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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>GRANT</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH" /><link rel="next" href="sql-importforeignschema.html" title="IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">GRANT</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-importforeignschema.html" title="IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-GRANT"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.150.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">GRANT</span></h2><p>GRANT — define access privileges</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis">
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON { [ TABLE ] <em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em> [, ...]
| ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA <em class="replaceable"><code>schema_name</code></em> [, ...] }
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | REFERENCES } ( <em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em> [, ...] )
[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] ( <em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em> [, ...] ) }
ON [ TABLE ] <em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }
[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON { SEQUENCE <em class="replaceable"><code>sequence_name</code></em> [, ...]
| ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA <em class="replaceable"><code>schema_name</code></em> [, ...] }
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE <em class="replaceable"><code>database_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DOMAIN <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER <em class="replaceable"><code>fdw_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FOREIGN SERVER <em class="replaceable"><code>server_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON { { FUNCTION | PROCEDURE | ROUTINE } <em class="replaceable"><code>routine_name</code></em> [ ( [ [ <em class="replaceable"><code>argmode</code></em> ] [ <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_name</code></em> ] <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_type</code></em> [, ...] ] ) ] [, ...]
| ALL { FUNCTIONS | PROCEDURES | ROUTINES } IN SCHEMA <em class="replaceable"><code>schema_name</code></em> [, ...] }
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE <em class="replaceable"><code>lang_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LARGE OBJECT <em class="replaceable"><code>loid</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { { SET | ALTER SYSTEM } [, ... ] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON PARAMETER <em class="replaceable"><code>configuration_parameter</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA <em class="replaceable"><code>schema_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE <em class="replaceable"><code>tablespace_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TYPE <em class="replaceable"><code>type_name</code></em> [, ...]
TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
GRANT <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em> [, ...] TO <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> [, ...]
[ WITH { ADMIN | INHERIT | SET } { OPTION | TRUE | FALSE } ]
[ GRANTED BY <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> ]
<span class="phrase">where <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em> can be:</span>
[ GROUP ] <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em>
| PUBLIC
| CURRENT_ROLE
| CURRENT_USER
| SESSION_USER
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="SQL-GRANT-DESCRIPTION"><h2>Description</h2><p>
The <code class="command">GRANT</code> command has two basic variants: one
that grants privileges on a database object (table, column, view,
foreign table, sequence, database, foreign-data wrapper, foreign server,
function, procedure, procedural language, large object, configuration
parameter, schema, tablespace, or type), and one that grants
membership in a role. These variants are similar in many ways, but
they are different enough to be described separately.
</p><div class="refsect2" id="SQL-GRANT-DESCRIPTION-OBJECTS"><h3>GRANT on Database Objects</h3><p>
This variant of the <code class="command">GRANT</code> command gives specific
privileges on a database object to
one or more roles. These privileges are added
to those already granted, if any.
</p><p>
The key word <code class="literal">PUBLIC</code> indicates that the
privileges are to be granted to all roles, including those that might
be created later. <code class="literal">PUBLIC</code> can be thought of as an
implicitly defined group that always includes all roles.
Any particular role will have the sum
of privileges granted directly to it, privileges granted to any role it
is presently a member of, and privileges granted to
<code class="literal">PUBLIC</code>.
</p><p>
If <code class="literal">WITH GRANT OPTION</code> is specified, the recipient
of the privilege can in turn grant it to others. Without a grant
option, the recipient cannot do that. Grant options cannot be granted
to <code class="literal">PUBLIC</code>.
</p><p>
If <code class="literal">GRANTED BY</code> is specified, the specified grantor must
be the current user. This clause is currently present in this form only
for SQL compatibility.
</p><p>
There is no need to grant privileges to the owner of an object
(usually the user that created it),
as the owner has all privileges by default. (The owner could,
however, choose to revoke some of their own privileges for safety.)
</p><p>
The right to drop an object, or to alter its definition in any way, is
not treated as a grantable privilege; it is inherent in the owner,
and cannot be granted or revoked. (However, a similar effect can be
obtained by granting or revoking membership in the role that owns
the object; see below.) The owner implicitly has all grant
options for the object, too.
