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<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html> <head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='postfix-doc.css'>
<title> Postfix manual - sendmail(1) </title>
</head> <body> <pre>
SENDMAIL(1) SENDMAIL(1)
<b>NAME</b>
sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface
<b>SYNOPSIS</b>
<b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>]
<b>mailq</b>
<b>sendmail -bp</b>
<b>newaliases</b>
<b>sendmail -I</b>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
The Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to Sendmail com-
patibility interface. For the sake of compatibility with existing
applications, some Sendmail command-line options are recognized but
silently ignored.
By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from standard input
until EOF or until it reads a line with only a <b>.</b> character, and
arranges for delivery. Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> relies on the <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a>
command to create a queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory.
Specific command aliases are provided for other common modes of opera-
tion:
<b>mailq</b> List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue file ID, message
size, arrival time, sender, and the recipients that still need
to be delivered. If mail could not be delivered upon the last
attempt, the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID string is
followed by an optional status character:
<b>*</b> The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the message is
selected for delivery.
<b>!</b> The message is in the <b>hold</b> queue, i.e. no further deliv-
ery attempt will be made until the mail is taken off
hold.
<b>#</b> The message is forced to expire. See the <a href="postsuper.1.html"><b>postsuper</b>(1)</a>
options <b>-e</b> or <b>-f</b>.
This mode of operation is implemented by executing the
<a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command.
<b>newaliases</b>
Initialize the alias database. If no input file is specified
(with the <b>-oA</b> option, see below), the program processes the
file(s) specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b> configuration parame-
ter. If no alias database type is specified, the program uses
the type specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b> configuration
parameter. This mode of operation is implemented by running the
<a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command.
Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias database update
becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix reload</b>" command to eliminate
this delay.
These and other features can be selected by specifying the appropriate
combination of command-line options. Some features are controlled by
parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configuration file.
The following options are recognized:
<b>-Am</b> (ignored)
<b>-Ac</b> (ignored)
Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file regardless of
whether or not a message is an initial submission.
<b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i>
The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>.
<b>-bd</b> Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is implemented by
executing the "<b>postfix start</b>" command.
<b>-bh</b> (ignored)
<b>-bH</b> (ignored)
Postfix has no persistent host status database.
<b>-bi</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> command above.
<b>-bl</b> Go into daemon mode. To accept only local connections as with
Sendmail's <b>-bl</b> option, specify "<b><a href="postconf.5.html#inet_interfaces">inet_interfaces</a> = loopback</b>" in
the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configuration file.
<b>-bm</b> Read mail from standard input and arrange for delivery. This is
the default mode of operation.
<b>-bp</b> List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above.
<b>-bs</b> Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands from standard
input, and write responses to standard output. In stand-alone
SMTP server mode, mail relaying and other access controls are
disabled by default. To enable them, run the process as the
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user.
This mode of operation is implemented by running the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a>
daemon.
<b>-bv</b> Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send an email
report after verifying each recipient address. This is useful
for testing address rewriting and routing configurations.
This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 and later.
<b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i>
<b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i>
The path name of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of its parent
directory. This information is ignored with Postfix versions
before 2.3.
With Postfix version 3.2 and later, a non-default directory must
be authorized in the default <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, through the alter-
nate_config_directories or <a href="postconf.5.html#multi_instance_directories">multi_instance_directories</a> parame-
ters.
With all Postfix versions, you can specify a directory pathname
with the MAIL_CONFIG environment variable to override the loca-
tion of configuration files.
<b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i>
Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME environment
variable, and is used only with messages that have no <b>From:</b> mes-
sage header.
<b>-f</b> <i>sender</i>
Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where
delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1,
the <b>Errors-To:</b> message header overrides the error return
address.
<b>-G</b> Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial user submis-
sion. Either do not rewrite addresses at all, or update incom-
plete addresses with the domain information specified with
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a></b>.
This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3.
<b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored)
Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b> configuration parameter
instead.
<b>-I</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> command above.
<b>-i</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line
with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of input.
<b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored)
The logging label. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b> configuration parameter
instead.
<b>-m</b> (ignored)
Backwards compatibility.
