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diff --git a/www/lang_returning.html b/www/lang_returning.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8989e27 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/lang_returning.html @@ -0,0 +1,2712 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html><head> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> +<title>RETURNING</title> +<!-- path= --> +</head> +<body> +<div class=nosearch> +<a href="index.html"> +<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> +</a> +<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo --></div> +<div class="tagline desktoponly"> +Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three. +</div> +<div class="menu mainmenu"> +<ul> +<li><a href="index.html">Home</a> +<li class='mobileonly'><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick='toggle_div("submenu")'>Menu</a> +<li class='wideonly'><a href='about.html'>About</a> +<li class='desktoponly'><a href="docs.html">Documentation</a> +<li class='desktoponly'><a href="download.html">Download</a> +<li class='wideonly'><a href='copyright.html'>License</a> +<li class='desktoponly'><a href="support.html">Support</a> +<li class='desktoponly'><a href="prosupport.html">Purchase</a> +<li class='search' id='search_menubutton'> +<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick='toggle_search()'>Search</a> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="menu submenu" id="submenu"> +<ul> +<li><a href='about.html'>About</a> +<li><a href='docs.html'>Documentation</a> +<li><a href='download.html'>Download</a> +<li><a href='support.html'>Support</a> +<li><a href='prosupport.html'>Purchase</a> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="searchmenu" id="searchmenu"> +<form method="GET" action="search"> +<select name="s" id="searchtype"> +<option value="d">Search Documentation</option> +<option value="c">Search Changelog</option> +</select> +<input type="text" name="q" id="searchbox" value=""> +<input type="submit" value="Go"> +</form> +</div> +</div> +<script> +function toggle_div(nm) { +var w = document.getElementById(nm); +if( w.style.display=="block" ){ +w.style.display = "none"; +}else{ +w.style.display = "block"; +} +} +function toggle_search() { +var w = document.getElementById("searchmenu"); +if( w.style.display=="block" ){ +w.style.display = "none"; +} else { +w.style.display = "block"; +setTimeout(function(){ +document.getElementById("searchbox").focus() +}, 30); +} +} +function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} +window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} +/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ +/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ +if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ +document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; +} +/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ +function hideorshow(btn,obj){ +var x = document.getElementById(obj); +var b = document.getElementById(btn); +if( x.style.display!='none' ){ +x.style.display = 'none'; +b.innerHTML='show'; +}else{ +x.style.display = ''; +b.innerHTML='hide'; +} +return false; +} +var antiRobot = 0; +function antiRobotGo(){ +if( antiRobot!=3 ) return; +antiRobot = 7; +var j = document.getElementById("mtimelink"); +if(j && j.hasAttribute("data-href")) j.href=j.getAttribute("data-href"); +} +function antiRobotDefense(){ +document.body.onmousedown=function(){ +antiRobot |= 2; +antiRobotGo(); +document.body.onmousedown=null; +} +document.body.onmousemove=function(){ +antiRobot |= 2; +antiRobotGo(); +document.body.onmousemove=null; +} +setTimeout(function(){ +antiRobot |= 1; +antiRobotGo(); +}, 100) +antiRobotGo(); +} +antiRobotDefense(); +</script> +<div class=fancy> +<div class=nosearch> +<div class="fancy_title"> +RETURNING +</div> +<div class="fancy_toc"> +<a onclick="toggle_toc()"> +<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">►</span> +Table Of Contents +</a> +<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#typical_use">1.1. Typical Use</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#details">2. Details</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#processing_order">2.1. Processing Order</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#acid_changes">2.2. ACID Changes</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#limitations_and_caveats">3. Limitations And Caveats</a></div> +</div> +</div> +<script> +function toggle_toc(){ +var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") +var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") +if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ +sub.style.display = "block"; +mk.innerHTML = "▼"; +} else { +sub.style.display = "none"; +mk.innerHTML = "►"; +} +} +</script> +</div> + + + + +<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> + +<p><b><a href="syntax/returning-clause.html">returning-clause:</a></b> +<button id='x7976e0a4' onclick='hideorshow("x7976e0a4","xa416104f")'>hide</button></p> + <div id='xa416104f' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:628px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 628.709 140.4"> +<circle cx="5" cy="47" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="27,47 15,51 15,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,47L21,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M42,62L132,62A15 15 0 0 0 147 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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> +<button