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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>pg_restore</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="app-pgrecvlogical.html" title="pg_recvlogical" /><link rel="next" href="app-pgverifybackup.html" title="pg_verifybackup" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center"><span class="application">pg_restore</span></th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-pgrecvlogical.html" title="pg_recvlogical">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="reference-client.html" title="PostgreSQL Client Applications">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">PostgreSQL Client Applications</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="app-pgverifybackup.html" title="pg_verifybackup">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="APP-PGRESTORE"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.4.18.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_restore</span></span></h2><p>pg_restore —
restore a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database from an
archive file created by <span class="application">pg_dump</span>
</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.4.18.4.1"><code class="command">pg_restore</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>connection-option</code></em>...] [<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>...] [<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>]</p></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PGRESTORE-DESCRIPTION"><h2>Description</h2><p>
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> is a utility for restoring a
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database from an archive
created by <a class="xref" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dump</span></span></a> in one of the non-plain-text
formats. It will issue the commands necessary to reconstruct the
database to the state it was in at the time it was saved. The
archive files also allow <span class="application">pg_restore</span> to
be selective about what is restored, or even to reorder the items
prior to being restored. The archive files are designed to be
portable across architectures.
</p><p>
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> can operate in two modes.
If a database name is specified, <span class="application">pg_restore</span>
connects to that database and restores archive contents directly into
the database. Otherwise, a script containing the SQL
commands necessary to rebuild the database is created and written
to a file or standard output. This script output is equivalent to
the plain text output format of <span class="application">pg_dump</span>.
Some of the options controlling the output are therefore analogous to
<span class="application">pg_dump</span> options.
</p><p>
Obviously, <span class="application">pg_restore</span> cannot restore information
that is not present in the archive file. For instance, if the
archive was made using the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">dump data as
<code class="command">INSERT</code> commands</span>”</span> option,
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> will not be able to load the data
using <code class="command">COPY</code> statements.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PGRESTORE-OPTIONS"><h2>Options</h2><p>
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> accepts the following command
line arguments.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the location of the archive file (or directory, for a
directory-format archive) to be restored.
If not specified, the standard input is used.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-a</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--data-only</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore only the data, not the schema (data definitions).
Table data, large objects, and sequence values are restored,
if present in the archive.
</p><p>
This option is similar to, but for historical reasons not identical
to, specifying <code class="option">--section=data</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-c</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--clean</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Clean (drop) database objects before recreating them.
(Unless <code class="option">--if-exists</code> is used,
this might generate some harmless error messages, if any objects
were not present in the destination database.)
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-C</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--create</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Create the database before restoring into it.
If <code class="option">--clean</code> is also specified, drop and
recreate the target database before connecting to it.
</p><p>
With <code class="option">--create</code>, <span class="application">pg_restore</span>
also restores the database's comment if any, and any configuration
variable settings that are specific to this database, that is,
any <code class="command">ALTER DATABASE ... SET ...</code>
and <code class="command">ALTER ROLE ... IN DATABASE ... SET ...</code>
commands that mention this database.
Access privileges for the database itself are also restored,
unless <code class="option">--no-acl</code> is specified.
</p><p>
When this option is used, the database named with <code class="option">-d</code>
is used only to issue the initial <code class="command">DROP DATABASE</code> and
<code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code> commands. All data is restored into the
database name that appears in the archive.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--dbname=<em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Connect to database <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> and restore directly
into the database. The <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> can
be a <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING" title="34.1.1. Connection Strings">connection string</a>.
If so, connection string parameters will override any conflicting
command line options.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-e</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--exit-on-error</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Exit if an error is encountered while sending SQL commands to
the database. The default is to continue and to display a count of
errors at the end of the restoration.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--file=<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specify output file for generated script, or for the listing
when used with <code class="option">-l</code>. Use <code class="literal">-</code>
for <span class="systemitem">stdout</span>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-F <em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--format=<em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specify format of the archive. It is not necessary to specify
the format, since <span class="application">pg_restore</span> will
determine the format automatically. If specified, it can be
one of the following:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">c</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">custom</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The archive is in the custom format of
<span class="application">pg_dump</span>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">d</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">directory</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The archive is a directory archive.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">t</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">tar</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The archive is a <code class="command">tar</code> archive.