</p><p>
The possible privileges are:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">SELECT</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">INSERT</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">UPDATE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">DELETE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">TRUNCATE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">REFERENCES</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">TRIGGER</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">CREATE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">CONNECT</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">TEMPORARY</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">EXECUTE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">USAGE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">SET</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">ALTER SYSTEM</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specific types of privileges, as defined in <a class="xref" href="ddl-priv.html" title="5.7. Privileges">Section 5.7</a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">TEMP</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Alternative spelling for <code class="literal">TEMPORARY</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">ALL PRIVILEGES</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Grant all of the privileges available for the object's type.
The <code class="literal">PRIVILEGES</code> key word is optional in
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, though it is required by
strict SQL.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">FUNCTION</code> syntax works for plain functions,
aggregate functions, and window functions, but not for procedures;
use <code class="literal">PROCEDURE</code> for those.
Alternatively, use <code class="literal">ROUTINE</code> to refer to a function,
aggregate function, window function, or procedure regardless of its
precise type.
</p><p>
There is also an option to grant privileges on all objects of the same
type within one or more schemas. This functionality is currently supported
only for tables, sequences, functions, and procedures. <code class="literal">ALL
TABLES</code> also affects views and foreign tables, just like the
specific-object <code class="command">GRANT</code> command. <code class="literal">ALL
FUNCTIONS</code> also affects aggregate and window functions, but not
procedures, again just like the specific-object <code class="command">GRANT</code>
command. Use <code class="literal">ALL ROUTINES</code> to include procedures.
</p></div><div class="refsect2" id="SQL-GRANT-DESCRIPTION-ROLES"><h3>GRANT on Roles</h3><p>
This variant of the <code class="command">GRANT</code> command grants membership
in a role to one or more other roles, and the modification of
membership options <code class="literal">SET</code>, <code class="literal">INHERIT</code>,
and <code class="literal">ADMIN</code>; see <a class="xref" href="role-membership.html" title="22.3. Role Membership">Section 22.3</a>
for details. Membership in a role is significant
because it potentially allows access to the privileges granted to a role
to each of its members, and potentially also the ability to make changes
to the role itself. However, the actual permissions conferred depend on
the options associated with the grant. To modify that options of
an existing membership, simply specify the membership with updated
option values.
</p><p>
Each of the options described below can be set to either
<code class="literal">TRUE</code> or <code class="literal">FALSE</code>. The keyword
<code class="literal">OPTION</code> is accepted as a synonym for
<code class="literal">TRUE</code>, so that <code class="literal">WITH ADMIN OPTION</code>
is a synonym for <code class="literal">WITH ADMIN TRUE</code>. When altering
an existing membership the omission of an option results in the current
value being retained.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">ADMIN</code> option allows the member to
in turn grant membership in the role to others, and revoke membership
in the role as well. Without the admin option, ordinary users cannot
do that. A role is not considered to hold <code class="literal">WITH ADMIN
OPTION</code> on itself. Database superusers can grant or revoke
membership in any role to anyone. This option defaults to
<code class="literal">FALSE</code>.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">INHERIT</code> option controls the inheritance status
of the new membership; see <a class="xref" href="role-membership.html" title="22.3. Role Membership">Section 22.3</a> for
details on inheritance. If it is set to <code class="literal">TRUE</code>,
it causes the new member to inherit from the granted role. If
set to <code class="literal">FALSE</code>, the new member does not inherit.
If unspecified when create a new role membership this defaults to
the inheritance attribute of the role being added.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">SET</code> option, if it is set to
<code class="literal">TRUE</code>, allows the member to change to the granted
role using the
<a class="link" href="sql-set-role.html" title="SET ROLE"><code class="command">SET ROLE</code></a>
command. If a role is an indirect member of another role, it can use
<code class="literal">SET ROLE</code> to change to that role only if there is a
chain of grants each of which has <code class="literal">SET TRUE</code>.
