1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>71.3. Extensibility</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="brin-builtin-opclasses.html" title="71.2. Built-in Operator Classes" /><link rel="next" href="hash-index.html" title="Chapter 72. Hash Indexes" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">71.3. Extensibility</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="brin-builtin-opclasses.html" title="71.2. Built-in Operator Classes">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="brin.html" title="Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="hash-index.html" title="Chapter 72. Hash Indexes">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">71.3. Extensibility <a href="#BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><p>
The <acronym class="acronym">BRIN</acronym> interface has a high level of abstraction,
requiring the access method implementer only to implement the semantics
of the data type being accessed. The <acronym class="acronym">BRIN</acronym> layer
itself takes care of concurrency, logging and searching the index structure.
</p><p>
All it takes to get a <acronym class="acronym">BRIN</acronym> access method working is to
implement a few user-defined methods, which define the behavior of
summary values stored in the index and the way they interact with
scan keys.
In short, <acronym class="acronym">BRIN</acronym> combines
extensibility with generality, code reuse, and a clean interface.
</p><p>
There are four methods that an operator class for <acronym class="acronym">BRIN</acronym>
must provide:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">BrinOpcInfo *opcInfo(Oid type_oid)</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Returns internal information about the indexed columns' summary data.
The return value must point to a palloc'd <code class="structname">BrinOpcInfo</code>,
which has this definition:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
typedef struct BrinOpcInfo
{
/* Number of columns stored in an index column of this opclass */
uint16 oi_nstored;
/* Opaque pointer for the opclass' private use */
void *oi_opaque;
/* Type cache entries of the stored columns */
TypeCacheEntry *oi_typcache[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} BrinOpcInfo;
</pre><p>
<code class="structname">BrinOpcInfo</code>.<code class="structfield">oi_opaque</code> can be used by the
operator class routines to pass information between support functions
during an index scan.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">bool consistent(BrinDesc *bdesc, BrinValues *column,
ScanKey *keys, int nkeys)</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Returns whether all the ScanKey entries are consistent with the given
indexed values for a range.
The attribute number to use is passed as part of the scan key.
Multiple scan keys for the same attribute may be passed at once; the
number of entries is determined by the <code class="literal">nkeys</code> parameter.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">bool consistent(BrinDesc *bdesc, BrinValues *column,
ScanKey key)</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Returns whether the ScanKey is consistent with the given indexed
values for a range.
The attribute number to use is passed as part of the scan key.
This is an older backward-compatible variant of the consistent function.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">bool addValue(BrinDesc *bdesc, BrinValues *column,
Datum newval, bool isnull)</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Given an index tuple and an indexed value, modifies the indicated
attribute of the tuple so that it additionally represents the new value.
If any modification was done to the tuple, <code class="literal">true</code> is
returned.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">bool unionTuples(BrinDesc *bdesc, BrinValues *a,
BrinValues *b)</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Consolidates two index tuples. Given two index tuples, modifies the
indicated attribute of the first of them so that it represents both tuples.
The second tuple is not modified.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
An operator class for <acronym class="acronym">BRIN</acronym> can optionally specify the
following method:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">void options(local_relopts *relopts)</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Defines a set of user-visible parameters that control operator class
behavior.
</p><p>
The <code class="function">options</code> function is passed a pointer to a
<code class="structname">local_relopts</code> struct, which needs to be
filled with a set of operator class specific options. The options
can be accessed from other support functions using the
<code class="literal">PG_HAS_OPCLASS_OPTIONS()</code> and
<code class="literal">PG_GET_OPCLASS_OPTIONS()</code> macros.
</p><p>
Since both key extraction of indexed values and representation of the
key in <acronym class="acronym">BRIN</acronym> are flexible, they may depend on
user-specified parameters.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
The core distribution includes support for four types of operator classes:
minmax, minmax-multi, inclusion and bloom. Operator class definitions
using them are shipped for in-core data types as appropriate. Additional
operator classes can be defined by the user for other data types using
equivalent definitions, without having to write any source code;
appropriate catalog entries being declared is enough. Note that
assumptions about the semantics of operator strategies are embedded in the
support functions' source code.
