path: root/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/dest_prop.rs

//! Propagates assignment destinations backwards in the CFG to eliminate redundant assignments.
//!
//! # Motivation
//!
//! MIR building can insert a lot of redundant copies, and Rust code in general often tends to move
//! values around a lot. The result is a lot of assignments of the form `dest = {move} src;` in MIR.
//! MIR building for constants in particular tends to create additional locals that are only used
//! inside a single block to shuffle a value around unnecessarily.
//!
//! LLVM by itself is not good enough at eliminating these redundant copies (eg. see
//! <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/32966>), so this leaves some performance on the table
//! that we can regain by implementing an optimization for removing these assign statements in rustc
//! itself. When this optimization runs fast enough, it can also speed up the constant evaluation
//! and code generation phases of rustc due to the reduced number of statements and locals.
//!
//! # The Optimization
//!
//! Conceptually, this optimization is "destination propagation". It is similar to the Named Return
//! Value Optimization, or NRVO, known from the C++ world, except that it isn't limited to return
//! values or the return place `_0`. On a very high level, independent of the actual implementation
//! details, it does the following:
//!
//! 1) Identify `dest = src;` statements that can be soundly eliminated.
//! 2) Replace all mentions of `src` with `dest` ("unifying" them and propagating the destination
//!    backwards).
//! 3) Delete the `dest = src;` statement (by making it a `nop`).
//!
//! Step 1) is by far the hardest, so it is explained in more detail below.
//!
//! ## Soundness
//!
//! Given an `Assign` statement `dest = src;`, where `dest` is a `Place` and `src` is an `Rvalue`,
//! there are a few requirements that must hold for the optimization to be sound:
//!
//! * `dest` must not contain any *indirection* through a pointer. It must access part of the base
//!   local. Otherwise it might point to arbitrary memory that is hard to track.
//!
//!   It must also not contain any indexing projections, since those take an arbitrary `Local` as
//!   the index, and that local might only be initialized shortly before `dest` is used.
//!
//! * `src` must be a bare `Local` without any indirections or field projections (FIXME: Is this a
//!   fundamental restriction or just current impl state?). It can be copied or moved by the
//!   assignment.
//!
//! * The `dest` and `src` locals must never be [*live*][liveness] at the same time. If they are, it
//!   means that they both hold a (potentially different) value that is needed by a future use of
//!   the locals. Unifying them would overwrite one of the values.
//!
//!   Note that computing liveness of locals that have had their address taken is more difficult:
//!   Short of doing full escape analysis on the address/pointer/reference, the pass would need to
//!   assume that any operation that can potentially involve opaque user code (such as function
//!   calls, destructors, and inline assembly) may access any local that had its address taken
//!   before that point.
//!
//! Here, the first two conditions are simple structural requirements on the `Assign` statements
//! that can be trivially checked. The liveness requirement however is more difficult and costly to
//! check.
//!
//! ## Previous Work
//!
//! A [previous attempt] at implementing an optimization like this turned out to be a significant
//! regression in compiler performance. Fixing the regressions introduced a lot of undesirable
//! complexity to the implementation.
//!
//! A [subsequent approach] tried to avoid the costly computation by limiting itself to acyclic
//! CFGs, but still turned out to be far too costly to run due to suboptimal performance within
//! individual basic blocks, requiring a walk across the entire block for every assignment found
//! within the block. For the `tuple-stress` benchmark, which has 458745 statements in a single
//! block, this proved to be far too costly.
//!
//! Since the first attempt at this, the compiler has improved dramatically, and new analysis
//! frameworks have been added that should make this approach viable without requiring a limited
//! approach that only works for some classes of CFGs:
//! - rustc now has a powerful dataflow analysis framework that can handle forwards and backwards
//!   analyses efficiently.
//! - Layout optimizations for generators have been added to improve code generation for
//!   async/await, which are very similar in spirit to what this optimization does. Both walk the
//!   MIR and record conflicting uses of locals in a `BitMatrix`.
//!
//! Also, rustc now has a simple NRVO pass (see `nrvo.rs`), which handles a subset of the cases that
//! this destination propagation pass handles, proving that similar optimizations can be performed
//! on MIR.
//!
//! ## Pre/Post Optimization
//!
//! It is recommended to run `SimplifyCfg` and then `SimplifyLocals` some time after this pass, as
//! it replaces the eliminated assign statements with `nop`s and leaves unused locals behind.
//!
//! [liveness]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_variable_analysis
//! [previous attempt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/47954
//! [subsequent approach]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/71003

