.000000, 53.633331, hamburg);
+    db.insert(25.049999, 60.250000, helsinki);
+    db.insert(-0.450000, 51.483334, london);
+    db.insert(2.450000, 48.966667, paris);
+    db.insert(14.250000, 50.099998, prague);
+    db.insert(121.433334, 31.166668, shanghai);
+    db.insert(139.850006, 35.633331, tokyo);
+
+    // Perform region search.
+    db_type::search_results results = db.search_region(100, 30, 140, 40);
+
+    // Print out the result of the search.
+    cout << "Cities located between longitudes 100 and 140 east and latitudes 30 and 40 north are:" << endl;
+    for (const auto& res : results)
+    {
+        cout << "  " << res.second
+             << ": (latitude=" << res.first.x
+             << ", longitude=" << res.first.y << ")" << endl;
+    }
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/rtree_erase.cpp b/example/rtree_erase.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1a7744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/rtree_erase.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/rtree.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() try
+{
+    using rt_type = mdds::rtree<int, std::string>;
+
+    rt_type tree;
+
+    // Insert multiple values at the same point.
+    tree.insert({1, 1}, "A");
+    tree.insert({1, 1}, "B");
+    tree.insert({1, 1}, "C");
+    tree.insert({1, 1}, "D");
+    tree.insert({1, 1}, "E");
+
+    // This should return all five values.
+    auto results = tree.search({1, 1}, rt_type::search_type::match);
+
+    for (const std::string& v : results)
+        std::cout << v << std::endl;
+
+    // Erase "C".
+    for (auto it = results.begin(); it != results.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        if (*it == "C")
+        {
+            tree.erase(it);
+            break; // This invalidates the iterator.  Bail out.
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "'C' has been erased." << std::endl;
+
+    // Now this should only return A, B, D and E.
+    results = tree.search({1, 1}, rt_type::search_type::match);
+
+    for (const std::string& v : results)
+        std::cout << v << std::endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/rtree_medium.cpp b/example/rtree_medium.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef46871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/rtree_medium.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/rtree.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+// Make the node capacity intentionally small.
+struct tiny_traits_2d
+{
+    constexpr static size_t dimensions = 2;
+    constexpr static size_t min_node_size = 2;
+    constexpr static size_t max_node_size = 5;
+    constexpr static size_t max_tree_depth = 100;
+
+    constexpr static bool enable_forced_reinsertion = true;
+    constexpr static size_t reinsertion_size = 2;
+};
+
+using rt_type = mdds::rtree<int, int, tiny_traits_2d>;
+
+int main() try
+{
+    // 2D rectangle with the top-left position (x, y), width and height.
+    struct rect
+    {
+        int x;
+        int y;
+        int w;
+        int h;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<rect> rects =
+    {
+        {  3731,  2433, 1356,  937 },
+        {  6003,  3172, 1066,  743 },
+        {  4119,  6403,  825, 1949 },
+        { 10305,  2315,  776,  548 },
+        { 13930,  5468, 1742,  626 },
+        {  8614,  4107, 2709, 1793 },
+        { 14606,  1887, 5368, 1326 },
+        { 17990,  5196, 1163, 1911 },
+        {  6728,  7881, 3676, 1210 },
+        { 14704,  9789, 5271, 1092 },
+        {  4071, 10723, 4739,  898 },
+        { 11755,  9010, 1357, 2806 },
+        { 13978,  4068,  776,  509 },
+        { 17507,  3717,  777,  471 },
+        { 20358,  6092,  824, 1093 },
+        {  6390,  4535, 1066, 1715 },
+        { 13978,  7182, 2516, 1365 },
+        { 17942, 11580, 2854,  665 },
+        {  9919, 10450,  873, 1716 },
+        {  5568, 13215, 7446,  509 },
+        {  7357, 15277, 3145, 3234 },
+        {  3539, 12592,  631,  509 },
+        {  4747, 14498,  825,  626 },
+        {  4554, 16913,  969, 1443 },
+        { 12771, 14693, 2323,  548 },
+        { 18714,  8193, 2372,  586 },
+        { 22292,  2743,  487, 1638 },
+        { 20987, 17535, 1163, 1249 },
+        { 19536, 18859,  632,  431 },
+        { 19778, 15394, 1356,  626 },
+        { 22969, 15394,  631, 2066 },
+    };
+
+    rt_type tree;
+
+    // Insert the rectangle objects into the tree.