This option defaults to <code class="literal">TRUE</code>.
</p><p>
To create an object owned by another role or give ownership of an existing
object to another role, you must have the ability to <code class="literal">SET
ROLE</code> to that role; otherwise, commands such as <code class="literal">ALTER
... OWNER TO</code> or <code class="literal">CREATE DATABASE ... OWNER</code>
will fail. However, a user who inherits the privileges of a role but does
not have the ability to <code class="literal">SET ROLE</code> to that role may be
able to obtain full access to the role by manipulating existing objects
owned by that role (e.g. they could redefine an existing function to act
as a Trojan horse). Therefore, if a role's privileges are to be inherited
but should not be accessible via <code class="literal">SET ROLE</code>, it should not
own any SQL objects.
</p><p>
If <code class="literal">GRANTED BY</code> is specified, the grant is recorded as
having been done by the specified role. A user can only attribute a grant
to another role if they possess the privileges of that role. The role
recorded as the grantor must have <code class="literal">ADMIN OPTION</code> on the
target role, unless it is the bootstrap superuser. When a grant is recorded
as having a grantor other than the bootstrap superuser, it depends on the
grantor continuing to possess <code class="literal">ADMIN OPTION</code> on the role;
so, if <code class="literal">ADMIN OPTION</code> is revoked, dependent grants must
be revoked as well.
</p><p>
Unlike the case with privileges, membership in a role cannot be granted
to <code class="literal">PUBLIC</code>. Note also that this form of the command
does not allow the noise word <code class="literal">GROUP</code>
in <em class="replaceable"><code>role_specification</code></em>.
</p></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="SQL-GRANT-NOTES"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
The <a class="link" href="sql-revoke.html" title="REVOKE"><code class="command">REVOKE</code></a> command is used
to revoke access privileges.
</p><p>
Since <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 8.1, the concepts of users and
groups have been unified into a single kind of entity called a role.
It is therefore no longer necessary to use the keyword <code class="literal">GROUP</code>
to identify whether a grantee is a user or a group. <code class="literal">GROUP</code>
is still allowed in the command, but it is a noise word.
</p><p>
A user may perform <code class="command">SELECT</code>, <code class="command">INSERT</code>, etc. on a
column if they hold that privilege for either the specific column or
its whole table. Granting the privilege at the table level and then
revoking it for one column will not do what one might wish: the
table-level grant is unaffected by a column-level operation.
</p><p>
When a non-owner of an object attempts to <code class="command">GRANT</code> privileges
on the object, the command will fail outright if the user has no
privileges whatsoever on the object. As long as some privilege is
available, the command will proceed, but it will grant only those
privileges for which the user has grant options. The <code class="command">GRANT ALL
PRIVILEGES</code> forms will issue a warning message if no grant options are
held, while the other forms will issue a warning if grant options for
any of the privileges specifically named in the command are not held.
(In principle these statements apply to the object owner as well, but
since the owner is always treated as holding all grant options, the
cases can never occur.)
</p><p>
It should be noted that database superusers can access
all objects regardless of object privilege settings. This
is comparable to the rights of <code class="literal">root</code> in a Unix system.
As with <code class="literal">root</code>, it's unwise to operate as a superuser
except when absolutely necessary.
</p><p>
If a superuser chooses to issue a <code class="command">GRANT</code> or <code class="command">REVOKE</code>
command, the command is performed as though it were issued by the
owner of the affected object. In particular, privileges granted via
such a command will appear to have been granted by the object owner.
(For role membership, the membership appears to have been granted
by the bootstrap superuser.)
</p><p>
<code class="command">GRANT</code> and <code class="command">REVOKE</code> can also be done by a role
that is not the owner of the affected object, but is a member of the role
that owns the object, or is a member of a role that holds privileges
<code class="literal">WITH GRANT OPTION</code> on the object. In this case the
privileges will be recorded as having been granted by the role that
actually owns the object or holds the privileges
<code class="literal">WITH GRANT OPTION</code>. For example, if table
<code class="literal">t1</code> is owned by role <code class="literal">g1</code>, of which role
<code class="literal">u1</code> is a member, then <code class="literal">u1</code> can grant privileges
on <code class="literal">t1</code> to <code class="literal">u2</code>, but those privileges will appear
to have been granted directly by <code class="literal">g1</code>. Any other member
of role <code class="literal">g1</code> could revoke them later.