use crate::MirPass;
use itertools::Itertools;
use rustc_data_structures::unify::{InPlaceUnificationTable, UnifyKey};
use rustc_index::{
    bit_set::{BitMatrix, BitSet},
    vec::IndexVec,
};
use rustc_middle::mir::visit::{MutVisitor, PlaceContext, Visitor};
use rustc_middle::mir::{dump_mir, PassWhere};
use rustc_middle::mir::{
    traversal, Body, InlineAsmOperand, Local, LocalKind, Location, Operand, Place, PlaceElem,
    Rvalue, Statement, StatementKind, Terminator, TerminatorKind,
};
use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
use rustc_mir_dataflow::impls::{borrowed_locals, MaybeInitializedLocals, MaybeLiveLocals};
use rustc_mir_dataflow::Analysis;

// Empirical measurements have resulted in some observations:
// - Running on a body with a single block and 500 locals takes barely any time
// - Running on a body with ~400 blocks and ~300 relevant locals takes "too long"
// ...so we just limit both to somewhat reasonable-ish looking values.
const MAX_LOCALS: usize = 500;
const MAX_BLOCKS: usize = 250;

pub struct DestinationPropagation;

impl<'tcx> MirPass<'tcx> for DestinationPropagation {
    fn is_enabled(&self, sess: &rustc_session::Session) -> bool {
        //  FIXME(#79191, #82678): This is unsound.
        //
        // Only run at mir-opt-level=3 or higher for now (we don't fix up debuginfo and remove
        // storage statements at the moment).
        sess.opts.unstable_opts.unsound_mir_opts && sess.mir_opt_level() >= 3
    }

    fn run_pass(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, body: &mut Body<'tcx>) {
        let def_id = body.source.def_id();

        let candidates = find_candidates(body);
        if candidates.is_empty() {
            debug!("{:?}: no dest prop candidates, done", def_id);
            return;
        }

        // Collect all locals we care about. We only compute conflicts for these to save time.
        let mut relevant_locals = BitSet::new_empty(body.local_decls.len());
        for CandidateAssignment { dest, src, loc: _ } in &candidates {
            relevant_locals.insert(dest.local);
            relevant_locals.insert(*src);
        }

        // This pass unfortunately has `O(l² * s)` performance, where `l` is the number of locals
        // and `s` is the number of statements and terminators in the function.
        // To prevent blowing up compile times too much, we bail out when there are too many locals.
        let relevant = relevant_locals.count();
        debug!(
            "{:?}: {} locals ({} relevant), {} blocks",
            def_id,
            body.local_decls.len(),
            relevant,
            body.basic_blocks().len()
        );
        if relevant > MAX_LOCALS {
            warn!(
                "too many candidate locals in {:?} ({}, max is {}), not optimizing",
                def_id, relevant, MAX_LOCALS
            );
            return;
        }
        if body.basic_blocks().len() > MAX_BLOCKS {
            warn!(
                "too many blocks in {:?} ({}, max is {}), not optimizing",
                def_id,
                body.basic_blocks().len(),
                MAX_BLOCKS
            );
            return;
        }

        let mut conflicts = Conflicts::build(tcx, body, &relevant_locals);

        let mut replacements = Replacements::new(body.local_decls.len());
        for candidate @ CandidateAssignment { dest, src, loc } in candidates {
            // Merge locals that don't conflict.
            if !conflicts.can_unify(dest.local, src) {
                debug!("at assignment {:?}, conflict {:?} vs. {:?}", loc, dest.local, src);
                continue;
            }

            if replacements.for_src(candidate.src).is_some() {
                debug!("src {:?} already has replacement", candidate.src);
                continue;
            }

            if !tcx.consider_optimizing(|| {
                format!("DestinationPropagation {:?} {:?}", def_id, candidate)
            }) {
                break;
            }

            replacements.push(candidate);
            conflicts.unify(candidate.src, candidate.dest.local);
        }

        replacements.flatten(tcx);

        debug!("replacements {:?}", replacements.map);

