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+# The JSONB Format
+
+This document describes SQLite's JSONB binary encoding of
+JSON.
+
+## 1.0 What Is JSONB?
+
+Beginning with version 3.45.0 (circa 2024-01-01), SQLite supports an
+alternative binary encoding of JSON which we call "JSONB".  JSONB is
+a binary format that stored as a BLOB.
+
+The advantage of JSONB over ordinary text RFC 8259 JSON is that JSONB
+is both slightly smaller (by between 5% and 10% in most cases) and
+can be processed in less than half the number of CPU cycles.  The built-in
+[JSON SQL functions] of SQLite can accept either ordinary text JSON
+or the binary JSONB encoding for any of their JSON inputs.
+
+The "JSONB" name is inspired by [PostgreSQL](https://postgresql.org), but the
+on-disk format for SQLite's JSONB is not the same as PostgreSQL's.
+The two formats have the same name, but they have wildly different internal
+representations and are not in any way binary compatible.
+
+The central idea behind this JSONB specification is that each element
+begins with a header that includes the size and type of that element.
+The header takes the place of punctuation such as double-quotes,
+curly-brackes, square-brackets, commas, and colons.  Since the size
+and type of each element is contained in its header, the element can
+be read faster since it is no longer necessary to carefully scan forward
+looking for the closing delimiter.  The payload of JSONB is the same
+as for corresponding text JSON.  The same payload bytes occur in the
+same order.  The only real difference between JSONB and ordinary text
+JSON is that JSONB includes a binary header on
+each element and omits delimiter and separator punctuation.
+
+### 1.1 Internal Use Only
+
+The details of the JSONB are not intended to be visible to application
+developers.  Application developers should look at JSONB as an opaque BLOB
+used internally by SQLite.  Nevertheless, we want the format to be backwards
+compatible across all future versions of SQLite.  To that end, the format
+is documented by this file in the source tree.  But this file should be
+used only by SQLite core developers, not by developers of applications
+that only use SQLite.
+
+## 2.0 The Purpose Of This Document
+
+JSONB is not intended as an external format to be used by
+applications.  JSONB is designed for internal use by SQLite only.
+Programmers do not need to understand the JSONB format in order to
+use it effectively.
+Applications should access JSONB only through the [JSON SQL functions],
+not by looking at individual bytes of the BLOB.
+
+However, JSONB is intended to be portable and backwards compatible
+for all future versions of SQLite.  In other words, you should not have
+to export and reimport your SQLite database files when you upgrade to
+a newer SQLite version.  For that reason, the JSONB format needs to
+be well-defined.
+
+This document is therefore similar in purpose to the
+[SQLite database file format] document that describes the on-disk
+format of an SQLite database file.  Applications are not expected
+to directly read and write the bits and bytes of SQLite database files.
+The SQLite database file format is carefully documented so that it
+can be stable and enduring.  In the same way, the JSONB representation
+of JSON is documented here so that it too can be stable and enduring,
+not so that applications can read or writes individual bytes.
+
+## 3.0 Encoding
+
+JSONB is a direct translation of the underlying text JSON. The difference
+is that JSONB uses a binary encoding that is faster to parse compared to
+the detailed syntax of text JSON.
+
+Each JSON element is encoded as a header and a payload.  The header
+determines type of element (string, numeric, boolean, null, object, or
+array) and the size of the payload.  The header can be between 1 and
+9 bytes in size.  The payload can be any size from zero bytes up to the
+maximum allowed BLOB size.
+
+### 3.1 Payload Size
+
+The upper four bits of the first byte of the header determine size of the
+header and possibly also the size of the payload.
+If the upper four bits have a value between 0 and 11, then the header is
+exactly one byte in size and the payload size is determined by those
+upper four bits.  If the upper four bits have a value between 12 and 15,
+that means that the total header size is 2, 3, 5, or 9 bytes and the
+payload size is unsigned big-endian integer that is contained in the
+subsequent bytes.  The size integer is the one byte that following the
+initial header byte if the upper four bits
+are 12, two bytes if the upper bits are 13, four bytes if the upper bits
+are 14, and eight bytes if the upper bits are 15.  The current design
+of SQLite does not support BLOB values larger than 2GiB, so the eight-byte
+variant of the payload size integer will never be used by the current code.