<b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure')
Delivery status notification control. Specify either a
comma-separated list with one or more of <b>failure</b> (send notifica-
tion when delivery fails), <b>delay</b> (send notification when deliv-
ery is delayed), or <b>success</b> (send notification when the message
is delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any notifications at
all).
This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
<b>-n</b> (ignored)
Backwards compatibility.
<b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i>
Non-default alias database. Specify <i>pathname</i> or <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>.
See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details.
<b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored)
Set the named <i>option</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configuration
parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead.
<b>-o7</b> (ignored)
<b>-o8</b> (ignored)
To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate MIME encap-
sulation and specify the appropriate <b>-B</b> command-line option.
<b>-oi</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line
with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of input.
<b>-om</b> (ignored)
The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. expansions.
<b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored)
Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configuration parame-
ter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead.
<b>-r</b> <i>sender</i>
Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where
delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1,
the <b>Errors-To:</b> message header overrides the error return
address.
<b>-R</b> <i>return</i>
Delivery status notification control. Specify "hdrs" to return
only the header when a message bounces, "full" to return a full
copy (the default behavior).
The <b>-R</b> option specifies an upper bound; Postfix will return only
the header, when a full copy would exceed the <a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a>
setting.
This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.10.
<b>-q</b> Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is implemented by exe-
cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command.
Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently will result in
poor delivery performance of all other mail.
<b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored)
The interval between queue runs. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> config-
uration parameter instead.
<b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i>
Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the specified queue ID.
This option is implemented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> com-
mand, and is available with Postfix version 2.4 and later.
<b>-qR</b><i>site</i>
Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is queued for the
named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only <i>site</i> names that are eligi-
ble for the "fast flush" service, and is implemented by execut-
ing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more information
about the "fast flush" service.
<b>-qS</b><i>site</i>
This command is not implemented. Use the slower "<b>sendmail -q</b>"
command instead.
<b>-t</b> Extract recipients from message headers. These are added to any
recipients specified on the command line.
With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option requires that no
recipient addresses are specified on the command line.
<b>-U</b> (ignored)
Initial user submission.
<b>-V</b> <i>envid</i>
Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers that support
DSN.
This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
<b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>)
Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope sender address
of the form <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>, each recipient <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i>
receives mail with a personalized envelope sender address.
By default, the personalized envelope sender address is
<i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> charac-
ters are configurable with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configu-
ration parameter.
<b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>)
As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as the VERP delimiter characters,
instead of the characters specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delim</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">iters</a></b> configuration parameter.
<b>-v</b> Send an email report of the first delivery attempt (Postfix ver-
sions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery always happens in the back-
ground. When multiple <b>-v</b> options are given, enable verbose log-
ging for debugging purposes.
<b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored)
Log mailer traffic. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b>
configuration parameters instead.
<b>SECURITY</b>
By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id. It is prepared
to handle message content from untrusted, possibly remote, users.
However, like most Postfix programs, this program does not enforce a
security policy on its command-line arguments. Instead, it relies on
the UNIX system to enforce access policies based on the effective user
and group IDs of the process. Concretely, this means that running Post-
fix commands as root (from sudo or equivalent) on behalf of a non-root
user is likely to create privilege escalation opportunities.
If an application runs any Postfix programs on behalf of users that do
not have normal shell access to Postfix commands, then that application
MUST restrict user-specified command-line arguments to avoid privilege
escalation.
<b>o</b> Filter all command-line arguments, for example arguments that
contain a pathname or that specify a database access method.
These pathname checks must reject user-controlled symlinks or
hardlinks to sensitive files, and must not be vulnerable to TOC-
TOU race attacks.
<b>o</b> Disable command options processing for all command arguments
that contain user-specified data. For example, the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a>
<a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> command line MUST be structured as follows:
<b>/path/to/sendmail</b> <i>system-arguments</i> <b>--</b> <i>user-arguments</i>
Here, the "<b>--</b>" disables command option processing for all
<i>user-arguments</i> that follow.
Without the "<b>--</b>", a malicious user could enable Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a>
<a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> command options, by specifying an email address that
starts with "<b>-</b>".
<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b>
Problems are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) or <a href="postlogd.8.html"><b>postlogd</b>(8)</a>, and to the standard
error stream.
<b>ENVIRONMENT</b>
<b>MAIL_CONFIG</b>
Directory with Postfix configuration files.
