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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-cpp.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-cpp.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a924295 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/ecpg-cpp.html @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>36.13. C++ Applications</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="ecpg-lo.html" title="36.12. Large Objects" /><link rel="next" href="ecpg-sql-commands.html" title="36.14. Embedded SQL Commands" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">36.13. <acronym class="acronym">C++</acronym> Applications</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ecpg-lo.html" title="36.12. Large Objects">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="ecpg.html" title="Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 36. <span class="application">ECPG</span> — Embedded <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> in C</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ecpg-sql-commands.html" title="36.14. Embedded SQL Commands">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="ECPG-CPP"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">36.13. <acronym class="acronym">C++</acronym> Applications <a href="#ECPG-CPP" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-SCOPE">36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-AND-C">36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> + ECPG has some limited support for C++ applications. This section + describes some caveats. + </p><p> + The <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor takes an input file + written in C (or something like C) and embedded SQL commands, + converts the embedded SQL commands into C language chunks, and + finally generates a <code class="filename">.c</code> file. The header file + declarations of the library functions used by the C language chunks + that <code class="command">ecpg</code> generates are wrapped + in <code class="literal">extern "C" { ... }</code> blocks when used under + C++, so they should work seamlessly in C++. + </p><p> + In general, however, the <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor only + understands C; it does not handle the special syntax and reserved + words of the C++ language. So, some embedded SQL code written in + C++ application code that uses complicated features specific to C++ + might fail to be preprocessed correctly or might not work as + expected. + </p><p> + A safe way to use the embedded SQL code in a C++ application is + hiding the ECPG calls in a C module, which the C++ application code + calls into to access the database, and linking that together with + the rest of the C++ code. See <a class="xref" href="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-AND-C" title="36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module">Section 36.13.2</a> + about that. + </p><div class="sect2" id="ECPG-CPP-SCOPE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables <a href="#ECPG-CPP-SCOPE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p> + The <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor understands the scope of + variables in C. In the C language, this is rather simple because + the scopes of variables is based on their code blocks. In C++, + however, the class member variables are referenced in a different + code block from the declared position, so + the <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor will not understand the + scope of the class member variables. + </p><p> + For example, in the following case, the <code class="command">ecpg</code> + preprocessor cannot find any declaration for the + variable <code class="literal">dbname</code> in the <code class="literal">test</code> + method, so an error will occur. + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +class TestCpp +{ + EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; + char dbname[1024]; + EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; + + public: + TestCpp(); + void test(); + ~TestCpp(); +}; + +TestCpp::TestCpp() +{ + EXEC SQL CONNECT TO testdb1; + EXEC SQL SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false); EXEC SQL COMMIT; +} + +void Test::test() +{ + EXEC SQL SELECT current_database() INTO :dbname; + printf("current_database = %s\n", dbname); +} + +TestCpp::~TestCpp() +{ + EXEC SQL DISCONNECT ALL; +} +</pre><p> + + This code will result in an error like this: +</p><pre class="screen"> +<strong class="userinput"><code>ecpg test_cpp.pgc</code></strong> +test_cpp.pgc:28: ERROR: variable "dbname" is not declared +</pre><p> + </p><p> + To avoid this scope issue, the <code class="literal">test</code> method + could be modified to use a local variable as intermediate storage. + But this approach is only a poor workaround, because it uglifies + the code and reduces performance. + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +void TestCpp::test() +{ + EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; + char tmp[1024]; + EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; + + EXEC SQL SELECT current_database() INTO :tmp; + strlcpy(dbname, tmp, sizeof(tmp)); + + printf("current_database = %s\n", dbname); +} +</pre><p> + </p></div><div class="sect2" id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p> + If you understand these technical limitations of + the <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor in C++, you might come to + the conclusion that linking C objects and C++ objects at the link + stage to enable C++ applications to use ECPG features could be + better than writing some embedded SQL commands in C++ code + directly. This section describes a way to separate some embedded + SQL commands from C++ application code with a simple example. In + this example, the application is implemented in C++, while C and + ECPG is used to connect to the PostgreSQL server. + </p><p> + Three kinds of files have to be created: a C file + (<code class="filename">*.pgc</code>), a header file, and a C++ file: + + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-PGC"><span class="term"><code class="filename">test_mod.pgc</code></span> <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-PGC" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p> + A sub-routine module to execute SQL commands embedded in C. + It is going to be converted + into <code class="filename">test_mod.c</code> by the preprocessor. + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +#include "test_mod.h" +#include <stdio.h> + +void +db_connect() +{ + EXEC SQL CONNECT TO testdb1; + EXEC SQL SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false); EXEC SQL COMMIT; +} + +void +db_test() +{ + EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; + char dbname[1024]; + EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; + + EXEC SQL SELECT current_database() INTO :dbname; + printf("current_database = %s\n", dbname); +} + +void +db_disconnect() +{ + EXEC SQL DISCONNECT ALL; +} +</pre><p> + </p></dd><dt id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-H"><span class="term"><code class="filename">test_mod.h</code></span> <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-H" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p> + A header file with declarations of the functions in the C + module (<code class="filename">test_mod.pgc</code>). It is included by + <code class="filename">test_cpp.cpp</code>. This file has to have an + <code class="literal">extern "C"</code> block around the declarations, + because it will be linked from the C++ module. + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +#ifdef __cplusplus +extern "C" { +#endif + +void db_connect(); +void db_test(); +void db_disconnect(); + +#ifdef __cplusplus +} +#endif +</pre><p> + </p></dd><dt id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-CPP-CPP"><span class="term"><code class="filename">test_cpp.cpp</code></span> <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-CPP-CPP" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p> + The main code for the application, including + the <code class="function">main</code> routine, and in this example a + C++ class. + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +#include "test_mod.h" + +class TestCpp +{ + public: + TestCpp(); + void test(); + ~TestCpp(); +}; + +TestCpp::TestCpp() +{ + db_connect(); +} + +void +TestCpp::test() +{ + db_test(); +} + +TestCpp::~TestCpp() +{ + db_disconnect(); +} + +int +main(void) +{ + TestCpp *t = new TestCpp(); + + t->test(); + return 0; +} +</pre><p> + </p></dd></dl></div><p> + </p><p> + To build the application, proceed as follows. Convert + <code class="filename">test_mod.pgc</code> into <code class="filename">test_mod.c</code> by + running <code class="command">ecpg</code>, and generate + <code class="filename">test_mod.o</code> by compiling + <code class="filename">test_mod.c</code> with the C compiler: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +ecpg -o test_mod.c test_mod.pgc +cc -c test_mod.c -o test_mod.o +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Next, generate <code class="filename">test_cpp.o</code> by compiling + <code class="filename">test_cpp.cpp</code> with the C++ compiler: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +c++ -c test_cpp.cpp -o test_cpp.o +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Finally, link these object files, <code class="filename">test_cpp.o</code> + and <code class="filename">test_mod.o</code>, into one executable, using the C++ + compiler driver: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +c++ test_cpp.o test_mod.o -lecpg -o test_cpp +</pre><p> + </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ecpg-lo.html" title="36.12. 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