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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>35.3. Client Interfaces</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="lo-implementation.html" title="35.2. Implementation Features" /><link rel="next" href="lo-funcs.html" title="35.4. Server-Side Functions" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">35.3. Client Interfaces</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="lo-implementation.html" title="35.2. Implementation Features">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="largeobjects.html" title="Chapter 35. Large Objects">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 35. Large Objects</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="lo-funcs.html" title="35.4. Server-Side Functions">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="LO-INTERFACES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">35.3. Client Interfaces <a href="#LO-INTERFACES" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-CREATE">35.3.1. Creating a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-IMPORT">35.3.2. Importing a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-EXPORT">35.3.3. Exporting a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-OPEN">35.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-WRITE">35.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-READ">35.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-SEEK">35.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-TELL">35.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-TRUNCATE">35.3.9. Truncating a Large Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-CLOSE">35.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="lo-interfaces.html#LO-UNLINK">35.3.11. Removing a Large Object</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
This section describes the facilities that
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>'s <span class="application">libpq</span>
client interface library provides for accessing large objects.
The <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> large object interface is
modeled after the <acronym class="acronym">Unix</acronym> file-system interface, with
analogues of <code class="function">open</code>, <code class="function">read</code>,
<code class="function">write</code>,
<code class="function">lseek</code>, etc.
</p><p>
All large object manipulation using these functions
<span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> take place within an SQL transaction block,
since large object file descriptors are only valid for the duration of
a transaction. Write operations, including <code class="function">lo_open</code>
with the <code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code> mode, are not allowed in a read-only
transaction.
</p><p>
If an error occurs while executing any one of these functions, the
function will return an otherwise-impossible value, typically 0 or -1.
A message describing the error is stored in the connection object and
can be retrieved with <a class="xref" href="libpq-status.html#LIBPQ-PQERRORMESSAGE"><code class="function">PQerrorMessage</code></a>.
</p><p>
Client applications that use these functions should include the header file
<code class="filename">libpq/libpq-fs.h</code> and link with the
<span class="application">libpq</span> library.
</p><p>
Client applications cannot use these functions while a libpq connection is in pipeline mode.
</p><div class="sect2" id="LO-CREATE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.1. Creating a Large Object <a href="#LO-CREATE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.7.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
The function
</p><pre class="synopsis">
Oid lo_create(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId);
</pre><p>
creates a new large object. The OID to be assigned can be
specified by <em class="replaceable"><code>lobjId</code></em>;
if so, failure occurs if that OID is already in use for some large
object. If <em class="replaceable"><code>lobjId</code></em>
is <code class="symbol">InvalidOid</code> (zero) then <code class="function">lo_create</code>
assigns an unused OID.
The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object,
or <code class="symbol">InvalidOid</code> (zero) on failure.
</p><p>
An example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
inv_oid = lo_create(conn, desired_oid);
</pre><p>
</p><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.7.4.1" class="indexterm"></a>
The older function
</p><pre class="synopsis">
Oid lo_creat(PGconn *conn, int mode);
</pre><p>
also creates a new large object, always assigning an unused OID.
The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object,
or <code class="symbol">InvalidOid</code> (zero) on failure.
</p><p>
In <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> releases 8.1 and later,
the <em class="replaceable"><code>mode</code></em> is ignored,
so that <code class="function">lo_creat</code> is exactly equivalent to
<code class="function">lo_create</code> with a zero second argument.
However, there is little reason to use <code class="function">lo_creat</code>
unless you need to work with servers older than 8.1.
To work with such an old server, you must
use <code class="function">lo_creat</code> not <code class="function">lo_create</code>,
and you must set <em class="replaceable"><code>mode</code></em> to
one of <code class="symbol">INV_READ</code>, <code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code>,
or <code class="symbol">INV_READ</code> <code class="literal">|</code> <code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code>.
(These symbolic constants are defined
in the header file <code class="filename">libpq/libpq-fs.h</code>.)
</p><p>
An example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
inv_oid = lo_creat(conn, INV_READ|INV_WRITE);
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-IMPORT"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.2. Importing a Large Object <a href="#LO-IMPORT" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.8.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
To import an operating system file as a large object, call
</p><pre class="synopsis">
Oid lo_import(PGconn *conn, const char *filename);
</pre><p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>
specifies the operating system name of
the file to be imported as a large object.
The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object,
or <code class="symbol">InvalidOid</code> (zero) on failure.
Note that the file is read by the client interface library, not by
the server; so it must exist in the client file system and be readable
by the client application.