+The eight-byte payload size integer is included in the specification
+to allow for future expansion.
+
+The header for an element does *not* need to be in its simplest
+form.  For example, consider the JSON numeric value "`1`".
+That element can be encode in five different ways:
+
+  *  `0x13 0x31`
+  *  `0xc3 0x01 0x31`
+  *  `0xd3 0x00 0x01 0x31`
+  *  `0xe3 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x31`
+  *  `0xf3 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x01 0x31`
+
+The shortest encoding is preferred, of course, and usually happens with
+primitive elements such as numbers.  However the total size of an array
+or object might not be known exactly when the header of the element is
+first generated.  It is convenient to reserve space for the largest
+possible header and then go back and fill in the correct payload size
+at the end.  This technique can result in array or object headers that
+are larger than absolutely necessary.
+
+### 3.2 Element Type
+
+The least-significant four bits of the first byte of the header (the first
+byte masked against 0x0f) determine element type.  The following codes are
+used:
+
+<ol>
+<li type="0"><p><b>NULL</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON "null".  The payload size for a true JSON NULL must
+must be zero.  Future versions of SQLite might extend the JSONB format
+with elements that have a zero element type but a non-zero size.  In that
+way, legacy versions of SQLite will interpret the element as a NULL 
+for backwards compatibility while newer versions will interpret the
+element in some other way.
+
+<li value="1"><p><b>TRUE</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON "true".  The payload size must be zero for a actual
+"true" value.  Elements with type 1 and a non-zero payload size are
+reserved for future expansion.  Legacy implementations that see an element
+type of 1 with a non-zero payload size should continue to interpret that
+element as "true" for compatibility.
+
+<li value="2"><p><b>FALSE</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON "false".  The payload size must be zero for a actual
+"false" value.  Elements with type 2 and a non-zero payload size are
+reserved for future expansion.  Legacy implementations that see an element
+type of 2 with a non-zero payload size should continue to interpret that
+element as "false" for compatibility.
+
+<li value="3"><p><b>INT</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON integer value in the canonical
+RFC 8259 format, without extensions.  The payload is the ASCII
+text representation of that numeric value.
+
+<li value="4"><p><b>INT5</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON integer value that is not in the
+canonical format.   The payload is the ASCII
+text representation of that numeric value.  Because the payload is in a
+non-standard format, it will need to be translated when the JSONB is
+converted into RFC 8259 text JSON.
+
+<li value="5"><p><b>FLOAT</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON floating-point value in the canonical
+RFC 8259 format, without extensions.  The payload is the ASCII
+text representation of that numeric value.
+
+<li value="6"><p><b>FLOAT5</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON floating-point value that is not in the
+canonical format.   The payload is the ASCII
+text representation of that numeric value.  Because the payload is in a
+non-standard format, it will need to be translated when the JSONB is
+converted into RFC 8259 text JSON.
+
+<li value="7"><p><b>TEXT</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON string value that does not contain
+any escapes nor any characters that need to be escaped for either SQL or
+JSON.  The payload is the UTF8 text representation of the string value.
+The payload does <i>not</i> include string delimiters.
+
+<li value="8"><p><b>TEXTJ</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON string value that contains
+RFC 8259 character escapes (such as "<tt>\n</tt>" or "<tt>\u0020</tt>").
+Those escapes will need to be translated into actual UTF8 if this element
+is [json_extract|extracted] into SQL.
+The payload is the UTF8 text representation of the escaped string value.
+The payload does <i>not</i> include string delimiters.
+
+<li value="9"><p><b>TEXT5</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON string value that contains
+character escapes, including some character escapes that part of JSON5
+and which are not found in the canonical RFC 8259 spec.
+Those escapes will need to be translated into standard JSON prior to
+rendering the JSON as text, or into their actual UTF8 characters if this
+element is [json_extract|extracted] into SQL.
+The payload is the UTF8 text representation of the escaped string value.
+The payload does <i>not</i> include string delimiters.