</p></dd></dl></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>index</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--index=<em class="replaceable"><code>index</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore definition of named index only. Multiple indexes
may be specified with multiple <code class="option">-I</code> switches.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>number-of-jobs</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--jobs=<em class="replaceable"><code>number-of-jobs</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Run the most time-consuming steps
of <span class="application">pg_restore</span> — those that load data,
create indexes, or create constraints — concurrently, using up
to <em class="replaceable"><code>number-of-jobs</code></em>
concurrent sessions. This option can dramatically reduce the time
to restore a large database to a server running on a
multiprocessor machine. This option is ignored when emitting a script
rather than connecting directly to a database server.
</p><p>
Each job is one process or one thread, depending on the
operating system, and uses a separate connection to the
server.
</p><p>
The optimal value for this option depends on the hardware
setup of the server, of the client, and of the network.
Factors include the number of CPU cores and the disk setup. A
good place to start is the number of CPU cores on the server,
but values larger than that can also lead to faster restore
times in many cases. Of course, values that are too high will
lead to decreased performance because of thrashing.
</p><p>
Only the custom and directory archive formats are supported
with this option.
The input must be a regular file or directory (not, for example, a
pipe or standard input). Also, multiple
jobs cannot be used together with the
option <code class="option">--single-transaction</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-l</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--list</code></span></dt><dd><p>
List the table of contents of the archive. The output of this operation
can be used as input to the <code class="option">-L</code> option. Note that
if filtering switches such as <code class="option">-n</code> or <code class="option">-t</code> are
used with <code class="option">-l</code>, they will restrict the items listed.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>list-file</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--use-list=<em class="replaceable"><code>list-file</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore only those archive elements that are listed in <em class="replaceable"><code>list-file</code></em>, and restore them in the
order they appear in the file. Note that
if filtering switches such as <code class="option">-n</code> or <code class="option">-t</code> are
used with <code class="option">-L</code>, they will further restrict the items restored.
</p><p><em class="replaceable"><code>list-file</code></em> is normally created by
editing the output of a previous <code class="option">-l</code> operation.
Lines can be moved or removed, and can also
be commented out by placing a semicolon (<code class="literal">;</code>) at the
start of the line. See below for examples.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>schema</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--schema=<em class="replaceable"><code>schema</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore only objects that are in the named schema. Multiple schemas
may be specified with multiple <code class="option">-n</code> switches. This can be
combined with the <code class="option">-t</code> option to restore just a
specific table.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>schema</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--exclude-schema=<em class="replaceable"><code>schema</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not restore objects that are in the named schema. Multiple schemas
to be excluded may be specified with multiple <code class="option">-N</code> switches.
</p><p>
When both <code class="option">-n</code> and <code class="option">-N</code> are given for the same
schema name, the <code class="option">-N</code> switch wins and the schema is excluded.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-O</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-owner</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not output commands to set
ownership of objects to match the original database.
By default, <span class="application">pg_restore</span> issues
<code class="command">ALTER OWNER</code> or
<code class="command">SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</code>
statements to set ownership of created schema elements.
These statements will fail unless the initial connection to the
database is made by a superuser
(or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script).
With <code class="option">-O</code>, any user name can be used for the
initial connection, and this user will own all the created objects.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>function-name(argtype [, ...])</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--function=<em class="replaceable"><code>function-name(argtype [, ...])</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore the named function only. Be careful to spell the function
name and arguments exactly as they appear in the dump file's table
of contents. Multiple functions may be specified with multiple
<code class="option">-P</code> switches.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-R</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-reconnect</code></span></dt><dd><p>
This option is obsolete but still accepted for backwards
compatibility.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-s</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--schema-only</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore only the schema (data definitions), not data,
to the extent that schema entries are present in the archive.
</p><p>
This option is the inverse of <code class="option">--data-only</code>.
It is similar to, but for historical reasons not identical to,
specifying
<code class="option">--section=pre-data --section=post-data</code>.
</p><p>
(Do not confuse this with the <code class="option">--schema</code> option, which
uses the word <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">schema</span>”</span> in a different meaning.)
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--superuser=<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers.
