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'\" t
.\" Title: ecpg
.\" Author: The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\" Date: 2024
.\" Manual: PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation
.\" Source: PostgreSQL 16.2
.\" Language: English
.\"
.TH "ECPG" "1" "2024" "PostgreSQL 16.2" "PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation"
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.nh
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.ad l
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.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.SH "NAME"
ecpg \- embedded SQL C preprocessor
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.HP \w'\fBecpg\fR\ 'u
\fBecpg\fR [\fIoption\fR...] \fIfile\fR...
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
\fBecpg\fR
is the embedded SQL preprocessor for C programs\&. It converts C programs with embedded SQL statements to normal C code by replacing the SQL invocations with special function calls\&. The output files can then be processed with any C compiler tool chain\&.
.PP
\fBecpg\fR
will convert each input file given on the command line to the corresponding C output file\&. If an input file name does not have any extension,
\&.pgc
is assumed\&. The file\*(Aqs extension will be replaced by
\&.c
to construct the output file name\&. But the output file name can be overridden using the
\fB\-o\fR
option\&.
.PP
If an input file name is just
\-,
\fBecpg\fR
reads the program from standard input (and writes to standard output, unless that is overridden with
\fB\-o\fR)\&.
.PP
This reference page does not describe the embedded SQL language\&. See
Chapter\ \&36
for more information on that topic\&.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.PP
\fBecpg\fR
accepts the following command\-line arguments:
.PP
\fB\-c\fR
.RS 4
Automatically generate certain C code from SQL code\&. Currently, this works for
EXEC SQL TYPE\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-C \fR\fB\fImode\fR\fR
.RS 4
Set a compatibility mode\&.
\fImode\fR
can be
INFORMIX,
INFORMIX_SE, or
ORACLE\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-D \fR\fB\fIsymbol\fR\fR
.RS 4
Define a C preprocessor symbol\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-h\fR
.RS 4
Process header files\&. When this option is specified, the output file extension becomes
\&.h
not
\&.c, and the default input file extension is
\&.pgh
not
\&.pgc\&. Also, the
\fB\-c\fR
option is forced on\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-i\fR
.RS 4
Parse system include files as well\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-I \fR\fB\fIdirectory\fR\fR
.RS 4
Specify an additional include path, used to find files included via
EXEC SQL INCLUDE\&. Defaults are
\&.
(current directory),
/usr/local/include, the
PostgreSQL
include directory which is defined at compile time (default:
/usr/local/pgsql/include), and
/usr/include, in that order\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-o \fR\fB\fIfilename\fR\fR
.RS 4
Specifies that
\fBecpg\fR
should write all its output to the given
\fIfilename\fR\&. Write
\-o \-
to send all output to standard output\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-r \fR\fB\fIoption\fR\fR
.RS 4
Selects run\-time behavior\&.
\fIOption\fR
can be one of the following:
.PP
\fBno_indicator\fR
.RS 4
Do not use indicators but instead use special values to represent null values\&. Historically there have been databases using this approach\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBprepare\fR
.RS 4
Prepare all statements before using them\&. Libecpg will keep a cache of prepared statements and reuse a statement if it gets executed again\&. If the cache runs full, libecpg will free the least used statement\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBquestionmarks\fR
.RS 4
Allow question mark as placeholder for compatibility reasons\&. This used to be the default long ago\&.
.RE
.RE
.PP
\fB\-t\fR
.RS 4
Turn on autocommit of transactions\&. In this mode, each SQL command is automatically committed unless it is inside an explicit transaction block\&. In the default mode, commands are committed only when
\fBEXEC SQL COMMIT\fR
is issued\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-v\fR
.RS 4
Print additional information including the version and the "include" path\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\-version\fR
.RS 4
Print the
ecpg
version and exit\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-?\fR
.br
\fB\-\-help\fR
.RS 4
Show help about
ecpg
command line arguments, and exit\&.
.RE
.SH "NOTES"
.PP
When compiling the preprocessed C code files, the compiler needs to be able to find the
ECPG
header files in the
PostgreSQL
include directory\&. Therefore, you might have to use the
\fB\-I\fR
option when invoking the compiler (e\&.g\&.,
\-I/usr/local/pgsql/include)\&.
.PP
Programs using C code with embedded SQL have to be linked against the
libecpg
library, for example using the linker options
\-L/usr/local/pgsql/lib \-lecpg\&.
.PP
The value of either of these directories that is appropriate for the installation can be found out using
\fBpg_config\fR(1)\&.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.PP
If you have an embedded SQL C source file named
prog1\&.pgc, you can create an executable program using the following sequence of commands:
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
ecpg prog1\&.pgc
cc \-I/usr/local/pgsql/include \-c prog1\&.c
cc \-o prog1 prog1\&.o \-L/usr/local/pgsql/lib \-lecpg
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
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