        Replacer { tcx, replacements, place_elem_cache: Vec::new() }.visit_body(body);

        // FIXME fix debug info
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
struct UnifyLocal(Local);

impl From<Local> for UnifyLocal {
    fn from(l: Local) -> Self {
        Self(l)
    }
}

impl UnifyKey for UnifyLocal {
    type Value = ();
    #[inline]
    fn index(&self) -> u32 {
        self.0.as_u32()
    }
    #[inline]
    fn from_index(u: u32) -> Self {
        Self(Local::from_u32(u))
    }
    fn tag() -> &'static str {
        "UnifyLocal"
    }
}

struct Replacements<'tcx> {
    /// Maps locals to their replacement.
    map: IndexVec<Local, Option<Place<'tcx>>>,

    /// Whose locals' live ranges to kill.
    kill: BitSet<Local>,
}

impl<'tcx> Replacements<'tcx> {
    fn new(locals: usize) -> Self {
        Self { map: IndexVec::from_elem_n(None, locals), kill: BitSet::new_empty(locals) }
    }

    fn push(&mut self, candidate: CandidateAssignment<'tcx>) {
        trace!("Replacements::push({:?})", candidate);
        let entry = &mut self.map[candidate.src];
        assert!(entry.is_none());

        *entry = Some(candidate.dest);
        self.kill.insert(candidate.src);
        self.kill.insert(candidate.dest.local);
    }

    /// Applies the stored replacements to all replacements, until no replacements would result in
    /// locals that need further replacements when applied.
    fn flatten(&mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) {
        // Note: This assumes that there are no cycles in the replacements, which is enforced via
        // `self.unified_locals`. Otherwise this can cause an infinite loop.

        for local in self.map.indices() {
            if let Some(replacement) = self.map[local] {
                // Substitute the base local of `replacement` until fixpoint.
                let mut base = replacement.local;
                let mut reversed_projection_slices = Vec::with_capacity(1);
                while let Some(replacement_for_replacement) = self.map[base] {
                    base = replacement_for_replacement.local;
                    reversed_projection_slices.push(replacement_for_replacement.projection);
                }

                let projection: Vec<_> = reversed_projection_slices
                    .iter()
                    .rev()
                    .flat_map(|projs| projs.iter())
                    .chain(replacement.projection.iter())
                    .collect();
                let projection = tcx.intern_place_elems(&projection);

                // Replace with the final `Place`.
                self.map[local] = Some(Place { local: base, projection });
            }
        }
    }

    fn for_src(&self, src: Local) -> Option<Place<'tcx>> {
        self.map[src]
    }
}

struct Replacer<'tcx> {
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    replacements: Replacements<'tcx>,
    place_elem_cache: Vec<PlaceElem<'tcx>>,
}

impl<'tcx> MutVisitor<'tcx> for Replacer<'tcx> {
    fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
        self.tcx
    }

    fn visit_local(&mut self, local: &mut Local, context: PlaceContext, location: Location) {
        if context.is_use() && self.replacements.for_src(*local).is_some() {
            bug!(
                "use of local {:?} should have been replaced by visit_place; context={:?}, loc={:?}",
                local,
                context,
                location,
            );
        }
    }

    fn visit_place(&mut self, place: &mut Place<'tcx>, context: PlaceContext, location: Location) {
        if let Some(replacement) = self.replacements.for_src(place.local) {
            // Rebase `place`s projections onto `replacement`'s.
            self.place_elem_cache.clear();
            self.place_elem_cache.extend(replacement.projection.iter().chain(place.projection));
            let projection = self.tcx.intern_place_elems(&self.place_elem_cache);
            let new_place = Place { local: replacement.local, projection };