</p><p>
Operator classes that implement completely different semantics are also
possible, provided implementations of the four main support functions
described above are written. Note that backwards compatibility across major
releases is not guaranteed: for example, additional support functions might
be required in later releases.
</p><p>
To write an operator class for a data type that implements a totally
ordered set, it is possible to use the minmax support functions
alongside the corresponding operators, as shown in
<a class="xref" href="brin-extensibility.html#BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-MINMAX-TABLE" title="Table 71.2. Function and Support Numbers for Minmax Operator Classes">Table 71.2</a>.
All operator class members (functions and operators) are mandatory.
</p><div class="table" id="BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-MINMAX-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 71.2. Function and Support Numbers for Minmax Operator Classes</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Function and Support Numbers for Minmax Operator Classes" border="1"><colgroup><col class="col1" /><col class="col2" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Operator class member</th><th>Object</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Support Function 1</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_opcinfo()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 2</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_add_value()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 3</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_consistent()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 4</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_union()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 1</td><td>operator less-than</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 2</td><td>operator less-than-or-equal-to</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 3</td><td>operator equal-to</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 4</td><td>operator greater-than-or-equal-to</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 5</td><td>operator greater-than</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
To write an operator class for a complex data type which has values
included within another type, it's possible to use the inclusion support
functions alongside the corresponding operators, as shown
in <a class="xref" href="brin-extensibility.html#BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-INCLUSION-TABLE" title="Table 71.3. Function and Support Numbers for Inclusion Operator Classes">Table 71.3</a>. It requires
only a single additional function, which can be written in any language.
More functions can be defined for additional functionality. All operators
are optional. Some operators require other operators, as shown as
dependencies on the table.
</p><div class="table" id="BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-INCLUSION-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 71.3. Function and Support Numbers for Inclusion Operator Classes</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Function and Support Numbers for Inclusion Operator Classes" border="1"><colgroup><col class="col1" /><col class="col2" /><col class="col3" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Operator class member</th><th>Object</th><th>Dependency</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Support Function 1</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_inclusion_opcinfo()</code></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 2</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_inclusion_add_value()</code></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 3</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_inclusion_consistent()</code></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 4</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_inclusion_union()</code></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 11</td><td>function to merge two elements</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 12</td><td>optional function to check whether two elements are mergeable</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 13</td><td>optional function to check if an element is contained within another</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Support Function 14</td><td>optional function to check whether an element is empty</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 1</td><td>operator left-of</td><td>Operator Strategy 4</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 2</td><td>operator does-not-extend-to-the-right-of</td><td>Operator Strategy 5</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 3</td><td>operator overlaps</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 4</td><td>operator does-not-extend-to-the-left-of</td><td>Operator Strategy 1</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 5</td><td>operator right-of</td><td>Operator Strategy 2</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 6, 18</td><td>operator same-as-or-equal-to</td><td>Operator Strategy 7</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 7, 16, 24, 25</td><td>operator contains-or-equal-to</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 8, 26, 27</td><td>operator is-contained-by-or-equal-to</td><td>Operator Strategy 3</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 9</td><td>operator does-not-extend-above</td><td>Operator Strategy 11</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 10</td><td>operator is-below</td><td>Operator Strategy 12</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 11</td><td>operator is-above</td><td>Operator Strategy 9</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 12</td><td>operator does-not-extend-below</td><td>Operator Strategy 10</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 20</td><td>operator less-than</td><td>Operator Strategy 5</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 21</td><td>operator less-than-or-equal-to</td><td>Operator Strategy 5</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 22</td><td>operator greater-than</td><td>Operator Strategy 1</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 23</td><td>operator greater-than-or-equal-to</td><td>Operator Strategy 1</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Support function numbers 1 through 10 are reserved for the BRIN internal
functions, so the SQL level functions start with number 11. Support
function number 11 is the main function required to build the index.
It should accept two arguments with the same data type as the operator class,
and return the union of them. The inclusion operator class can store union
values with different data types if it is defined with the
<code class="literal">STORAGE</code> parameter. The return value of the union
function should match the <code class="literal">STORAGE</code> data type.