This is relevant only if <code class="option">--disable-triggers</code> is used.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--table=<em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore definition and/or data of only the named table.
For this purpose, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">table</span>”</span> includes views, materialized views,
sequences, and foreign tables. Multiple tables
can be selected by writing multiple <code class="option">-t</code> switches.
This option can be combined with the <code class="option">-n</code> option to
specify table(s) in a particular schema.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
When <code class="option">-t</code> is specified, <span class="application">pg_restore</span>
makes no attempt to restore any other database objects that the
selected table(s) might depend upon. Therefore, there is no
guarantee that a specific-table restore into a clean database will
succeed.
</p></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
This flag does not behave identically to the <code class="option">-t</code>
flag of <span class="application">pg_dump</span>. There is not currently
any provision for wild-card matching in <span class="application">pg_restore</span>,
nor can you include a schema name within its <code class="option">-t</code>.
And, while <span class="application">pg_dump</span>'s <code class="option">-t</code>
flag will also dump subsidiary objects (such as indexes) of the
selected table(s),
<span class="application">pg_restore</span>'s <code class="option">-t</code>
flag does not include such subsidiary objects.
</p></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
In versions prior to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.6, this flag
matched only tables, not any other type of relation.
</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>trigger</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--trigger=<em class="replaceable"><code>trigger</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Restore named trigger only. Multiple triggers may be specified with
multiple <code class="option">-T</code> switches.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-v</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--verbose</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies verbose mode. This will cause
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> to output detailed object
comments and start/stop times to the output file, and progress
messages to standard error.
Repeating the option causes additional debug-level messages
to appear on standard error.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-V</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--version</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Print the <span class="application">pg_restore</span> version and exit.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-x</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-privileges</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-acl</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Prevent restoration of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-1</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--single-transaction</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Execute the restore as a single transaction (that is, wrap the
emitted commands in <code class="command">BEGIN</code>/<code class="command">COMMIT</code>). This
ensures that either all the commands complete successfully, or no
changes are applied. This option implies
<code class="option">--exit-on-error</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--disable-triggers</code></span></dt><dd><p>
This option is relevant only when performing a data-only restore.
It instructs <span class="application">pg_restore</span> to execute commands
to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while
the data is restored. Use this if you have referential
integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you
do not want to invoke during data restore.
</p><p>
Presently, the commands emitted for
<code class="option">--disable-triggers</code> must be done as superuser. So you
should also specify a superuser name with <code class="option">-S</code> or,
preferably, run <span class="application">pg_restore</span> as a
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> superuser.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--enable-row-security</code></span></dt><dd><p>
This option is relevant only when restoring the contents of a table
which has row security. By default, <span class="application">pg_restore</span> will set
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-ROW-SECURITY">row_security</a> to off, to ensure
that all data is restored in to the table. If the user does not have
sufficient privileges to bypass row security, then an error is thrown.
This parameter instructs <span class="application">pg_restore</span> to set
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-ROW-SECURITY">row_security</a> to on instead, allowing the user to attempt to restore
the contents of the table with row security enabled. This might still
fail if the user does not have the right to insert the rows from the
dump into the table.
</p><p>
Note that this option currently also requires the dump be in <code class="command">INSERT</code>
format, as <code class="command">COPY FROM</code> does not support row security.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--if-exists</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Use conditional commands (i.e., add an <code class="literal">IF EXISTS</code>
clause) to drop database objects. This option is not valid
unless <code class="option">--clean</code> is also specified.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-comments</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not output commands to restore comments, even if the archive
contains them.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-data-for-failed-tables</code></span></dt><dd><p>
By default, table data is restored even if the creation command
for the table failed (e.g., because it already exists).
With this option, data for such a table is skipped.
This behavior is useful if the target database already
contains the desired table contents. For example,
auxiliary tables for <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extensions
such as <span class="productname">PostGIS</span> might already be loaded in
the target database; specifying this option prevents duplicate
or obsolete data from being loaded into them.
</p><p>
This option is effective only when restoring directly into a
database, not when producing SQL script output.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-publications</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not output commands to restore publications, even if the archive
contains them.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-security-labels</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not output commands to restore security labels,
even if the archive contains them.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-subscriptions</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not output commands to restore subscriptions, even if the archive
contains them.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-table-access-method</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not output commands to select table access methods.