            debug!("Replacer: {:?} -> {:?}", place, new_place);
            *place = new_place;
        }

        self.super_place(place, context, location);
    }

    fn visit_statement(&mut self, statement: &mut Statement<'tcx>, location: Location) {
        self.super_statement(statement, location);

        match &statement.kind {
            // FIXME: Don't delete storage statements, merge the live ranges instead
            StatementKind::StorageDead(local) | StatementKind::StorageLive(local)
                if self.replacements.kill.contains(*local) =>
            {
                statement.make_nop()
            }

            StatementKind::Assign(box (dest, rvalue)) => {
                match rvalue {
                    Rvalue::Use(Operand::Copy(place) | Operand::Move(place)) => {
                        // These might've been turned into self-assignments by the replacement
                        // (this includes the original statement we wanted to eliminate).
                        if dest == place {
                            debug!("{:?} turned into self-assignment, deleting", location);
                            statement.make_nop();
                        }
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }

            _ => {}
        }
    }
}

struct Conflicts<'a> {
    relevant_locals: &'a BitSet<Local>,

    /// The conflict matrix. It is always symmetric and the adjacency matrix of the corresponding
    /// conflict graph.
    matrix: BitMatrix<Local, Local>,

    /// Preallocated `BitSet` used by `unify`.
    unify_cache: BitSet<Local>,

    /// Tracks locals that have been merged together to prevent cycles and propagate conflicts.
    unified_locals: InPlaceUnificationTable<UnifyLocal>,
}

impl<'a> Conflicts<'a> {
    fn build<'tcx>(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        body: &'_ Body<'tcx>,
        relevant_locals: &'a BitSet<Local>,
    ) -> Self {
        // We don't have to look out for locals that have their address taken, since
        // `find_candidates` already takes care of that.

        let conflicts = BitMatrix::from_row_n(
            &BitSet::new_empty(body.local_decls.len()),
            body.local_decls.len(),
        );

        let mut init = MaybeInitializedLocals
            .into_engine(tcx, body)
            .iterate_to_fixpoint()
            .into_results_cursor(body);
        let mut live =
            MaybeLiveLocals.into_engine(tcx, body).iterate_to_fixpoint().into_results_cursor(body);

        let mut reachable = None;
        dump_mir(tcx, None, "DestinationPropagation-dataflow", &"", body, |pass_where, w| {
            let reachable = reachable.get_or_insert_with(|| traversal::reachable_as_bitset(body));

            match pass_where {
                PassWhere::BeforeLocation(loc) if reachable.contains(loc.block) => {
                    init.seek_before_primary_effect(loc);
                    live.seek_after_primary_effect(loc);

                    writeln!(w, "        // init: {:?}", init.get())?;
                    writeln!(w, "        // live: {:?}", live.get())?;
                }
                PassWhere::AfterTerminator(bb) if reachable.contains(bb) => {
                    let loc = body.terminator_loc(bb);
                    init.seek_after_primary_effect(loc);
                    live.seek_before_primary_effect(loc);

                    writeln!(w, "        // init: {:?}", init.get())?;
                    writeln!(w, "        // live: {:?}", live.get())?;
                }

                PassWhere::BeforeBlock(bb) if reachable.contains(bb) => {
                    init.seek_to_block_start(bb);
                    live.seek_to_block_start(bb);

                    writeln!(w, "    // init: {:?}", init.get())?;
                    writeln!(w, "    // live: {:?}", live.get())?;
                }

                PassWhere::BeforeCFG | PassWhere::AfterCFG | PassWhere::AfterLocation(_) => {}

                PassWhere::BeforeLocation(_) | PassWhere::AfterTerminator(_) => {
                    writeln!(w, "        // init: <unreachable>")?;
                    writeln!(w, "        // live: <unreachable>")?;
                }