</p><p>
Support function numbers 12 and 14 are provided to support
irregularities of built-in data types. Function number 12
is used to support network addresses from different families which
are not mergeable. Function number 14 is used to support
empty ranges. Function number 13 is an optional but
recommended one, which allows the new value to be checked before
it is passed to the union function. As the BRIN framework can shortcut
some operations when the union is not changed, using this
function can improve index performance.
</p><p>
To write an operator class for a data type that implements only an equality
operator and supports hashing, it is possible to use the bloom support procedures
alongside the corresponding operators, as shown in
<a class="xref" href="brin-extensibility.html#BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-BLOOM-TABLE" title="Table 71.4. Procedure and Support Numbers for Bloom Operator Classes">Table 71.4</a>.
All operator class members (procedures and operators) are mandatory.
</p><div class="table" id="BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-BLOOM-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 71.4. Procedure and Support Numbers for Bloom Operator Classes</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Procedure and Support Numbers for Bloom Operator Classes" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Operator class member</th><th>Object</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Support Procedure 1</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_bloom_opcinfo()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 2</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_bloom_add_value()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 3</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_bloom_consistent()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 4</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_bloom_union()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 5</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_bloom_options()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 11</td><td>function to compute hash of an element</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 1</td><td>operator equal-to</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Support procedure numbers 1-10 are reserved for the BRIN internal
functions, so the SQL level functions start with number 11. Support
function number 11 is the main function required to build the index.
It should accept one argument with the same data type as the operator class,
and return a hash of the value.
</p><p>
The minmax-multi operator class is also intended for data types implementing
a totally ordered set, and may be seen as a simple extension of the minmax
operator class. While minmax operator class summarizes values from each block
range into a single contiguous interval, minmax-multi allows summarization
into multiple smaller intervals to improve handling of outlier values.
It is possible to use the minmax-multi support procedures alongside the
corresponding operators, as shown in
<a class="xref" href="brin-extensibility.html#BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-MINMAX-MULTI-TABLE" title="Table 71.5. Procedure and Support Numbers for minmax-multi Operator Classes">Table 71.5</a>.
All operator class members (procedures and operators) are mandatory.
</p><div class="table" id="BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-MINMAX-MULTI-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 71.5. Procedure and Support Numbers for minmax-multi Operator Classes</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Procedure and Support Numbers for minmax-multi Operator Classes" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Operator class member</th><th>Object</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Support Procedure 1</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_multi_opcinfo()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 2</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_multi_add_value()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 3</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_multi_consistent()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 4</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_multi_union()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 5</td><td>internal function <code class="function">brin_minmax_multi_options()</code></td></tr><tr><td>Support Procedure 11</td><td>function to compute distance between two values (length of a range)</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 1</td><td>operator less-than</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 2</td><td>operator less-than-or-equal-to</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 3</td><td>operator equal-to</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 4</td><td>operator greater-than-or-equal-to</td></tr><tr><td>Operator Strategy 5</td><td>operator greater-than</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Both minmax and inclusion operator classes support cross-data-type
operators, though with these the dependencies become more complicated.
The minmax operator class requires a full set of operators to be
defined with both arguments having the same data type. It allows
additional data types to be supported by defining extra sets
of operators. Inclusion operator class operator strategies are dependent
on another operator strategy as shown in
<a class="xref" href="brin-extensibility.html#BRIN-EXTENSIBILITY-INCLUSION-TABLE" title="Table 71.3. Function and Support Numbers for Inclusion Operator Classes">Table 71.3</a>, or the same
operator strategy as themselves. They require the dependency
operator to be defined with the <code class="literal">STORAGE</code> data type as the
left-hand-side argument and the other supported data type to be the
right-hand-side argument of the supported operator. See
<code class="literal">float4_minmax_ops</code> as an example of minmax, and
<code class="literal">box_inclusion_ops</code> as an example of inclusion.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="brin-builtin-opclasses.html" title="71.2. Built-in Operator Classes">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="brin.html" title="Chapter 71. BRIN Indexes">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="hash-index.html" title="Chapter 72. Hash Indexes">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">71.2. Built-in Operator Classes </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 72. Hash Indexes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