</p><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.8.3.1" class="indexterm"></a>
The function
</p><pre class="synopsis">
Oid lo_import_with_oid(PGconn *conn, const char *filename, Oid lobjId);
</pre><p>
also imports a new large object. The OID to be assigned can be
specified by <em class="replaceable"><code>lobjId</code></em>;
if so, failure occurs if that OID is already in use for some large
object. If <em class="replaceable"><code>lobjId</code></em>
is <code class="symbol">InvalidOid</code> (zero) then <code class="function">lo_import_with_oid</code> assigns an unused
OID (this is the same behavior as <code class="function">lo_import</code>).
The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object,
or <code class="symbol">InvalidOid</code> (zero) on failure.
</p><p>
<code class="function">lo_import_with_oid</code> is new as of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
8.4 and uses <code class="function">lo_create</code> internally which is new in 8.1; if this function is run against 8.0 or before, it will
fail and return <code class="symbol">InvalidOid</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-EXPORT"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.3. Exporting a Large Object <a href="#LO-EXPORT" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.9.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
To export a large object
into an operating system file, call
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename);
</pre><p>
The <em class="parameter"><code>lobjId</code></em> argument specifies the OID of the large
object to export and the <em class="parameter"><code>filename</code></em> argument
specifies the operating system name of the file. Note that the file is
written by the client interface library, not by the server. Returns 1
on success, -1 on failure.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-OPEN"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object <a href="#LO-OPEN" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.10.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
To open an existing large object for reading or writing, call
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_open(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int mode);
</pre><p>
The <em class="parameter"><code>lobjId</code></em> argument specifies the OID of the large
object to open. The <em class="parameter"><code>mode</code></em> bits control whether the
object is opened for reading (<code class="symbol">INV_READ</code>), writing
(<code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code>), or both.
(These symbolic constants are defined
in the header file <code class="filename">libpq/libpq-fs.h</code>.)
<code class="function">lo_open</code> returns a (non-negative) large object
descriptor for later use in <code class="function">lo_read</code>,
<code class="function">lo_write</code>, <code class="function">lo_lseek</code>,
<code class="function">lo_lseek64</code>, <code class="function">lo_tell</code>,
<code class="function">lo_tell64</code>, <code class="function">lo_truncate</code>,
<code class="function">lo_truncate64</code>, and <code class="function">lo_close</code>.
The descriptor is only valid for
the duration of the current transaction.
On failure, -1 is returned.
</p><p>
The server currently does not distinguish between modes
<code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code> and <code class="symbol">INV_READ</code> <code class="literal">|</code>
<code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code>: you are allowed to read from the descriptor
in either case. However there is a significant difference between
these modes and <code class="symbol">INV_READ</code> alone: with <code class="symbol">INV_READ</code>
you cannot write on the descriptor, and the data read from it will
reflect the contents of the large object at the time of the transaction
snapshot that was active when <code class="function">lo_open</code> was executed,
regardless of later writes by this or other transactions. Reading
from a descriptor opened with <code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code> returns
data that reflects all writes of other committed transactions as well
as writes of the current transaction. This is similar to the behavior
of <code class="literal">REPEATABLE READ</code> versus <code class="literal">READ COMMITTED</code> transaction
modes for ordinary SQL <code class="command">SELECT</code> commands.
</p><p>
<code class="function">lo_open</code> will fail if <code class="literal">SELECT</code>
privilege is not available for the large object, or
if <code class="symbol">INV_WRITE</code> is specified and <code class="literal">UPDATE</code>
privilege is not available.
(Prior to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 11, these privilege
checks were instead performed at the first actual read or write call
using the descriptor.)
These privilege checks can be disabled with the
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-compatible.html#GUC-LO-COMPAT-PRIVILEGES">lo_compat_privileges</a> run-time parameter.
</p><p>
An example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
inv_fd = lo_open(conn, inv_oid, INV_READ|INV_WRITE);
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-WRITE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object <a href="#LO-WRITE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.11.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
The function
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_write(PGconn *conn, int fd, const char *buf, size_t len);
</pre><p>
writes <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> bytes from <em class="parameter"><code>buf</code></em>
(which must be of size <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em>) to large object
descriptor <em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em>. The <em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em> argument must
have been returned by a previous <code class="function">lo_open</code>. The
number of bytes actually written is returned (in the current
implementation, this will always equal <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> unless
there is an error). In the event of an error, the return value is -1.
</p><p>
Although the <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> parameter is declared as
<code class="type">size_t</code>, this function will reject length values larger than
<code class="literal">INT_MAX</code>. In practice, it's best to transfer data in chunks
of at most a few megabytes anyway.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-READ"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object <a href="#LO-READ" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.12.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
The function
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_read(PGconn *conn, int fd, char *buf, size_t len);
</pre><p>
reads up to <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> bytes from large object descriptor
<em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em> into <em class="parameter"><code>buf</code></em> (which must be
of size <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em>). The <em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em>
argument must have been returned by a previous
<code class="function">lo_open</code>. The number of bytes actually read is
returned; this will be less than <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> if the end of
the large object is reached first. In the event of an error, the return
value is -1.