                PassWhere::BeforeBlock(_) => {
                    writeln!(w, "    // init: <unreachable>")?;
                    writeln!(w, "    // live: <unreachable>")?;
                }
            }

            Ok(())
        });

        let mut this = Self {
            relevant_locals,
            matrix: conflicts,
            unify_cache: BitSet::new_empty(body.local_decls.len()),
            unified_locals: {
                let mut table = InPlaceUnificationTable::new();
                // Pre-fill table with all locals (this creates N nodes / "connected" components,
                // "graph"-ically speaking).
                for local in 0..body.local_decls.len() {
                    assert_eq!(table.new_key(()), UnifyLocal(Local::from_usize(local)));
                }
                table
            },
        };

        let mut live_and_init_locals = Vec::new();

        // Visit only reachable basic blocks. The exact order is not important.
        for (block, data) in traversal::preorder(body) {
            // We need to observe the dataflow state *before* all possible locations (statement or
            // terminator) in each basic block, and then observe the state *after* the terminator
            // effect is applied. As long as neither `init` nor `borrowed` has a "before" effect,
            // we will observe all possible dataflow states.

            // Since liveness is a backwards analysis, we need to walk the results backwards. To do
            // that, we first collect in the `MaybeInitializedLocals` results in a forwards
            // traversal.

            live_and_init_locals.resize_with(data.statements.len() + 1, || {
                BitSet::new_empty(body.local_decls.len())
            });

            // First, go forwards for `MaybeInitializedLocals` and apply intra-statement/terminator
            // conflicts.
            for (i, statement) in data.statements.iter().enumerate() {
                this.record_statement_conflicts(statement);

                let loc = Location { block, statement_index: i };
                init.seek_before_primary_effect(loc);

                live_and_init_locals[i].clone_from(init.get());
            }

            this.record_terminator_conflicts(data.terminator());
            let term_loc = Location { block, statement_index: data.statements.len() };
            init.seek_before_primary_effect(term_loc);
            live_and_init_locals[term_loc.statement_index].clone_from(init.get());

            // Now, go backwards and union with the liveness results.
            for statement_index in (0..=data.statements.len()).rev() {
                let loc = Location { block, statement_index };
                live.seek_after_primary_effect(loc);

                live_and_init_locals[statement_index].intersect(live.get());

                trace!("record conflicts at {:?}", loc);

                this.record_dataflow_conflicts(&mut live_and_init_locals[statement_index]);
            }

            init.seek_to_block_end(block);
            live.seek_to_block_end(block);
            let mut conflicts = init.get().clone();
            conflicts.intersect(live.get());
            trace!("record conflicts at end of {:?}", block);

            this.record_dataflow_conflicts(&mut conflicts);
        }

        this
    }

    fn record_dataflow_conflicts(&mut self, new_conflicts: &mut BitSet<Local>) {
        // Remove all locals that are not candidates.
        new_conflicts.intersect(self.relevant_locals);

        for local in new_conflicts.iter() {
            self.matrix.union_row_with(&new_conflicts, local);
        }
    }

    fn record_local_conflict(&mut self, a: Local, b: Local, why: &str) {
        trace!("conflict {:?} <-> {:?} due to {}", a, b, why);
        self.matrix.insert(a, b);
        self.matrix.insert(b, a);
    }

    /// Records locals that must not overlap during the evaluation of `stmt`. These locals conflict
    /// and must not be merged.
    fn record_statement_conflicts(&mut self, stmt: &Statement<'_>) {
        match &stmt.kind {
            // While the left and right sides of an assignment must not overlap, we do not mark
            // conflicts here as that would make this optimization useless. When we optimize, we
            // eliminate the resulting self-assignments automatically.
            StatementKind::Assign(_) => {}

