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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-dump.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-dump.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1a1a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/backup-dump.html @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>26.1. SQL Dump</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="backup.html" title="Chapter 26. Backup and Restore" /><link rel="next" href="backup-file.html" title="26.2. File System Level Backup" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">26.1. <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> Dump</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backup.html" title="Chapter 26. Backup and Restore">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="backup.html" title="Chapter 26. Backup and Restore">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 26. Backup and Restore</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backup-file.html" title="26.2. File System Level Backup">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="BACKUP-DUMP"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">26.1. <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> Dump <a href="#BACKUP-DUMP" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backup-dump.html#BACKUP-DUMP-RESTORE">26.1.1. Restoring the Dump</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backup-dump.html#BACKUP-DUMP-ALL">26.1.2. Using <span class="application">pg_dumpall</span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backup-dump.html#BACKUP-DUMP-LARGE">26.1.3. Handling Large Databases</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> + The idea behind this dump method is to generate a file with SQL + commands that, when fed back to the server, will recreate the + database in the same state as it was at the time of the dump. + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides the utility program + <a class="xref" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dump</span></span></a> for this purpose. The basic usage of this + command is: +</p><pre class="synopsis"> +pg_dump <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> > <em class="replaceable"><code>dumpfile</code></em> +</pre><p> + As you see, <span class="application">pg_dump</span> writes its result to the + standard output. We will see below how this can be useful. + While the above command creates a text file, <span class="application">pg_dump</span> + can create files in other formats that allow for parallelism and more + fine-grained control of object restoration. + </p><p> + <span class="application">pg_dump</span> is a regular <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> + client application (albeit a particularly clever one). This means + that you can perform this backup procedure from any remote host that has + access to the database. But remember that <span class="application">pg_dump</span> + does not operate with special permissions. In particular, it must + have read access to all tables that you want to back up, so in order + to back up the entire database you almost always have to run it as a + database superuser. (If you do not have sufficient privileges to back up + the entire database, you can still back up portions of the database to which + you do have access using options such as + <code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>schema</code></em></code> + or <code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em></code>.) + </p><p> + To specify which database server <span class="application">pg_dump</span> should + contact, use the command line options <code class="option">-h + <em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em></code> and <code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>. The + default host is the local host or whatever your + <code class="envar">PGHOST</code> environment variable specifies. Similarly, + the default port is indicated by the <code class="envar">PGPORT</code> + environment variable or, failing that, by the compiled-in default. + (Conveniently, the server will normally have the same compiled-in + default.) + </p><p> + Like any other <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> client application, + <span class="application">pg_dump</span> will by default connect with the database + user name that is equal to the current operating system user name. To override + this, either specify the <code class="option">-U</code> option or set the + environment variable <code class="envar">PGUSER</code>. Remember that + <span class="application">pg_dump</span> connections are subject to the normal + client authentication mechanisms (which are described in <a class="xref" href="client-authentication.html" title="Chapter 21. Client Authentication">Chapter 21</a>). + </p><p> + An important advantage of <span class="application">pg_dump</span> over the other backup + methods described later is that <span class="application">pg_dump</span>'s output can + generally be re-loaded into newer versions of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, + whereas file-level backups and continuous archiving are both extremely + server-version-specific. <span class="application">pg_dump</span> is also the only method + that will work when transferring a database to a different machine + architecture, such as going from a 32-bit to a 64-bit server. + </p><p> + Dumps created by <span class="application">pg_dump</span> are internally consistent, + meaning, the dump represents a snapshot of the database at the time + <span class="application">pg_dump</span> began running. <span class="application">pg_dump</span> does not + block other operations on the database while it is working. + (Exceptions are those operations that need to operate with an + exclusive lock, such as most forms of <code class="command">ALTER TABLE</code>.) + </p><div class="sect2" id="BACKUP-DUMP-RESTORE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">26.1.1. Restoring the Dump <a