+    int value = 0;
+    for (const auto& rect : rects)
+        tree.insert({{rect.x, rect.y}, {rect.x + rect.w, rect.y + rect.h}}, value++);
+
+    // Export the tree structure as a SVG for visualization.
+    std::string tree_svg = tree.export_tree(rt_type::export_tree_type::extent_as_svg);
+    std::ofstream fout("bounds.svg");
+    fout << tree_svg;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/rtree_medium_bulkload.cpp b/example/rtree_medium_bulkload.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc28587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/rtree_medium_bulkload.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/rtree.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+// Make the node capacity intentionally small.
+struct tiny_traits_2d
+{
+    constexpr static size_t dimensions = 2;
+    constexpr static size_t min_node_size = 2;
+    constexpr static size_t max_node_size = 5;
+    constexpr static size_t max_tree_depth = 100;
+
+    constexpr static bool enable_forced_reinsertion = true;
+    constexpr static size_t reinsertion_size = 2;
+};
+
+using rt_type = mdds::rtree<int, int, tiny_traits_2d>;
+
+// 2D rectangle with the top-left position (x, y), width and height.
+struct rect
+{
+    int x;
+    int y;
+    int w;
+    int h;
+};
+
+std::vector<rect> rects =
+{
+    {  3538,  9126, 1908,  1908 },
+    { 34272, 52053, 2416,  2543 },
+    { 32113,  9761, 2416,   638 },
+    { 16493, 16747, 7369,  2289 },
+    { 29192, 23732, 3432,  2035 },
+    { 35797, 17000, 1781,   892 },
+    { 15857, 29319, 2162,  1654 },
+    {  5825, 24239, 3559,  8512 },
+    {  9127, 46846, 2543,  1019 },
+    {  7094, 54338, 5210,   892 },
+    { 18779, 39734, 3813, 10417 },
+    { 32749, 35923, 2289,  2924 },
+    { 26018, 31098,  257,  2797 },
+    {  6713, 37066, 2924,  1146 },
+    { 19541,  3157, 3305,  1146 },
+    { 21953, 10904, 4448,   892 },
+    { 15984, 24240, 5210,  1273 },
+    {  8237, 15350, 2670,  2797 },
+    { 17001, 13826, 4067,  1273 },
+    { 30970, 13826, 3940,   765 },
+    {  9634,  6587, 1654,  1781 },
+    { 38464, 47099,  511,  1400 },
+    { 20556, 54085, 1400,  1527 },
+    { 37575, 24113, 1019,   765 },
+    { 20429, 21064, 1146,  1400 },
+    { 31733,  4427, 2543,   638 },
+    {  2142, 27161, 1273,  7369 },
+    {  3920, 43289, 8131,  1146 },
+    { 14714, 34272, 1400,  4956 },
+    { 38464, 41258, 1273,  1273 },
+    { 35542, 45703,  892,  1273 },
+    { 25891, 50783, 1273,  5083 },
+    { 35415, 28431, 2924,  1781 },
+    { 15476,  7349, 1908,   765 },
+    { 12555, 11159, 1654,  2035 },
+    { 11158, 21445, 1908,  2416 },
+    { 23350, 28049, 3432,   892 },
+    { 28684, 15985, 2416,  4321 },
+    { 24620, 21953, 1654,   638 },
+    { 30208, 30716, 2670,  2162 },
+    { 26907, 44179, 2797,  4067 },
+    { 21191, 35416, 2162,  1019 },
+    { 27668, 38717,  638,  3178 },
+    {  3666, 50528, 2035,  1400 },
+    { 15349, 48750, 2670,  1654 },
+    { 28430,  7221, 2162,   892 },
+    {  4808,  3158, 2416,  1273 },
+    { 38464,  3666, 1527,  1781 },
+    {  2777, 20937, 2289,  1146 },
+    { 38209,  9254, 1908,  1781 },
+    {  2269, 56497, 2289,   892 },
+};
+
+void load_tree()
+{
+    rt_type tree;
+
+    // Insert the rectangle objects into the tree.