            StatementKind::SetDiscriminant { .. }
            | StatementKind::Deinit(..)
            | StatementKind::StorageLive(..)
            | StatementKind::StorageDead(..)
            | StatementKind::Retag(..)
            | StatementKind::FakeRead(..)
            | StatementKind::AscribeUserType(..)
            | StatementKind::Coverage(..)
            | StatementKind::CopyNonOverlapping(..)
            | StatementKind::Nop => {}
        }
    }

    fn record_terminator_conflicts(&mut self, term: &Terminator<'_>) {
        match &term.kind {
            TerminatorKind::DropAndReplace {
                place: dropped_place,
                value,
                target: _,
                unwind: _,
            } => {
                if let Some(place) = value.place()
                    && !place.is_indirect()
                    && !dropped_place.is_indirect()
                {
                    self.record_local_conflict(
                        place.local,
                        dropped_place.local,
                        "DropAndReplace operand overlap",
                    );
                }
            }
            TerminatorKind::Yield { value, resume: _, resume_arg, drop: _ } => {
                if let Some(place) = value.place() {
                    if !place.is_indirect() && !resume_arg.is_indirect() {
                        self.record_local_conflict(
                            place.local,
                            resume_arg.local,
                            "Yield operand overlap",
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
            TerminatorKind::Call {
                func,
                args,
                destination,
                target: _,
                cleanup: _,
                from_hir_call: _,
                fn_span: _,
            } => {
                // No arguments may overlap with the destination.
                for arg in args.iter().chain(Some(func)) {
                    if let Some(place) = arg.place() {
                        if !place.is_indirect() && !destination.is_indirect() {
                            self.record_local_conflict(
                                destination.local,
                                place.local,
                                "call dest/arg overlap",
                            );
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            TerminatorKind::InlineAsm {
                template: _,
                operands,
                options: _,
                line_spans: _,
                destination: _,
                cleanup: _,
            } => {
                // The intended semantics here aren't documented, we just assume that nothing that
                // could be written to by the assembly may overlap with any other operands.
                for op in operands {
                    match op {
                        InlineAsmOperand::Out { reg: _, late: _, place: Some(dest_place) }
                        | InlineAsmOperand::InOut {
                            reg: _,
                            late: _,
                            in_value: _,
                            out_place: Some(dest_place),
                        } => {
                            // For output place `place`, add all places accessed by the inline asm.
                            for op in operands {
                                match op {
                                    InlineAsmOperand::In { reg: _, value } => {
                                        if let Some(p) = value.place()
                                            && !p.is_indirect()
                                            && !dest_place.is_indirect()
                                        {
                                            self.record_local_conflict(
                                                p.local,
                                                dest_place.local,
                                                "asm! operand overlap",
                                            );
                                        }
                                    }
                                    InlineAsmOperand::Out {
                                        reg: _,
                                        late: _,
                                        place: Some(place),
                                    } => {
                                        if !place.is_indirect() && !dest_place.is_indirect() {
                                            self.record_local_conflict(
                                                place.local,
                                                dest_place.local,
                                                "asm! operand overlap",
                                            );
                                        }
                                    }
                                    InlineAsmOperand::InOut {
                                        reg: _,
                                        late: _,
                                        in_value,
                                        out_place,
                                    } => {
                                        if let Some(place) = in_value.place()
                                            && !place.is_indirect()
                                            && !dest_place.is_indirect()
                                        {
                                            self.record_local_conflict(
                                                place.local,
                                                dest_place.local,
                                                "asm! operand overlap",
                                            );
                                        }

                                        if let Some(place) = out_place
                                            && !place.is_indirect()
                                            && !dest_place.is_indirect()
                                        {
                                            self.record_local_conflict(
                                                place.local,
                                                dest_place.local,
                                                "asm! operand overlap",
                                            );
                                        }
                                    }
                                    InlineAsmOperand::Out { reg: _, late: _, place: None }
                                    | InlineAsmOperand::Const { value: _ }
                                    | InlineAsmOperand::SymFn { value: _ }
                                    | InlineAsmOperand::SymStatic { def_id: _ } => {}
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        InlineAsmOperand::InOut {
                            reg: _,
                            late: _,
                            in_value: _,
                            out_place: None,
                        }
                        | InlineAsmOperand::In { reg: _, value: _ }
                        | InlineAsmOperand::Out { reg: _, late: _, place: None }
                        | InlineAsmOperand::Const { value: _ }
                        | InlineAsmOperand::SymFn { value: _ }
                        | InlineAsmOperand::SymStatic { def_id: _ } => {}
                    }
                }
            }

