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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>REINDEX</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-refreshmaterializedview.html" title="REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW" /><link rel="next" href="sql-release-savepoint.html" title="RELEASE SAVEPOINT" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">REINDEX</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-refreshmaterializedview.html" title="REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-release-savepoint.html" title="RELEASE SAVEPOINT">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-REINDEX"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.163.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">REINDEX</span></h2><p>REINDEX — rebuild indexes</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis">
REINDEX [ ( <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> [, ...] ) ] { INDEX | TABLE | SCHEMA } [ CONCURRENTLY ] <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
REINDEX [ ( <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> [, ...] ) ] { DATABASE | SYSTEM } [ CONCURRENTLY ] [ <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ]
<span class="phrase">where <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> can be one of:</span>
CONCURRENTLY [ <em class="replaceable"><code>boolean</code></em> ]
TABLESPACE <em class="replaceable"><code>new_tablespace</code></em>
VERBOSE [ <em class="replaceable"><code>boolean</code></em> ]
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.163.5"><h2>Description</h2><p>
<code class="command">REINDEX</code> rebuilds an index using the data
stored in the index's table, replacing the old copy of the index. There are
several scenarios in which to use <code class="command">REINDEX</code>:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
An index has become corrupted, and no longer contains valid
data. Although in theory this should never happen, in
practice indexes can become corrupted due to software bugs or
hardware failures. <code class="command">REINDEX</code> provides a
recovery method.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
An index has become <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">bloated</span>”</span>, that is it contains many
empty or nearly-empty pages. This can occur with B-tree indexes in
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> under certain uncommon access
patterns. <code class="command">REINDEX</code> provides a way to reduce
the space consumption of the index by writing a new version of
the index without the dead pages. See <a class="xref" href="routine-reindex.html" title="25.2. Routine Reindexing">Section 25.2</a> for more information.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
You have altered a storage parameter (such as fillfactor)
for an index, and wish to ensure that the change has taken full effect.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
If an index build fails with the <code class="literal">CONCURRENTLY</code> option,
this index is left as <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">invalid</span>”</span>. Such indexes are useless
but it can be convenient to use <code class="command">REINDEX</code> to rebuild
them. Note that only <code class="command">REINDEX INDEX</code> is able
to perform a concurrent build on an invalid index.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.163.6"><h2>Parameters</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">INDEX</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Recreate the specified index. This form of <code class="command">REINDEX</code>
cannot be executed inside a transaction block when used with a
partitioned index.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">TABLE</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Recreate all indexes of the specified table. If the table has a
secondary <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">TOAST</span>”</span> table, that is reindexed as well.
This form of <code class="command">REINDEX</code> cannot be executed inside a
transaction block when used with a partitioned table.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">SCHEMA</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Recreate all indexes of the specified schema. If a table of this
schema has a secondary <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">TOAST</span>”</span> table, that is reindexed as
well. Indexes on shared system catalogs are also processed.
This form of <code class="command">REINDEX</code> cannot be executed inside a
transaction block.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">DATABASE</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Recreate all indexes within the current database, except system
catalogs.
Indexes on system catalogs are not processed.
This form of <code class="command">REINDEX</code> cannot be executed inside a
transaction block.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">SYSTEM</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Recreate all indexes on system catalogs within the current database.
Indexes on shared system catalogs are included.
Indexes on user tables are not processed.
This form of <code class="command">REINDEX</code> cannot be executed inside a
transaction block.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The name of the specific index, table, or database to be
reindexed. Index and table names can be schema-qualified.
Presently, <code class="command">REINDEX DATABASE</code> and <code class="command">REINDEX SYSTEM</code>
can only reindex the current database. Their parameter is optional,
and it must match the current database's name.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">CONCURRENTLY</code></span></dt><dd><p>
When this option is used, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> will rebuild the
index without taking any locks that prevent concurrent inserts,
updates, or deletes on the table; whereas a standard index rebuild
locks out writes (but not reads) on the table until it's done.
