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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VII. Internals</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres" /><link rel="next" href="overview.html" title="Chapter 52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">Part VII. Internals</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="overview.html" title="Chapter 52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" id="INTERNALS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">Part VII. Internals</h1></div></div></div><div class="partintro" id="id-1.10.2"><div></div><p>
+    This part contains assorted information that might be of use to
+    <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> developers.
+   </p><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="overview.html">52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="query-path.html">52.1. The Path of a Query</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="connect-estab.html">52.2. How Connections Are Established</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parser-stage.html">52.3. The Parser Stage</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="rule-system.html">52.4. The <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> Rule System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="planner-optimizer.html">52.5. Planner/Optimizer</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="executor.html">52.6. Executor</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="catalogs.html">53. System Catalogs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalogs-overview.html">53.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-aggregate.html">53.2. <code class="structname">pg_aggregate</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-am.html">53.3. <code class="structname">pg_am</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-amop.html">53.4. <code class="structname">pg_amop</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-amproc.html">53.5. <code class="structname">pg_amproc</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-attrdef.html">53.6. <code class="structname">pg_attrdef</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-attribute.html">53.7. <code class="structname">pg_attribute</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-authid.html">53.8. <code class="structname">pg_authid</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-auth-members.html">53.9. <code class="structname">pg_auth_members</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-cast.html">53.10. <code class="structname">pg_cast</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-class.html">53.11. <code class="structname">pg_class</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-collation.html">53.12. <code class="structname">pg_collation</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-constraint.html">53.13. <code class="structname">pg_constraint</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-conversion.html">53.14. <code class="structname">pg_conversion</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-database.html">53.15. <code class="structname">pg_database</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-db-role-setting.html">53.16. <code class="structname">pg_db_role_setting</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-default-acl.html">53.17. <code class="structname">pg_default_acl</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-depend.html">53.18. <code class="structname">pg_depend</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-description.html">53.19. <code class="structname">pg_description</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-enum.html">53.20. <code class="structname">pg_enum</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-event-trigger.html">53.21. <code class="structname">pg_event_trigger</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-extension.html">53.22. <code class="structname">pg_extension</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-foreign-data-wrapper.html">53.23. <code class="structname">pg_foreign_data_wrapper</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-foreign-server.html">53.24. <code class="structname">pg_foreign_server</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-foreign-table.html">53.25. <code class="structname">pg_foreign_table</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-index.html">53.26. <code class="structname">pg_index</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-inherits.html">53.27. <code class="structname">pg_inherits</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-init-privs.html">53.28. <code class="structname">pg_init_privs</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-language.html">53.29. <code class="structname">pg_language</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-largeobject.html">53.30. <code class="structname">pg_largeobject</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-largeobject-metadata.html">53.31. <code class="structname">pg_largeobject_metadata</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-namespace.html">53.32. <code class="structname">pg_namespace</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-opclass.html">53.33. <code class="structname">pg_opclass</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-operator.html">53.34. <code class="structname">pg_operator</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-opfamily.html">53.35. <code class="structname">pg_opfamily</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-parameter-acl.html">53.36. <code class="structname">pg_parameter_acl</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-partitioned-table.html">53.37. <code class="structname">pg_partitioned_table</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-policy.html">53.38. <code class="structname">pg_policy</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-proc.html">53.39. <code class="structname">pg_proc</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-publication.html">53.40. <code class="structname">pg_publication</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html">53.41. <code class="structname">pg_publication_namespace</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-publication-rel.html">53.42. <code class="structname">pg_publication_rel</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-range.html">53.43. <code class="structname">pg_range</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-replication-origin.html">53.44. <code class="structname">pg_replication_origin</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-rewrite.html">53.45. <code class="structname">pg_rewrite</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-seclabel.html">53.46. <code class="structname">pg_seclabel</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-sequence.html">53.47. <code class="structname">pg_sequence</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-shdepend.html">53.48. <code class="structname">pg_shdepend</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-shdescription.html">53.49. <code class="structname">pg_shdescription</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-shseclabel.html">53.50. <code class="structname">pg_shseclabel</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-statistic.html">53.51. <code class="structname">pg_statistic</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-statistic-ext.html">53.52. <code class="structname">pg_statistic_ext</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-statistic-ext-data.html">53.53. <code class="structname">pg_statistic_ext_data</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-subscription.html">53.54. <code class="structname">pg_subscription</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html">53.55. <code