            TerminatorKind::Goto { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::SwitchInt { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::Resume
            | TerminatorKind::Abort
            | TerminatorKind::Return
            | TerminatorKind::Unreachable
            | TerminatorKind::Drop { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::Assert { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::GeneratorDrop
            | TerminatorKind::FalseEdge { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::FalseUnwind { .. } => {}
        }
    }

    /// Checks whether `a` and `b` may be merged. Returns `false` if there's a conflict.
    fn can_unify(&mut self, a: Local, b: Local) -> bool {
        // After some locals have been unified, their conflicts are only tracked in the root key,
        // so look that up.
        let a = self.unified_locals.find(a).0;
        let b = self.unified_locals.find(b).0;

        if a == b {
            // Already merged (part of the same connected component).
            return false;
        }

        if self.matrix.contains(a, b) {
            // Conflict (derived via dataflow, intra-statement conflicts, or inherited from another
            // local during unification).
            return false;
        }

        true
    }

    /// Merges the conflicts of `a` and `b`, so that each one inherits all conflicts of the other.
    ///
    /// `can_unify` must have returned `true` for the same locals, or this may panic or lead to
    /// miscompiles.
    ///
    /// This is called when the pass makes the decision to unify `a` and `b` (or parts of `a` and
    /// `b`) and is needed to ensure that future unification decisions take potentially newly
    /// introduced conflicts into account.
    ///
    /// For an example, assume we have locals `_0`, `_1`, `_2`, and `_3`. There are these conflicts:
    ///
    /// * `_0` <-> `_1`
    /// * `_1` <-> `_2`
    /// * `_3` <-> `_0`
    ///
    /// We then decide to merge `_2` with `_3` since they don't conflict. Then we decide to merge
    /// `_2` with `_0`, which also doesn't have a conflict in the above list. However `_2` is now
    /// `_3`, which does conflict with `_0`.
    fn unify(&mut self, a: Local, b: Local) {
        trace!("unify({:?}, {:?})", a, b);

        // Get the root local of the connected components. The root local stores the conflicts of
        // all locals in the connected component (and *is stored* as the conflicting local of other
        // locals).
        let a = self.unified_locals.find(a).0;
        let b = self.unified_locals.find(b).0;
        assert_ne!(a, b);

        trace!("roots: a={:?}, b={:?}", a, b);
        trace!("{:?} conflicts: {:?}", a, self.matrix.iter(a).format(", "));
        trace!("{:?} conflicts: {:?}", b, self.matrix.iter(b).format(", "));

        self.unified_locals.union(a, b);

        let root = self.unified_locals.find(a).0;
        assert!(root == a || root == b);

        // Make all locals that conflict with `a` also conflict with `b`, and vice versa.
        self.unify_cache.clear();
        for conflicts_with_a in self.matrix.iter(a) {
            self.unify_cache.insert(conflicts_with_a);
        }
        for conflicts_with_b in self.matrix.iter(b) {
            self.unify_cache.insert(conflicts_with_b);
        }
        for conflicts_with_a_or_b in self.unify_cache.iter() {
            // Set both `a` and `b` for this local's row.
            self.matrix.insert(conflicts_with_a_or_b, a);
            self.matrix.insert(conflicts_with_a_or_b, b);
        }

        // Write the locals `a` conflicts with to `b`'s row.
        self.matrix.union_rows(a, b);
        // Write the locals `b` conflicts with to `a`'s row.
        self.matrix.union_rows(b, a);
    }
}

/// A `dest = {move} src;` statement at `loc`.
///
/// We want to consider merging `dest` and `src` due to this assignment.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct CandidateAssignment<'tcx> {
    /// Does not contain indirection or indexing (so the only local it contains is the place base).
    dest: Place<'tcx>,
    src: Local,
    loc: Location,
}