</p><p>
If the role executing <code class="command">GRANT</code> holds the required privileges
indirectly via more than one role membership path, it is unspecified
which containing role will be recorded as having done the grant. In such
cases it is best practice to use <code class="command">SET ROLE</code> to become the
specific role you want to do the <code class="command">GRANT</code> as.
</p><p>
Granting permission on a table does not automatically extend
permissions to any sequences used by the table, including
sequences tied to <code class="type">SERIAL</code> columns. Permissions on
sequences must be set separately.
</p><p>
See <a class="xref" href="ddl-priv.html" title="5.7. Privileges">Section 5.7</a> for more information about specific
privilege types, as well as how to inspect objects' privileges.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="SQL-GRANT-EXAMPLES"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
Grant insert privilege to all users on table <code class="literal">films</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
GRANT INSERT ON films TO PUBLIC;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Grant all available privileges to user <code class="literal">manuel</code> on view
<code class="literal">kinds</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON kinds TO manuel;
</pre><p>
Note that while the above will indeed grant all privileges if executed by a
superuser or the owner of <code class="literal">kinds</code>, when executed by someone
else it will only grant those permissions for which the someone else has
grant options.
</p><p>
Grant membership in role <code class="literal">admins</code> to user <code class="literal">joe</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
GRANT admins TO joe;
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="SQL-GRANT-COMPATIBILITY"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p>
According to the SQL standard, the <code class="literal">PRIVILEGES</code>
key word in <code class="literal">ALL PRIVILEGES</code> is required. The
SQL standard does not support setting the privileges on more than
one object per command.
</p><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> allows an object owner to revoke their
own ordinary privileges: for example, a table owner can make the table
read-only to themselves by revoking their own <code class="literal">INSERT</code>,
<code class="literal">UPDATE</code>, <code class="literal">DELETE</code>, and <code class="literal">TRUNCATE</code>
privileges. This is not possible according to the SQL standard. The
reason is that <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> treats the owner's
privileges as having been granted by the owner to themselves; therefore they
can revoke them too. In the SQL standard, the owner's privileges are
granted by an assumed entity <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">_SYSTEM</span>”</span>. Not being
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">_SYSTEM</span>”</span>, the owner cannot revoke these rights.
</p><p>
According to the SQL standard, grant options can be granted to
<code class="literal">PUBLIC</code>; PostgreSQL only supports granting grant options
to roles.
</p><p>
The SQL standard allows the <code class="literal">GRANTED BY</code> option to
specify only <code class="literal">CURRENT_USER</code> or
<code class="literal">CURRENT_ROLE</code>. The other variants are PostgreSQL
extensions.
</p><p>
The SQL standard provides for a <code class="literal">USAGE</code> privilege
on other kinds of objects: character sets, collations,
translations.
</p><p>
In the SQL standard, sequences only have a <code class="literal">USAGE</code>
privilege, which controls the use of the <code class="literal">NEXT VALUE FOR</code>
expression, which is equivalent to the
function <code class="function">nextval</code> in PostgreSQL. The sequence
privileges <code class="literal">SELECT</code> and <code class="literal">UPDATE</code> are
PostgreSQL extensions. The application of the
sequence <code class="literal">USAGE</code> privilege to
the <code class="literal">currval</code> function is also a PostgreSQL extension (as
is the function itself).
</p><p>
Privileges on databases, tablespaces, schemas, languages, and
configuration parameters are
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extensions.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.150.9"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="sql-revoke.html" title="REVOKE"><span class="refentrytitle">REVOKE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html" title="ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES</span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-importforeignschema.html" title="IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">FETCH </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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