class="structname">pg_subscription_rel</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-tablespace.html">53.56. <code class="structname">pg_tablespace</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-transform.html">53.57. <code class="structname">pg_transform</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-trigger.html">53.58. <code class="structname">pg_trigger</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-ts-config.html">53.59. <code class="structname">pg_ts_config</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-ts-config-map.html">53.60. <code class="structname">pg_ts_config_map</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-ts-dict.html">53.61. <code class="structname">pg_ts_dict</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-ts-parser.html">53.62. <code class="structname">pg_ts_parser</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-ts-template.html">53.63. <code class="structname">pg_ts_template</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-type.html">53.64. <code class="structname">pg_type</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-user-mapping.html">53.65. <code class="structname">pg_user_mapping</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="views.html">54. System Views</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="views-overview.html">54.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-available-extensions.html">54.2. <code class="structname">pg_available_extensions</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-available-extension-versions.html">54.3. <code class="structname">pg_available_extension_versions</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-backend-memory-contexts.html">54.4. <code class="structname">pg_backend_memory_contexts</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-config.html">54.5. <code class="structname">pg_config</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-cursors.html">54.6. <code class="structname">pg_cursors</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-file-settings.html">54.7. <code class="structname">pg_file_settings</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-group.html">54.8. <code class="structname">pg_group</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-hba-file-rules.html">54.9. <code class="structname">pg_hba_file_rules</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-ident-file-mappings.html">54.10. <code class="structname">pg_ident_file_mappings</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-indexes.html">54.11. <code class="structname">pg_indexes</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-locks.html">54.12. <code class="structname">pg_locks</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-matviews.html">54.13. <code class="structname">pg_matviews</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-policies.html">54.14. <code class="structname">pg_policies</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-prepared-statements.html">54.15. <code class="structname">pg_prepared_statements</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-prepared-xacts.html">54.16. <code class="structname">pg_prepared_xacts</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-publication-tables.html">54.17. <code class="structname">pg_publication_tables</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-replication-origin-status.html">54.18. <code class="structname">pg_replication_origin_status</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-replication-slots.html">54.19. <code class="structname">pg_replication_slots</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-roles.html">54.20. <code class="structname">pg_roles</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-rules.html">54.21. <code class="structname">pg_rules</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-seclabels.html">54.22. <code class="structname">pg_seclabels</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-sequences.html">54.23. <code class="structname">pg_sequences</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-settings.html">54.24. <code class="structname">pg_settings</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-shadow.html">54.25. <code class="structname">pg_shadow</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-shmem-allocations.html">54.26. <code class="structname">pg_shmem_allocations</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-stats.html">54.27. <code class="structname">pg_stats</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-stats-ext.html">54.28. <code class="structname">pg_stats_ext</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-stats-ext-exprs.html">54.29. <code class="structname">pg_stats_ext_exprs</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-tables.html">54.30. <code class="structname">pg_tables</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-timezone-abbrevs.html">54.31. <code class="structname">pg_timezone_abbrevs</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-timezone-names.html">54.32. <code class="structname">pg_timezone_names</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-user.html">54.33. <code class="structname">pg_user</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-user-mappings.html">54.34. <code class="structname">pg_user_mappings</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-views.html">54.35. <code class="structname">pg_views</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="protocol.html">55. Frontend/Backend Protocol</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-overview.html">55.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-flow.html">55.2. Message Flow</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sasl-authentication.html">55.3. SASL Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-replication.html">55.4. Streaming Replication Protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-logical-replication.html">55.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-message-types.html">55.6. Message Data Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-message-formats.html">55.7. Message Formats</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-error-fields.html">55.8. Error and Notice Message Fields</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-logicalrep-message-formats.html">55.9. Logical Replication Message Formats</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-changes.html">55.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="source.html">56. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source-format.html">56.1. Formatting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="error-message-reporting.html">56.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="error-style-guide.html">56.3. Error Message Style Guide</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source-conventions.html">56.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="nls.html">57. Native Language Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="nls-translator.html">57.1. For the Translator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="nls-programmer.html">57.2. For the Programmer</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="plhandler.html">58. Writing a Procedural Language Handler</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fdwhandler.html">59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fdw-functions.html">59.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fdw-callbacks.html">59.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fdw-helpers.html">59.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fdw-planning.html">59.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fdw-row-locking.html">59.