href="#BACKUP-DUMP-RESTORE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p> + Text files created by <span class="application">pg_dump</span> are intended to + be read in by the <span class="application">psql</span> program. The + general command form to restore a dump is +</p><pre class="synopsis"> +psql <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> < <em class="replaceable"><code>dumpfile</code></em> +</pre><p> + where <em class="replaceable"><code>dumpfile</code></em> is the + file output by the <span class="application">pg_dump</span> command. The database <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> will not be created by this + command, so you must create it yourself from <code class="literal">template0</code> + before executing <span class="application">psql</span> (e.g., with + <code class="literal">createdb -T template0 <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em></code>). <span class="application">psql</span> + supports options similar to <span class="application">pg_dump</span> for specifying + the database server to connect to and the user name to use. See + the <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">psql</span></span></a> reference page for more information. + Non-text file dumps are restored using the <a class="xref" href="app-pgrestore.html" title="pg_restore"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_restore</span></span></a> utility. + </p><p> + Before restoring an SQL dump, all the users who own objects or were + granted permissions on objects in the dumped database must already + exist. If they do not, the restore will fail to recreate the + objects with the original ownership and/or permissions. + (Sometimes this is what you want, but usually it is not.) + </p><p> + By default, the <span class="application">psql</span> script will continue to + execute after an SQL error is encountered. You might wish to run + <span class="application">psql</span> with + the <code class="literal">ON_ERROR_STOP</code> variable set to alter that + behavior and have <span class="application">psql</span> exit with an + exit status of 3 if an SQL error occurs: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +psql --set ON_ERROR_STOP=on <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> < <em class="replaceable"><code>dumpfile</code></em> +</pre><p> + Either way, you will only have a partially restored database. + Alternatively, you can specify that the whole dump should be + restored as a single transaction, so the restore is either fully + completed or fully rolled back. This mode can be specified by + passing the <code class="option">-1</code> or <code class="option">--single-transaction</code> + command-line options to <span class="application">psql</span>. When using this + mode, be aware that even a minor error can rollback a + restore that has already run for many hours. However, that might + still be preferable to manually cleaning up a complex database + after a partially restored dump. + </p><p> + The ability of <span class="application">pg_dump</span> and <span class="application">psql</span> to + write to or read from pipes makes it possible to dump a database + directly from one server to another, for example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +pg_dump -h <em class="replaceable"><code>host1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> | psql -h <em class="replaceable"><code>host2</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> +</pre><p> + </p><div class="important"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p> + The dumps produced by <span class="application">pg_dump</span> are relative to + <code class="literal">template0</code>. This means that any languages, procedures, + etc. added via <code class="literal">template1</code> will also be dumped by + <span class="application">pg_dump</span>. As a result, when restoring, if you are + using a customized <code class="literal">template1</code>, you must create the + empty database from <code class="literal">template0</code>, as in the example + above. + </p></div><p> + After restoring a backup, it is wise to run <a class="link" href="sql-analyze.html" title="ANALYZE"><code class="command">ANALYZE</code></a> on each + database so the query optimizer has useful statistics; + see <a class="xref" href="routine-vacuuming.html#VACUUM-FOR-STATISTICS" title="25.1.3. Updating Planner Statistics">Section 25.1.3</a> + and <a class="xref" href="routine-vacuuming.html#AUTOVACUUM" title="25.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon">Section 25.1.6</a> for more information. + For more advice on how to load large amounts of data + into <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> efficiently, refer to <a class="xref" href="populate.html" title="14.4. Populating a Database">Section 14.4</a>. + </p></div><div class="sect2" id="BACKUP-DUMP-ALL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">26.1.2. Using <span class="application">pg_dumpall</span> <a href="#BACKUP-DUMP-ALL" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p> + <span class="application">pg_dump</span> dumps only a single database at a time, + and it does not dump information about roles or tablespaces + (because those are cluster-wide rather than per-database). + To support convenient dumping of the entire contents of a database + cluster, the <a class="xref" href="app-pg-dumpall.html" title="pg_dumpall"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dumpall</span></span></a> program is provided. + <span class="application">pg_dumpall</span> backs up each database in a given + cluster, and also preserves cluster-wide data such as role and + tablespace definitions. The basic usage of this command is: +</p><pre class="synopsis"> +pg_dumpall > <em class="replaceable"><code>dumpfile</code></em> +</pre><p> + The resulting dump can be restored with <span class="application">psql</span>: +</p><pre class="synopsis"> +psql -f <em class="replaceable"><code>dumpfile</code></em> postgres +</pre><p> + (Actually, you can specify any existing database name to start from, + but