+    int value = 0;
+    for (const auto& rect : rects)
+        tree.insert({{rect.x, rect.y}, {rect.x + rect.w, rect.y + rect.h}}, value++);
+
+    // Export the tree structure as a SVG for visualization.
+    std::string tree_svg = tree.export_tree(rt_type::export_tree_type::extent_as_svg);
+    std::ofstream fout("bounds2.svg");
+    fout << tree_svg;
+}
+
+void bulkload_tree()
+{
+    rt_type::bulk_loader loader;
+
+    // Insert the rectangle objects into the tree.
+    int value = 0;
+    for (const auto& rect : rects)
+        loader.insert({{rect.x, rect.y}, {rect.x + rect.w, rect.y + rect.h}}, value++);
+
+    // Start bulk-loading the tree.
+    rt_type tree = loader.pack();
+
+    // Export the tree structure as a SVG for visualization.
+    std::string tree_svg = tree.export_tree(rt_type::export_tree_type::extent_as_svg);
+    std::ofstream fout("bounds2-bulkload.svg");
+    fout << tree_svg;
+}
+
+int main() try
+{
+    load_tree();
+    bulkload_tree();
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/rtree_simple.cpp b/example/rtree_simple.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c75eaf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/rtree_simple.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/rtree.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() try
+{
+    // key values are of type double, and we are storing std::string as a
+    // value for each spatial object.  By default, tree becomes 2-dimensional
+    // object store unless otherwise specified.
+    using rt_type = mdds::rtree<double, std::string>;
+
+    rt_type tree;
+
+    tree.insert({{0.0, 0.0}, {15.0, 20.0}}, "first rectangle data");
+
+    rt_type::extent_type bounds({-2.0, -1.0}, {1.0, 2.0});
+    std::cout << "inserting value for " << bounds.to_string() << std::endl;
+    tree.insert(bounds, "second rectangle data");
+
+    bounds.start.d[0] = -1.0; // Change the first dimension value of the start rectangle point.
+    bounds.end.d[1] += 1.0; // Increment the second dimension value of the end rectangle point.
+    std::cout << "inserting value for " << bounds.to_string() << std::endl;
+    tree.insert(bounds, "third rectangle data");
+
+    tree.insert({5.0, 6.0}, "first point data");
+
+    {
+        // Search for all objects that overlap with a (4, 4) - (7, 7) rectangle.
+        auto results = tree.search({{4.0, 4.0}, {7.0, 7.0}}, rt_type::search_type::overlap);
+
+        for (const std::string& v : results)
+            std::cout << "value: " << v << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Search for all objects whose bounding rectangles are exactly (4, 4) - (7, 7).
+        auto results = tree.search({{4.0, 4.0}, {7.0, 7.0}}, rt_type::search_type::match);
+        std::cout << "number of results: " << std::distance(results.begin(), results.end()) << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Search for all objects whose bounding rectangles are exactly (0, 0) - (15, 20).