id='x3c5dcc36' onclick='hideorshow("x3c5dcc36","x280534b9")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x280534b9' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text> +<polygon points="259,47 247,51 247,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 208,32 Q 208,47 223,47 L 238,47 L 253,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path 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style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,55 39,59 39,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,40 Q 24,55 34,55 L 45,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,70L104,70A15 15 0 0 0 120 55L120,55A15 15 0 0 0 104 39L66,39A15 15 0 0 0 50 55L50,55A15 15 0 0 0 66 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="85" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">USING</text> +<polygon points="143,55 131,59 131,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M120,55L137,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M158,70A15 15 0 0 0 173 55L173,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 39A15 15 0 0 0 143 55L143,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 70Z" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M422,17L462,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="209,120 197,124 197,115" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,105 Q 24,120 39,120 L 188,120 L 203,120" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M209,120 L 422,120 Q 437,120 437,105 L 437,54 L 437,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> +<button id='xad8e0edd' onclick='hideorshow("xad8e0edd","x399d36e6")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x399d36e6' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,71 39,76 39,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<p> +The RETURNING clause is not a statement itself, but a clause that can +optionally appear near the end of top-level +<a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, and <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements. +The effect of the RETURNING clause is to cause the statement to return +one result row for each database row that is deleted, inserted, or updated. + RETURNING is not standard SQL. It is an extension. +SQLite's syntax for RETURNING is modelled after +<a href="https://www.postgresql.org">PostgreSQL</a>. + +</p><p> +The RETURNING syntax has been supported by SQLite since version 3.35.0 +(2021-03-12). + +</p><h2 id="typical_use"><span>1.1. </span>Typical Use</h2> + +<p> +The RETURNING clause is designed to provide the application with the +values of columns that are filled in automatically by SQLite. For +example: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE t0( + a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, + b DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, + c INTEGER +); +INSERT INTO t0(c) VALUES(random()) RETURNING *; +</pre></div> + +<p> +In the INSERT statement above, SQLite computes the values for all +three columns. The RETURNING clause causes SQLite to report the chosen +values back to the application. This saves the application from having +to issue a separate query to figure out exactly what values were inserted. + +</p><h1 id="details"><span>2. </span>Details</h1> + +<p> +The RETURNING clause is followed by a comma-separated list of +expressions. These expressions are similar to the expressions following +the SELECT keyword in a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT statement</a> in that they +define the values of the columns in the result set. Each expression +defines the value for a single column. Each expression may be +optionally followed by an AS clause that determines the name of +the result column. The special "*" expression expands into a list +of all <a href="vtab.html#hiddencol">non-hidden</a> columns of the table being deleted, +inserted, or updated. + +</p><p> +For INSERT and UPDATE statements, references to columns in the table +being modified refer to the value of that column <i>after</i> the change +has been applied. For DELETE statements, references to columns mean +the value <i>before</i> the delete occurs. + +</p><p> +The RETURNING clause only returns rows that are directly modified +by the DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE statement. The RETURNING clause +does not report any additional database changes +caused by <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> or <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">triggers</a>. + +</p><p> +A RETURNING clause for an <a href="lang_upsert.html">UPSERT</a> reports both inserted and +updated rows. + +</p><h2 id="processing_order"><span>2.1. </span>Processing Order</h2> + +<p> +When a DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE statement with a RETURNING clause +is run, all of the database changes occur during the first invocation +of <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>. The RETURNING clause output is accumulated in +memory. The first sqlite3_step() call returns one row of RETURNING +output and subsequent rows of RETURNING output are returned by subsequent +calls to sqlite3_step(). +To put this another way, all RETURNING clause output is embargoed +until after all database modification actions are completed. + +</p><p> +This means that if a statement has a RETURNING clause that generates +a large amount of output, either many rows or large +string or BLOB values, then the statement might use a lot of +temporary memory to hold those