There are several caveats to be aware of when using this option
— see <a class="xref" href="sql-reindex.html#SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY" title="Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently">Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently</a> below.
</p><p>
For temporary tables, <code class="command">REINDEX</code> is always
non-concurrent, as no other session can access them, and
non-concurrent reindex is cheaper.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">TABLESPACE</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies that indexes will be rebuilt on a new tablespace.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">VERBOSE</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Prints a progress report as each index is reindexed.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>boolean</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies whether the selected option should be turned on or off.
You can write <code class="literal">TRUE</code>, <code class="literal">ON</code>, or
<code class="literal">1</code> to enable the option, and <code class="literal">FALSE</code>,
<code class="literal">OFF</code>, or <code class="literal">0</code> to disable it. The
<em class="replaceable"><code>boolean</code></em> value can also
be omitted, in which case <code class="literal">TRUE</code> is assumed.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>new_tablespace</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The tablespace where indexes will be rebuilt.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.163.7"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
If you suspect corruption of an index on a user table, you can
simply rebuild that index, or all indexes on the table, using
<code class="command">REINDEX INDEX</code> or <code class="command">REINDEX TABLE</code>.
</p><p>
Things are more difficult if you need to recover from corruption of
an index on a system table. In this case it's important for the
system to not have used any of the suspect indexes itself.
(Indeed, in this sort of scenario you might find that server
processes are crashing immediately at start-up, due to reliance on
the corrupted indexes.) To recover safely, the server must be started
with the <code class="option">-P</code> option, which prevents it from using
indexes for system catalog lookups.
</p><p>
One way to do this is to shut down the server and start a single-user
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> server
with the <code class="option">-P</code> option included on its command line.
Then, <code class="command">REINDEX DATABASE</code>, <code class="command">REINDEX SYSTEM</code>,
<code class="command">REINDEX TABLE</code>, or <code class="command">REINDEX INDEX</code> can be
issued, depending on how much you want to reconstruct. If in
doubt, use <code class="command">REINDEX SYSTEM</code> to select
reconstruction of all system indexes in the database. Then quit
the single-user server session and restart the regular server.
See the <a class="xref" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">postgres</span></span></a> reference page for more
information about how to interact with the single-user server
interface.
</p><p>
Alternatively, a regular server session can be started with
<code class="option">-P</code> included in its command line options.
The method for doing this varies across clients, but in all
<span class="application">libpq</span>-based clients, it is possible to set
the <code class="envar">PGOPTIONS</code> environment variable to <code class="literal">-P</code>
before starting the client. Note that while this method does not
require locking out other clients, it might still be wise to prevent
other users from connecting to the damaged database until repairs
have been completed.
</p><p>
<code class="command">REINDEX</code> is similar to a drop and recreate of the index
in that the index contents are rebuilt from scratch. However, the locking
considerations are rather different. <code class="command">REINDEX</code> locks out writes
but not reads of the index's parent table. It also takes an
<code class="literal">ACCESS EXCLUSIVE</code> lock on the specific index being processed,
which will block reads that attempt to use that index. In particular,
the query planner tries to take an <code class="literal">ACCESS SHARE</code>
lock on every index of the table, regardless of the query, and so
<code class="command">REINDEX</code> blocks virtually any queries except for some
prepared queries whose plan has been cached and which don't use this very
index. In contrast,
<code class="command">DROP INDEX</code> momentarily takes an
<code class="literal">ACCESS EXCLUSIVE</code> lock on the parent table, blocking both
writes and reads. The subsequent <code class="command">CREATE INDEX</code> locks out
writes but not reads; since the index is not there, no read will attempt to
use it, meaning that there will be no blocking but reads might be forced
into expensive sequential scans.
</p><p>
Reindexing a single index or table requires being the owner of that
index or table. Reindexing a schema or database requires being the
owner of that schema or database. Note specifically that it's thus
possible for non-superusers to rebuild indexes of tables owned by
other users. However, as a special exception, when
<code class="command">REINDEX DATABASE</code>, <code class="command">REINDEX SCHEMA</code>
or <code class="command">REINDEX SYSTEM</code> is issued by a non-superuser,
indexes on shared catalogs will be skipped unless the user owns the
catalog (which typically won't be the case). Of course, superusers
can always reindex anything.