<b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter)
Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.
<b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter)
Enable debugging with an external command, as specified with the
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b> configuration parameter.
<b>NAME</b> The sender full name. This is used only with messages that have
no <b>From:</b> message header. See also the <b>-F</b> option above.
<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b>
The following <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant to this pro-
gram. The text below provides only a parameter summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>post-</b></a>
<a href="postconf.5.html"><b>conf</b>(5)</a> for more details including examples.
<b>COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS</b>
Available with Postfix 2.9 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#sendmail_fix_line_endings">sendmail_fix_line_endings</a> (always)</b>
Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts email message
line endings from <CR><LF> into UNIX format (<LF>).
<b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b>
The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples of how to troubleshoot a Postfix
system.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b>
The external command to execute when a Postfix daemon program is
invoked with the -D option.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b>
The increment in verbose logging level when a nexthop destina-
tion, remote client or server name or network address matches a
pattern given with the <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b>
Optional list of nexthop destination, remote client or server
name or network address patterns that, if matched, cause the
verbose logging level to increase by the amount specified in
$<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>.
<b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b>
Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b>
List of users who are authorized to flush the queue.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b>
List of users who are authorized to view the queue.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b>
List of users who are authorized to submit mail with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a>
<a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> command (and with the privileged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper com-
mand).
<b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b>
The maximal amount of original message text that is sent in a
non-delivery notification.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b>
The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child process.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b>
The delay between attempts to fork() a child process.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b>
The maximal number of Received: message headers that is allowed
in the primary message headers.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b>
The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue manager;
prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 1000s.
<b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b>
The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation details for
the Postfix "fast flush" service.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b>
Optional list of destinations that are eligible for per-destina-
tion logfiles with mail that is queued to those destinations.
<b>VERP CONTROLS</b>
The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation details of
Postfix support for variable envelope return path addresses.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b>
The two default VERP delimiter characters.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b>
The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter characters on
the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line and in SMTP commands.
<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that are updated with
"<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>".
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The location of all postfix administrative commands.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> con-
figuration files.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The directory with Postfix support programs and daemon programs.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>, <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a>
and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b>
The time after which the sender receives a copy of the message
headers of mail that is still queued.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#import_environment">import_environment</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The list of environment variables that a privileged Postfix
process will import from a non-Postfix parent process, or
name=value environment overrides.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b>
The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue and most
Postfix daemon processes.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b>
Rewrite or add message headers in mail from remote clients if
the <a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> parameter value is non-empty,
updating incomplete addresses with the domain specified in the
<a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> parameter, and adding missing head-
ers.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b>
The syslog facility of Postfix logging.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
A prefix that is prepended to the process name in syslog
records, so that, for example, "smtpd" becomes "prefix/smtpd".
Postfix 3.2 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#alternate_config_directories">alternate_config_directories</a> (empty)</b>
A list of non-default Postfix configuration directories that may
be specified with "-c <a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a>" on the command line (in
the case of <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a>, with the "-C" option), or via the
MAIL_CONFIG environment parameter.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#multi_instance_directories">multi_instance_directories</a> (empty)</b>
An optional list of non-default Postfix configuration directo-
ries; these directories belong to additional Postfix instances
that share the Postfix executable files and documentation with
the default Postfix instance, and that are started, stopped,
etc., together with the default Postfix instance.
<b>FILES</b>
/var/spool/postfix, mail queue
/etc/postfix, configuration files
<b>SEE ALSO</b>
<a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon
<a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager
<a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server
<a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service
<a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance
<a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database
<a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility
<a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control
<a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control
<a href="postlogd.8.html">postlogd(8)</a>, Postfix logging
syslogd(8), system logging
<b>README_FILES</b>
Use "<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#readme_directory">readme_directory</a></b>" or "<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#html_directory">html_directory</a></b>" to locate
this information.
<a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto
<a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto
<a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto
<b>LICENSE</b>
The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.
<b>AUTHOR(S)</b>
Wietse Venema
IBM T.J. Watson Research
P.O. Box 704
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
Wietse Venema
Google, Inc.
111 8th Avenue
New York, NY 10011, USA
SENDMAIL(1)
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