/// Scans the MIR for assignments between locals that we might want to consider merging.
///
/// This will filter out assignments that do not match the right form (as described in the top-level
/// comment) and also throw out assignments that involve a local that has its address taken or is
/// otherwise ineligible (eg. locals used as array indices are ignored because we cannot propagate
/// arbitrary places into array indices).
fn find_candidates<'tcx>(body: &Body<'tcx>) -> Vec<CandidateAssignment<'tcx>> {
    let mut visitor = FindAssignments {
        body,
        candidates: Vec::new(),
        ever_borrowed_locals: borrowed_locals(body),
        locals_used_as_array_index: locals_used_as_array_index(body),
    };
    visitor.visit_body(body);
    visitor.candidates
}

struct FindAssignments<'a, 'tcx> {
    body: &'a Body<'tcx>,
    candidates: Vec<CandidateAssignment<'tcx>>,
    ever_borrowed_locals: BitSet<Local>,
    locals_used_as_array_index: BitSet<Local>,
}

impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindAssignments<'_, 'tcx> {
    fn visit_statement(&mut self, statement: &Statement<'tcx>, location: Location) {
        if let StatementKind::Assign(box (
            dest,
            Rvalue::Use(Operand::Copy(src) | Operand::Move(src)),
        )) = &statement.kind
        {
            // `dest` must not have pointer indirection.
            if dest.is_indirect() {
                return;
            }

            // `src` must be a plain local.
            if !src.projection.is_empty() {
                return;
            }

            // Since we want to replace `src` with `dest`, `src` must not be required.
            if is_local_required(src.local, self.body) {
                return;
            }

            // Can't optimize if either local ever has their address taken. This optimization does
            // liveness analysis only based on assignments, and a local can be live even if its
            // never assigned to again, because a reference to it might be live.
            // FIXME: This can be smarter and take `StorageDead` into  account (which invalidates
            // borrows).
            if self.ever_borrowed_locals.contains(dest.local)
                || self.ever_borrowed_locals.contains(src.local)
            {
                return;
            }

            assert_ne!(dest.local, src.local, "self-assignments are UB");

            // We can't replace locals occurring in `PlaceElem::Index` for now.
            if self.locals_used_as_array_index.contains(src.local) {
                return;
            }

            for elem in dest.projection {
                if let PlaceElem::Index(_) = elem {
                    // `dest` contains an indexing projection.
                    return;
                }
            }

            self.candidates.push(CandidateAssignment {
                dest: *dest,
                src: src.local,
                loc: location,
            });
        }
    }
}

/// Some locals are part of the function's interface and can not be removed.
///
/// Note that these locals *can* still be merged with non-required locals by removing that other
/// local.
fn is_local_required(local: Local, body: &Body<'_>) -> bool {
    match body.local_kind(local) {
        LocalKind::Arg | LocalKind::ReturnPointer => true,
        LocalKind::Var | LocalKind::Temp => false,
    }
}

/// `PlaceElem::Index` only stores a `Local`, so we can't replace that with a full `Place`.
///
/// Collect locals used as indices so we don't generate candidates that are impossible to apply
/// later.
fn locals_used_as_array_index(body: &Body<'_>) -> BitSet<Local> {
    let mut visitor = IndexCollector { locals: BitSet::new_empty(body.local_decls.len()) };
    visitor.visit_body(body);
    visitor.locals
}

struct IndexCollector {
    locals: BitSet<Local>,
}

impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for IndexCollector {
    fn visit_projection_elem(
        &mut self,
        local: Local,
        proj_base: &[PlaceElem<'tcx>],
        elem: PlaceElem<'tcx>,
        context: PlaceContext,
        location: Location,
    ) {
        if let PlaceElem::Index(i) = elem {
            self.locals.insert(i);
        }
        self.super_projection_elem(local, proj_base, elem, context, location);
    }
}