</p><p>
Reindexing partitioned indexes or partitioned tables is supported
with <code class="command">REINDEX INDEX</code> or <code class="command">REINDEX TABLE</code>,
respectively. Each partition of the specified partitioned relation is
reindexed in a separate transaction. Those commands cannot be used inside
a transaction block when working on a partitioned table or index.
</p><p>
When using the <code class="literal">TABLESPACE</code> clause with
<code class="command">REINDEX</code> on a partitioned index or table, only the
tablespace references of the leaf partitions are updated. As partitioned
indexes are not updated, it is recommended to separately use
<code class="command">ALTER TABLE ONLY</code> on them so as any new partitions
attached inherit the new tablespace. On failure, it may not have moved
all the indexes to the new tablespace. Re-running the command will rebuild
all the leaf partitions and move previously-unprocessed indexes to the new
tablespace.
</p><p>
If <code class="literal">SCHEMA</code>, <code class="literal">DATABASE</code> or
<code class="literal">SYSTEM</code> is used with <code class="literal">TABLESPACE</code>,
system relations are skipped and a single <code class="literal">WARNING</code>
will be generated. Indexes on TOAST tables are rebuilt, but not moved
to the new tablespace.
</p><div class="refsect2" id="SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY"><h3>Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently</h3><a id="id-1.9.3.163.7.11.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
Rebuilding an index can interfere with regular operation of a database.
Normally <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> locks the table whose index is rebuilt
against writes and performs the entire index build with a single scan of the
table. Other transactions can still read the table, but if they try to
insert, update, or delete rows in the table they will block until the
index rebuild is finished. This could have a severe effect if the system is
a live production database. Very large tables can take many hours to be
indexed, and even for smaller tables, an index rebuild can lock out writers
for periods that are unacceptably long for a production system.
</p><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> supports rebuilding indexes with minimum locking
of writes. This method is invoked by specifying the
<code class="literal">CONCURRENTLY</code> option of <code class="command">REINDEX</code>. When this option
is used, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> must perform two scans of the table
for each index that needs to be rebuilt and wait for termination of
all existing transactions that could potentially use the index.
This method requires more total work than a standard index
rebuild and takes significantly longer to complete as it needs to wait
for unfinished transactions that might modify the index. However, since
it allows normal operations to continue while the index is being rebuilt, this
method is useful for rebuilding indexes in a production environment. Of
course, the extra CPU, memory and I/O load imposed by the index rebuild
may slow down other operations.
</p><p>
The following steps occur in a concurrent reindex. Each step is run in a
separate transaction. If there are multiple indexes to be rebuilt, then
each step loops through all the indexes before moving to the next step.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
A new transient index definition is added to the catalog
<code class="literal">pg_index</code>. This definition will be used to replace
the old index. A <code class="literal">SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE</code> lock at
session level is taken on the indexes being reindexed as well as their
associated tables to prevent any schema modification while processing.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
A first pass to build the index is done for each new index. Once the
index is built, its flag <code class="literal">pg_index.indisready</code> is
switched to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">true</span>”</span> to make it ready for inserts, making it
visible to other sessions once the transaction that performed the build
is finished. This step is done in a separate transaction for each
index.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Then a second pass is performed to add tuples that were added while the
first pass was running. This step is also done in a separate
transaction for each index.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
All the constraints that refer to the index are changed to refer to the
new index definition, and the names of the indexes are changed. At
this point, <code class="literal">pg_index.indisvalid</code> is switched to
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">true</span>”</span> for the new index and to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">false</span>”</span> for
the old, and a cache invalidation is done causing all sessions that
referenced the old index to be invalidated.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The old indexes have <code class="literal">pg_index.indisready</code> switched to
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">false</span>”</span> to prevent any new tuple insertions, after waiting
for running queries that might reference the old index to complete.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The old indexes are dropped. The <code class="literal">SHARE UPDATE
EXCLUSIVE</code> session locks for the indexes and the table are
released.