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="tablesample-method.html">60. Writing a Table Sampling Method</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="tablesample-support-functions.html">60.1. Sampling Method Support Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="custom-scan.html">61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="custom-scan-path.html">61.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="custom-scan-plan.html">61.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="custom-scan-execution.html">61.3. Executing Custom Scans</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="geqo.html">62. Genetic Query Optimizer</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo-intro.html">62.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo-intro2.html">62.2. Genetic Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo-pg-intro.html">62.3. Genetic Query Optimization (<acronym class="acronym">GEQO</acronym>) in PostgreSQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo-biblio.html">62.4. Further Reading</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="tableam.html">63. Table Access Method Interface Definition</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="indexam.html">64. Index Access Method Interface Definition</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-api.html">64.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-functions.html">64.2. Index Access Method Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-scanning.html">64.3. Index Scanning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-locking.html">64.4. Index Locking Considerations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-unique-checks.html">64.5. Index Uniqueness Checks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-cost-estimation.html">64.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="generic-wal.html">65. Generic WAL Records</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="custom-rmgr.html">66. Custom WAL Resource Managers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="btree.html">67. B-Tree Indexes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="btree-intro.html">67.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="btree-behavior.html">67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="btree-support-funcs.html">67.3. B-Tree Support Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="btree-implementation.html">67.4. Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="gist.html">68. GiST Indexes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-intro.html">68.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-builtin-opclasses.html">68.2. Built-in Operator Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-extensibility.html">68.3. Extensibility</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-implementation.html">68.4. Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-examples.html">68.5. Examples</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="spgist.html">69. SP-GiST Indexes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="spgist-intro.html">69.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="spgist-builtin-opclasses.html">69.2. Built-in Operator Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="spgist-extensibility.html">69.3. Extensibility</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="spgist-implementation.html">69.4. Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="spgist-examples.html">69.5. Examples</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="gin.html">70. GIN Indexes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gin-intro.html">70.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gin-builtin-opclasses.html">70.2. Built-in Operator Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gin-extensibility.html">70.3. Extensibility</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gin-implementation.html">70.4. Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gin-tips.html">70.5. GIN Tips and Tricks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gin-limit.html">70.6. Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gin-examples.html">70.7. Examples</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="brin.html">71. BRIN Indexes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="brin-intro.html">71.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="brin-builtin-opclasses.html">71.2. Built-in Operator Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="brin-extensibility.html">71.3. Extensibility</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="hash-index.html">72. Hash Indexes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="hash-intro.html">72.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="hash-implementation.html">72.2. Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="storage.html">73. Database Physical Storage</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-file-layout.html">73.1. Database File Layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-toast.html">73.2. TOAST</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-fsm.html">73.3. Free Space Map</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-vm.html">73.4. Visibility Map</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-init.html">73.5. The Initialization Fork</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-page-layout.html">73.6. Database Page Layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-hot.html">73.7. Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym class="acronym">HOT</acronym>)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="transactions.html">74. Transaction Processing</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="transaction-id.html">74.1. Transactions and Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="xact-locking.html">74.2. Transactions and Locking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="subxacts.html">74.3. Subtransactions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="two-phase.html">74.4. Two-Phase Transactions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bki.html">75. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="system-catalog-declarations.html">75.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="system-catalog-initial-data.html">75.2. System Catalog Initial Data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki-format.html">75.3. <acronym class="acronym">BKI</acronym> File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki-commands.html">75.4. <acronym class="acronym">BKI</acronym> Commands</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki-structure.html">75.5. Structure of the Bootstrap <acronym class="acronym">BKI</acronym> File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki-example.html">75.6. BKI Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="planner-stats-details.html">76. How the Planner Uses Statistics</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="row-estimation-examples.html">76.1. Row Estimation Examples</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="multivariate-statistics-examples.html">76.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="planner-stats-security.html">76.3. Planner Statistics and Security</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="backup-manifest-format.html">77. Backup Manifest Format</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backup-manifest-toplevel.html">77.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backup-manifest-files.html">77.2. Backup Manifest File Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html">77.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="overview.html" title="Chapter 52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"><span class="application">postgres</span> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 52. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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