+
+<li value="10"><p><b>TEXTRAW</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON string value that contains
+UTF8 characters that need to be escaped if this string is rendered into
+standard JSON text.
+The payload does <i>not</i> include string delimiters.
+
+<li value="11"><p><b>ARRAY</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON array.  The payload contains
+JSONB elements that comprise values contained within the array.
+
+<li value="12"><p><b>OBJECT</b> &rarr;
+The element is a JSON object.  The payload contains
+pairs of JSONB elements that comprise entries for the JSON object.
+The first element in each pair must be a string (types 7 through 10).
+The second element of each pair may be any types, including nested
+arrays or objects.
+
+<li value="13"><p><b>RESERVED-13</b> &rarr;
+Reserved for future expansion.  Legacy implements that encounter this
+element type should raise an error.
+
+<li value="14"><p><b>RESERVED-14</b> &rarr;
+Reserved for future expansion.  Legacy implements that encounter this
+element type should raise an error.
+
+<li value="15"><p><b>RESERVED-15</b> &rarr;
+Reserved for future expansion.  Legacy implements that encounter this
+element type should raise an error.
+</ol>
+
+Element types outside the range of 0 to 12 are reserved for future
+expansion.  The current implement raises an error if see an element type
+other than those listed above.  However, future versions of SQLite might
+use of the three remaining element types to implement indexing or similar
+optimizations, to speed up lookup against large JSON arrays and/or objects.
+
+### 3.3 Design Rationale For Element Types
+
+A key goal of JSONB is that it should be quick to translate
+to and from text JSON and/or be constructed from SQL values.
+When converting from text into JSONB, we do not want the
+converter subroutine to burn CPU cycles converting elements
+values into some standard format which might never be used.
+Format conversion is "lazy" - it is deferred until actually
+needed.  This has implications for the JSONB format design:
+
+  1.   Numeric values are stored as text, not a numbers.  The values are
+       a direct copy of the text JSON values from which they are derived.
+
+  2.   There are multiple element types depending on the details of value
+       formats.  For example, INT is used for pure RFC-8259 integer
+       literals and INT5 exists for JSON5 extensions such as hexadecimal
+       notation.  FLOAT is used for pure RFC-8259 floating point literals
+       and FLOAT5 is used for JSON5 extensions.  There are four different
+       representations of strings, depending on where the string came from
+       and how special characters within the string are escaped.
+
+A second goal of JSONB is that it should be capable of serving as the
+"parse tree" for JSON when a JSON value is being processed by the
+various [JSON SQL functions] built into SQLite.  Before JSONB was
+developed, operations such [json_replace()] and [json_patch()]
+and similar worked in three stages:
+
+
+  1.  Translate the text JSON into a internal format that is
+      easier to scan and edit.
+  2.  Perform the requested operation on the JSON.
+  3.  Translate the internal format back into text.
+
+JSONB seeks to serve as the internal format directly - bypassing
+the first and third stages of that process.  Since most of the CPU
+cycles are spent on the first and third stages, that suggests that
+JSONB processing will be much faster than text JSON processing.
+
+So when processing JSONB, only the second stage of the three-stage
+process is required.  But when processing text JSON, it is still necessary
+to do stages one and three.  If JSONB is to be used as the internal
+binary representation, this is yet another reason to store numeric
+values as text.  Storing numbers as text minimizes the amount of
+conversion work needed for stages one and three.  This is also why
+there are four different representations of text in JSONB.  Different
+text representations are used for text coming from different sources
+(RFC-8259 JSON, JSON5, or SQL string values) and conversions only
+happen if and when they are actually needed.
+
+### 3.4 Valid JSONB BLOBs
+
+A valid JSONB BLOB consists of a single JSON element.  The element must
+exactly fill the BLOB.  This one element is often a JSON object or array
+and those usually contain additional elements as its payload, but the
+element can be a primite value such a string, number, boolean, or null.
+
+When the built-in JSON functions are attempting to determine if a BLOB
+argument is a JSONB or just a random BLOB, they look at the header of
+the outer element to see that it is well-formed and that the element
+completely fills the BLOB.  If these conditions are met, then the BLOB
+is accepted as a JSONB value.