With this option, all objects will be created with whichever
access method is the default during restore.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-tablespaces</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not output commands to select tablespaces.
With this option, all objects will be created in whichever
tablespace is the default during restore.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--section=<em class="replaceable"><code>sectionname</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Only restore the named section. The section name can be
<code class="option">pre-data</code>, <code class="option">data</code>, or <code class="option">post-data</code>.
This option can be specified more than once to select multiple
sections. The default is to restore all sections.
</p><p>
The data section contains actual table data as well as large-object
definitions.
Post-data items consist of definitions of indexes, triggers, rules
and constraints other than validated check constraints.
Pre-data items consist of all other data definition items.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--strict-names</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Require that each schema
(<code class="option">-n</code>/<code class="option">--schema</code>) and table
(<code class="option">-t</code>/<code class="option">--table</code>) qualifier match at
least one schema/table in the backup file.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--use-set-session-authorization</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Output SQL-standard <code class="command">SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</code> commands
instead of <code class="command">ALTER OWNER</code> commands to determine object
ownership. This makes the dump more standards-compatible, but
depending on the history of the objects in the dump, might not restore
properly.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-?</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--help</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Show help about <span class="application">pg_restore</span> command line
arguments, and exit.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p><p>
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> also accepts
the following command line arguments for connection parameters:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-h <em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--host=<em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is
running. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the
directory for the Unix domain socket. The default is taken
from the <code class="envar">PGHOST</code> environment variable, if set,
else a Unix domain socket connection is attempted.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--port=<em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file
extension on which the server is listening for connections.
Defaults to the <code class="envar">PGPORT</code> environment variable, if
set, or a compiled-in default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--username=<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
User name to connect as.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-w</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-password</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Never issue a password prompt. If the server requires
password authentication and a password is not available by
other means such as a <code class="filename">.pgpass</code> file, the
connection attempt will fail. This option can be useful in
batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a
password.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-W</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--password</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Force <span class="application">pg_restore</span> to prompt for a
password before connecting to a database.
</p><p>
This option is never essential, since
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> will automatically prompt
for a password if the server demands password authentication.
However, <span class="application">pg_restore</span> will waste a
connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password.
In some cases it is worth typing <code class="option">-W</code> to avoid the extra
connection attempt.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--role=<em class="replaceable"><code>rolename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies a role name to be used to perform the restore.
This option causes <span class="application">pg_restore</span> to issue a
<code class="command">SET ROLE</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>rolename</code></em>
command after connecting to the database. It is useful when the
authenticated user (specified by <code class="option">-U</code>) lacks privileges
needed by <span class="application">pg_restore</span>, but can switch to a role with
the required rights. Some installations have a policy against
logging in directly as a superuser, and use of this option allows
restores to be performed without violating the policy.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.18.7"><h2>Environment</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGHOST</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGOPTIONS</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGPORT</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGUSER</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Default connection parameters
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PG_COLOR</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies whether to use color in diagnostic messages. Possible values
are <code class="literal">always</code>, <code class="literal">auto</code> and
<code class="literal">never</code>.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
This utility, like most other <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> utilities,
also uses the environment variables supported by <span class="application">libpq</span>
(see <a class="xref" href="libpq-envars.html" title="34.15. Environment Variables">Section 34.15</a>). However, it does not read
<code class="envar">PGDATABASE</code> when a database name is not supplied.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PGRESTORE-DIAGNOSTICS"><h2>Diagnostics</h2><p>
When a direct database connection is specified using the
<code class="option">-d</code> option, <span class="application">pg_restore</span>
internally executes <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statements. If you have
problems running <span class="application">pg_restore</span>, make sure
you are able to select information from the database using, for
example, <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">psql</span></span></a>. Also, any default connection
settings and environment variables used by the
<span class="application">libpq</span> front-end library will apply.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PGRESTORE-NOTES"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
If your installation has any local additions to the
<code class="literal">template1</code> database, be careful to load the output of
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> into a truly empty database;
otherwise you are likely to get errors due to duplicate definitions
of the added objects. To make an empty database without any local
additions, copy from <code class="literal">template0</code> not <code class="literal">template1</code>, for example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE DATABASE foo WITH TEMPLATE template0;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
The limitations of <span class="application">pg_restore</span> are detailed below.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
When restoring data to a pre-existing table and the option
<code class="option">--disable-triggers</code> is used,
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> emits commands
to disable triggers on user tables before inserting the data, then emits commands to
re-enable them after the data has been inserted. If the restore is stopped in the
middle, the system catalogs might be left in the wrong state.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="application">pg_restore</span> cannot restore large objects
selectively; for instance, only those for a specific table. If
an archive contains large objects, then all large objects will be
restored, or none of them if they are excluded via <code class="option">-L</code>,
<code class="option">-t</code>, or other options.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>
See also the <a class="xref" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dump</span></span></a> documentation for details on
limitations of <span class="application">pg_dump</span>.