if you are loading into an empty cluster then <code class="literal">postgres</code> + should usually be used.) It is always necessary to have + database superuser access when restoring a <span class="application">pg_dumpall</span> + dump, as that is required to restore the role and tablespace information. + If you use tablespaces, make sure that the tablespace paths in the + dump are appropriate for the new installation. + </p><p> + <span class="application">pg_dumpall</span> works by emitting commands to re-create + roles, tablespaces, and empty databases, then invoking + <span class="application">pg_dump</span> for each database. This means that while + each database will be internally consistent, the snapshots of + different databases are not synchronized. + </p><p> + Cluster-wide data can be dumped alone using the + <span class="application">pg_dumpall</span> <code class="option">--globals-only</code> option. + This is necessary to fully backup the cluster if running the + <span class="application">pg_dump</span> command on individual databases. + </p></div><div class="sect2" id="BACKUP-DUMP-LARGE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">26.1.3. Handling Large Databases <a href="#BACKUP-DUMP-LARGE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p> + Some operating systems have maximum file size limits that cause + problems when creating large <span class="application">pg_dump</span> output files. + Fortunately, <span class="application">pg_dump</span> can write to the standard + output, so you can use standard Unix tools to work around this + potential problem. There are several possible methods: + </p><p><strong>Use compressed dumps. </strong> + You can use your favorite compression program, for example + <span class="application">gzip</span>: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +pg_dump <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> | gzip > <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>.gz +</pre><p> + + Reload with: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +gunzip -c <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>.gz | psql <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> +</pre><p> + + or: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +cat <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>.gz | gunzip | psql <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> +</pre><p> + </p><p><strong>Use <code class="command">split</code>. </strong> + The <code class="command">split</code> command + allows you to split the output into smaller files that are + acceptable in size to the underlying file system. For example, to + make 2 gigabyte chunks: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +pg_dump <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> | split -b 2G - <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> +</pre><p> + + Reload with: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +cat <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>* | psql <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> +</pre><p> + + If using GNU <span class="application">split</span>, it is possible to + use it and <span class="application">gzip</span> together: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +pg_dump <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> | split -b 2G --filter='gzip > $FILE.gz' +</pre><p> + + It can be restored using <code class="command">zcat</code>. + </p><p><strong>Use <span class="application">pg_dump</span>'s custom dump format. </strong> + If <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> was built on a system with the + <span class="application">zlib</span> compression library installed, the custom dump + format will compress data as it writes it to the output file. This will + produce dump file sizes similar to using <code class="command">gzip</code>, but it + has the added advantage that tables can be restored selectively. The + following command dumps a database using the custom dump format: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +pg_dump -Fc <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> > <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> +</pre><p> + + A custom-format dump is not a script for <span class="application">psql</span>, but + instead must be restored with <span class="application">pg_restore</span>, for example: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +pg_restore -d <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> +</pre><p> + + See the <a class="xref" href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_dump</span></span></a> and <a class="xref" href="app-pgrestore.html" title="pg_restore"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_restore</span></span></a> reference pages for details. + </p><p> + For very large databases, you might need to combine <code class="command">split</code> + with one of the other two approaches. + </p><p><strong>Use <span class="application">pg_dump</span>'s parallel dump feature. </strong> + To speed up the dump of a large database, you can use + <span class="application">pg_dump</span>'s parallel mode. This will dump + multiple tables at the same time. You can control the degree of + parallelism with the <code class="command">-j</code> parameter. Parallel dumps + are only supported for the "directory" archive format. + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +pg_dump -j <em class="replaceable"><code>num</code></em> -F d -f <em class="replaceable"><code>out.dir</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> +</pre><p> + + You can use <code class="command">pg_restore -j</code> to restore a dump in parallel. + This will work for any archive of either the "custom" or the "directory" + archive mode, whether or not it has been created with <code class="command">pg_dump -j</code>. + </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backup.html" title="Chapter 26. Backup and Restore">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="backup.html" title="Chapter 26. 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