</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p><p>
If a problem arises while rebuilding the indexes, such as a
uniqueness violation in a unique index, the <code class="command">REINDEX</code>
command will fail but leave behind an <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">invalid</span>”</span> new index in addition to
the pre-existing one. This index will be ignored for querying purposes
because it might be incomplete; however it will still consume update
overhead. The <span class="application">psql</span> <code class="command">\d</code> command will report
such an index as <code class="literal">INVALID</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
postgres=# \d tab
Table "public.tab"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------+---------+-----------
col | integer |
Indexes:
"idx" btree (col)
"idx_ccnew" btree (col) INVALID
</pre><p>
If the index marked <code class="literal">INVALID</code> is suffixed
<code class="literal">ccnew</code>, then it corresponds to the transient
index created during the concurrent operation, and the recommended
recovery method is to drop it using <code class="literal">DROP INDEX</code>,
then attempt <code class="command">REINDEX CONCURRENTLY</code> again.
If the invalid index is instead suffixed <code class="literal">ccold</code>,
it corresponds to the original index which could not be dropped;
the recommended recovery method is to just drop said index, since the
rebuild proper has been successful.
</p><p>
Regular index builds permit other regular index builds on the same table
to occur simultaneously, but only one concurrent index build can occur on a
table at a time. In both cases, no other types of schema modification on
the table are allowed meanwhile. Another difference is that a regular
<code class="command">REINDEX TABLE</code> or <code class="command">REINDEX INDEX</code>
command can be performed within a transaction block, but <code class="command">REINDEX
CONCURRENTLY</code> cannot.
</p><p>
Like any long-running transaction, <code class="command">REINDEX</code> on a table
can affect which tuples can be removed by concurrent
<code class="command">VACUUM</code> on any other table.
</p><p>
<code class="command">REINDEX SYSTEM</code> does not support
<code class="command">CONCURRENTLY</code> since system catalogs cannot be reindexed
concurrently.
</p><p>
Furthermore, indexes for exclusion constraints cannot be reindexed
concurrently. If such an index is named directly in this command, an
error is raised. If a table or database with exclusion constraint indexes
is reindexed concurrently, those indexes will be skipped. (It is possible
to reindex such indexes without the <code class="command">CONCURRENTLY</code> option.)
</p><p>
Each backend running <code class="command">REINDEX</code> will report its progress
in the <code class="structname">pg_stat_progress_create_index</code> view. See
<a class="xref" href="progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING" title="28.4.4. CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting">Section 28.4.4</a> for details.
</p></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.163.8"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
Rebuild a single index:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
REINDEX INDEX my_index;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Rebuild all the indexes on the table <code class="literal">my_table</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
REINDEX TABLE my_table;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Rebuild all indexes in a particular database, without trusting the
system indexes to be valid already:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>export PGOPTIONS="-P"</code></strong>
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>psql broken_db</code></strong>
...
broken_db=> REINDEX DATABASE broken_db;
broken_db=> \q
</pre><p>
Rebuild indexes for a table, without blocking read and write operations
on involved relations while reindexing is in progress:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY my_broken_table;
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.163.9"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p>
There is no <code class="command">REINDEX</code> command in the SQL standard.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.163.10"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="sql-createindex.html" title="CREATE INDEX"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE INDEX</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-dropindex.html" title="DROP INDEX"><span class="refentrytitle">DROP INDEX</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="app-reindexdb.html" title="reindexdb"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">reindexdb</span></span></a>, <a class="xref" href="progress-reporting.html#CREATE-INDEX-PROGRESS-REPORTING" title="28.4.4. CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting">Section 28.4.4</a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-refreshmaterializedview.html" title="REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-release-savepoint.html" title="RELEASE SAVEPOINT">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> RELEASE SAVEPOINT</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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