</p><p>
Once restored, it is wise to run <code class="command">ANALYZE</code> on each
restored table so the optimizer has useful statistics; see
<a class="xref" href="routine-vacuuming.html#VACUUM-FOR-STATISTICS" title="25.1.3. Updating Planner Statistics">Section 25.1.3</a> and
<a class="xref" href="routine-vacuuming.html#AUTOVACUUM" title="25.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon">Section 25.1.6</a> for more information.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PGRESTORE-EXAMPLES"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
Assume we have dumped a database called <code class="literal">mydb</code> into a
custom-format dump file:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_dump -Fc mydb > db.dump</code></strong>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
To drop the database and recreate it from the dump:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>dropdb mydb</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_restore -C -d postgres db.dump</code></strong>
</pre><p>
The database named in the <code class="option">-d</code> switch can be any database existing
in the cluster; <span class="application">pg_restore</span> only uses it to issue the
<code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code> command for <code class="literal">mydb</code>. With
<code class="option">-C</code>, data is always restored into the database name that appears
in the dump file.
</p><p>
To restore the dump into a new database called <code class="literal">newdb</code>:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>createdb -T template0 newdb</code></strong>
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_restore -d newdb db.dump</code></strong>
</pre><p>
Notice we don't use <code class="option">-C</code>, and instead connect directly to the
database to be restored into. Also note that we clone the new database
from <code class="literal">template0</code> not <code class="literal">template1</code>, to ensure it is
initially empty.
</p><p>
To reorder database items, it is first necessary to dump the table of
contents of the archive:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_restore -l db.dump > db.list</code></strong>
</pre><p>
The listing file consists of a header and one line for each item, e.g.:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
;
; Archive created at Mon Sep 14 13:55:39 2009
; dbname: DBDEMOS
; TOC Entries: 81
; Compression: 9
; Dump Version: 1.10-0
; Format: CUSTOM
; Integer: 4 bytes
; Offset: 8 bytes
; Dumped from database version: 8.3.5
; Dumped by pg_dump version: 8.3.8
;
;
; Selected TOC Entries:
;
3; 2615 2200 SCHEMA - public pasha
1861; 0 0 COMMENT - SCHEMA public pasha
1862; 0 0 ACL - public pasha
317; 1247 17715 TYPE public composite pasha
319; 1247 25899 DOMAIN public domain0 pasha
</pre><p>
Semicolons start a comment, and the numbers at the start of lines refer to the
internal archive ID assigned to each item.
</p><p>
Lines in the file can be commented out, deleted, and reordered. For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
10; 145433 TABLE map_resolutions postgres
;2; 145344 TABLE species postgres
;4; 145359 TABLE nt_header postgres
6; 145402 TABLE species_records postgres
;8; 145416 TABLE ss_old postgres
</pre><p>
could be used as input to <span class="application">pg_restore</span> and would only restore
items 10 and 6, in that order:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_restore -L db.list db.dump</code></strong>
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.18.11"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dump</span></span></a>, <a class="xref" href="app-pg-dumpall.html" title="pg_dumpall"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dumpall</span></span></a>, <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">psql</span></span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-pgrecvlogical.html" title="pg_recvlogical">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="reference-client.html" title="PostgreSQL Client Applications">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="app-pgverifybackup.html" title="pg_verifybackup">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"><span class="application">pg_recvlogical</span> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> <span class="application">pg_verifybackup</span></td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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