values while it is running. + +</p><p> +The first prototype of the RETURNING clause returned +values as they were generated. That approach used less memory, but +it had other problems: + +</p><ol> +<li><p> +If the calls sqlite3_step() for two or more DML statements +where interleaved and if one of the +statements hit a constraint failure and aborted, reverting its +changes, then that could disrupt the operation of the other +DML statement. This could not corrupt the database file, but +it could yield surprising and difficult-to-explain results in +the database. + +</p></li><li><p> +If an application failed to call sqlite3_step() repeatedly until +it received SQLITE_DONE, then some of the database changes might +never occur. + +</p></li><li><p> +The order of operations was different from client/server database +engines like PostgreSQL, which might cause portability issues +for some applications. +</p></li></ol> + +<p> +For these reasons, the current implementation was modified so that +all database changes happen before any RETURNING output is emitted. + +</p><p> +While SQLite does guarantee that all database changes will occur +before any RETURNING output is emitted, it does <i>not</i> guarantee +that the order of individual RETURNING rows will match the order in +which those rows were changed in the database. The output order +for the RETURNING rows is arbitrary and is not necessarily related +to the order in which the rows were processed internally. + +</p><h2 id="acid_changes"><span>2.2. </span>ACID Changes</h2> + +<p> +When the previous "<i>Processing Order</i>" section says that +"database changes occur during the first invocation of sqlite3_step()", +that means that the changes are stored in the private page cache of +the database connection that is running the statement. It does +<i>not</i> mean that the changes are actually committed. The commit +does not occur until the statement finishes, and maybe not even then +if the statement is part of a larger transaction. Changes to the +database are still atomic, consistent, isolated, and durable (ACID). +When the previous section says "changes occur", +this means that internal data structure are adjusted pending a transaction +commit. Some of those changes may or may not spill into the +<a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a>, depending on how much pressure there is on the +page cache. If the page cache is not under memory pressure, then +probably nothing will be written to disk until after the transaction +completes, which is after sqlite3_step() returns SQLITE_DONE. + +</p><p> +In other words, when the previous section says "database changes +occur", that means that the changes occur in the memory of the +specific database connection that is running the statement, <i>not</i> that +the changes are written to disk. + +</p><h1 id="limitations_and_caveats"><span>3. </span>Limitations And Caveats</h1> + +<ol> +<li><p> +The RETURNING clause is not available on DELETE and UPDATE statements +against <a href="vtab.html">virtual tables</a>. +This limitation might be removed in future versions of SQLite. + +</p></li><li><p> +The RETURNING clause is only available in top-level DELETE, INSERT, +and UPDATE statements. The RETURNING clause cannot be used by +statements within triggers. + +</p></li><li><p> +Even though a DML statement with a RETURNING clause returns table content, +it cannot be used as a subquery. The RETURNING clause can only return +data to the application. It is not currently possible to divert the +RETURNING output into another table or query. PostgreSQL has the ability +to use a DML statement with a RETURNING clause like a view in a +<a href="lang_with.html">common table expressions</a>. SQLite does not currently have that +ability, though that is something that might be added in a future release. + +</p></li><li><p> +The rows emitted by the RETURNING clause appear in an arbitrary order. +That order might change depending on the database schema, upon the specific +release of SQLite used, or even from one execution of the same statement +to the next. +There is no way to cause the output rows to appear in a particular order. +Even if SQLite is compiled with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a> +option such that ORDER BY clauses are allowed on DELETE and UPDATE +statements, those ORDER BY clauses do not constrain the output order +of RETURNING. + +</p></li><li><p> +The values emitted by the RETURNING clause are the values as seen +by the top-level DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE statement +and do not reflect any subsequent value changes made by <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">triggers</a>. +Thus, if the database includes AFTER triggers that modifies some +of the values of each row inserted or updated, the RETURNING clause +emits the original values that are computed before those triggers run. + +</p></li><li><p> +The RETURNING clause may not contain top-level <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a> or +<a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>. If there are subqueries in the RETURNING clause, +those subqueries may contain aggregates and window functions, but +aggregates cannot occur at the top level. + +</p></li><li><p> +The RETURNING clause may only reference the table being modified. +In an <a href="lang_update.html#upfrom">UPDATE FROM</a> statement, the auxiliary tables named in the FROM +clause may not participate in the RETURNING clause. + +</p></li></ol> + + |