</p><p>
Although the <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> parameter is declared as
<code class="type">size_t</code>, this function will reject length values larger than
<code class="literal">INT_MAX</code>. In practice, it's best to transfer data in chunks
of at most a few megabytes anyway.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-SEEK"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object <a href="#LO-SEEK" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.13.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
To change the current read or write location associated with a
large object descriptor, call
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_lseek(PGconn *conn, int fd, int offset, int whence);
</pre><p>
This function moves the
current location pointer for the large object descriptor identified by
<em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em> to the new location specified by
<em class="parameter"><code>offset</code></em>. The valid values for <em class="parameter"><code>whence</code></em>
are <code class="symbol">SEEK_SET</code> (seek from object start),
<code class="symbol">SEEK_CUR</code> (seek from current position), and
<code class="symbol">SEEK_END</code> (seek from object end). The return value is
the new location pointer, or -1 on error.
</p><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.13.3.1" class="indexterm"></a>
When dealing with large objects that might exceed 2GB in size,
instead use
</p><pre class="synopsis">
pg_int64 lo_lseek64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 offset, int whence);
</pre><p>
This function has the same behavior
as <code class="function">lo_lseek</code>, but it can accept an
<em class="parameter"><code>offset</code></em> larger than 2GB and/or deliver a result larger
than 2GB.
Note that <code class="function">lo_lseek</code> will fail if the new location
pointer would be greater than 2GB.
</p><p>
<code class="function">lo_lseek64</code> is new as of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
9.3. If this function is run against an older server version, it will
fail and return -1.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-TELL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object <a href="#LO-TELL" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.14.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
To obtain the current read or write location of a large object descriptor,
call
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_tell(PGconn *conn, int fd);
</pre><p>
If there is an error, the return value is -1.
</p><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.14.3.1" class="indexterm"></a>
When dealing with large objects that might exceed 2GB in size,
instead use
</p><pre class="synopsis">
pg_int64 lo_tell64(PGconn *conn, int fd);
</pre><p>
This function has the same behavior
as <code class="function">lo_tell</code>, but it can deliver a result larger
than 2GB.
Note that <code class="function">lo_tell</code> will fail if the current
read/write location is greater than 2GB.
</p><p>
<code class="function">lo_tell64</code> is new as of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
9.3. If this function is run against an older server version, it will
fail and return -1.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-TRUNCATE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.9. Truncating a Large Object <a href="#LO-TRUNCATE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.15.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
To truncate a large object to a given length, call
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_truncate(PGconn *conn, int fd, size_t len);
</pre><p>
This function truncates the large object
descriptor <em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em> to length <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em>. The
<em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em> argument must have been returned by a
previous <code class="function">lo_open</code>. If <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> is
greater than the large object's current length, the large object
is extended to the specified length with null bytes ('\0').
On success, <code class="function">lo_truncate</code> returns
zero. On error, the return value is -1.
</p><p>
The read/write location associated with the descriptor
<em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em> is not changed.
</p><p>
Although the <em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> parameter is declared as
<code class="type">size_t</code>, <code class="function">lo_truncate</code> will reject length
values larger than <code class="literal">INT_MAX</code>.
</p><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.15.5.1" class="indexterm"></a>
When dealing with large objects that might exceed 2GB in size,
instead use
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_truncate64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 len);
</pre><p>
This function has the same
behavior as <code class="function">lo_truncate</code>, but it can accept a
<em class="parameter"><code>len</code></em> value exceeding 2GB.
</p><p>
<code class="function">lo_truncate</code> is new as of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
8.3; if this function is run against an older server version, it will
fail and return -1.
</p><p>
<code class="function">lo_truncate64</code> is new as of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
9.3; if this function is run against an older server version, it will
fail and return -1.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-CLOSE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor <a href="#LO-CLOSE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.16.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
A large object descriptor can be closed by calling
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_close(PGconn *conn, int fd);
</pre><p>
where <em class="parameter"><code>fd</code></em> is a
large object descriptor returned by <code class="function">lo_open</code>.
On success, <code class="function">lo_close</code> returns zero. On
error, the return value is -1.
</p><p>
Any large object descriptors that remain open at the end of a
transaction will be closed automatically.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="LO-UNLINK"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">35.3.11. Removing a Large Object <a href="#LO-UNLINK" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
<a id="id-1.7.4.8.17.2.1" class="indexterm"></a>
To remove a large object from the database, call
</p><pre class="synopsis">
int lo_unlink(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId);
</pre><p>
The <em class="parameter"><code>lobjId</code></em> argument specifies the OID of the
large object to remove. Returns 1 if successful, -1 on failure.
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