+        auto results = tree.search({{0.0, 0.0}, {15.0, 20.0}}, rt_type::search_type::match);
+        std::cout << "number of results: " << std::distance(results.begin(), results.end()) << std::endl;
+
+        std::cout << "value: " << *results.begin() << std::endl;
+
+        std::cout << "--" << std::endl;
+
+        auto it = results.begin();
+        std::cout << "value: " << *it << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "extent: " << it.extent().to_string() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "depth: " << it.depth() << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/segment_tree.cpp b/example/segment_tree.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b70ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/segment_tree.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/segment_tree.hpp>
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+typedef ::mdds::segment_tree<long, std::string> db_type;
+
+struct string_printer
+{
+    void operator() (const std::string& s) const
+    {
+        cout << "search hit: " << s << endl;
+    }
+};
+
+int main() try
+{
+    db_type db;
+    std::string A("A");
+    std::string B("B");
+    std::string C("C");
+
+    // Insert data into the tree.
+    db.insert(0,  10, A);
+    db.insert(2,  20, B);
+    db.insert(10, 15, C);
+
+    // Don't forget to build it before calling search().
+    db.build_tree();
+
+    // Run search and get the result.
+    db_type::search_results result = db.search(5);
+
+    // Print the result.
+    cout << "result size: " << result.size() << endl;
+    std::for_each(result.begin(), result.end(), string_printer());
+}
+catch (...)
+{
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/example/trie_map.cpp b/example/trie_map.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..445a9c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/trie_map.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include <mdds/trie_map.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+int main()
+{
+    using trie_map_type = mdds::trie_map<mdds::trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+
+    // Cities in North Carolina and their populations in 2013.
+    trie_map_type nc_cities;
+
+    // Insert key-value pairs.
+    nc_cities.insert("Charlotte",     792862);
+    nc_cities.insert("Raleigh",       431746);
+    nc_cities.insert("Greensboro",    279639);
+    nc_cities.insert("Durham",        245475);
+    nc_cities.insert("Winston-Salem", 236441);
+    nc_cities.insert("Fayetteville",  204408);
+    nc_cities.insert("Cary",          151088);
+    nc_cities.insert("Wilmington",    112067);
+    nc_cities.insert("High Point",    107741);
+    nc_cities.insert("Greenville",    89130);
+    nc_cities.insert("Asheville",     87236);
+    nc_cities.insert("Concord",       83506);
+    nc_cities.insert("Gastonia",      73209);
+    nc_cities.insert("Jacksonville",  69079);
+    nc_cities.insert("Chapel Hill",   59635);
+    nc_cities.insert("Rocky Mount",   56954);
+    nc_cities.insert("Burlington",    51510);
+    nc_cities.insert("Huntersville",  50458);
+    nc_cities.insert("Wilson",        49628);
+    nc_cities.insert("Kannapolis",    44359);
+    nc_cities.insert("Apex",          42214);
+    nc_cities.insert("Hickory",       40361);
+    nc_cities.insert("Goldsboro",     36306);
+
+    cout << "Cities that start with 'Cha' and their populations:" << endl;
+    auto results = nc_cities.prefix_search("Cha");
+    for (const auto& kv : results)
+    {
+        cout << "  " << kv.first << ": " << kv.second << endl;
+    }
+
+    cout << "Cities that start with 'W' and their populations:" << endl;
+    results = nc_cities.prefix_search("W");
+    for (const auto& kv : results)
+    {
+        cout << "  " << kv.first << ": " << kv.second << endl;
+    }
+
+    // Create a compressed version of the container.  It works nearly identically.
+    auto packed = nc_cities.pack();
+
+    cout << "Cities that start with 'C' and their populations:" << endl;
+    auto packed_results = packed.prefix_search("C");
+    for (const auto& kv : packed_results)
+    {
+        cout << "  " << kv.first << ": " << kv.second << endl;
+    }
+
+    // Individual search.
+    auto it = packed.find("Wilmington");
+    cout << "Population of Wilmington: " << it->second << endl;
+
+    // You get an end position iterator when the container doesn't have the
+    // specified key.
+    it = packed.find("Asheboro");
+
+    cout << "Population of Asheboro: ";
+
+    if (it == packed.end())
+        cout << "not found";
+    else
+        cout << it->second;
+
+    cout << endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */