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How to make SQLite work on filesystems that only support
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Notes on how to create indexes on expressions instead of just
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Should you store large BLOBs directly in the database, or store them
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This document describes limitations of SQLite (the maximum length of a
string or blob, the maximum size of a database, the maximum number of
tables in a database, etc.) and how these limits can be altered at
compile-time and run-time.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='mmap.html'>Memory-Mapped I/O</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
SQLite supports memory-mapped I/O. Learn how to enable memory-mapped
I/O and about the various advantages and disadvantages to using
memory-mapped I/O in this document.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='threadsafe.html'>Multi-threaded Programs and SQLite</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
SQLite is safe to use in multi-threaded programs. This document
provides the details and hints on how to maximize performance.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='nulls.html'>Null Handling</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
Different SQL database engines handle NULLs in different ways. The
SQL standards are ambiguous. This (circa 2003) document describes
how SQLite handles NULLs in comparison with other SQL database engines.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='partialindex.html'>Partial Indexes</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A partial index is an index that only covers a subset of the rows in
a table. Learn how to use partial indexes in SQLite from this document.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='sharedcache.html'>Shared Cache Mode</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
Version 3.3.0 and later supports the ability for two or more
database connections to share the same page and schema cache.
This feature is useful for certain specialized applications.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='unlock_notify.html'>Unlock Notify</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The "unlock notify" feature can be used in conjunction with
<a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a> to more efficiently
manage resource conflict (database table locks).
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='uri.html'>URI Filenames</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The names of database files can be specified using either an ordinary
filename or a URI. Using URI filenames provides additional capabilities,
as this document describes.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='withoutrowid.html'>WITHOUT ROWID Tables</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The WITHOUT ROWID optimization is a option that can sometimes result
in smaller and faster databases.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='wal.html'>Write-Ahead Log (WAL) Mode</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
Transaction control using a write-ahead log offers more concurrency and
is often faster than the default rollback transactions. This document
explains how to use WAL mode for improved performance.
</span>
</ul>
<li><a onclick='showhide(6)'><span class='sh_mark' id='sh_mark_6'>►</span> Tools</a>
<ul id='sh_sub_6'>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='cli.html'>Command-Line Shell (sqlite3.exe)</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
Notes on using the "sqlite3.exe" command-line interface that
can be used to create, modify, and query arbitrary SQLite
database files.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='sqlanalyze.html'>SQLite Database Analyzer (sqlite3_analyzer.exe)</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This stand-alone program reads an SQLite database and outputs a file
showing the space used by each table and index and other statistics.
Built using the <a href="dbstat.html">dbstat virtual table</a>.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='rbu.html'>RBU</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The "Resumable Bulk Update" utility program allows a batch of changes
to be applied to a remote database running on embedded hardware in a
way that is resumeable and does not interrupt ongoing operation.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='sqldiff.html'>SQLite Database Diff (sqldiff.exe)</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This stand-alone program compares two SQLite database files and
outputs the SQL needed to convert one into the other.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='dbhash.html'>Database Hash (dbhash.exe)</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This program demonstrates how to compute a hash over the content
of an SQLite database.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='http://www.fossil-scm.org/'>Fossil</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The Fossil Version Control System is a distributed VCS designed specifically
to support SQLite development. Fossil uses SQLite as for storage.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='https://www.sqlite.org/sqlar/'>SQLite Archiver (sqlar.exe)</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A ZIP-like archive program that uses SQLite for storage.
</span>
</ul>
<li><a onclick='showhide(7)'><span class='sh_mark' id='sh_mark_7'>►</span> Advocacy</a>
<ul id='sh_sub_7'>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='appfileformat.html'>SQLite As An Application File Format</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This article advocates using SQLite as an application file format
in place of XML or JSON or a "pile-of-file".
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='famous.html'>Well Known Users</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This page lists a small subset of the many thousands of devices
and application programs that make use of SQLite.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='fasterthanfs.html'>35% Faster Than The Filesystem</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This article points out that reading blobs out of an SQLite database
is often faster than reading the same blobs from individual files in
the filesystem.
</span>
</ul>
<li><a onclick='showhide(8)'><span class='sh_mark' id='sh_mark_8'>►</span> Technical and Design Documentation</a>
<ul id='sh_sub_8'>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='howtocorrupt.html'>How Database Corruption Can Occur</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
SQLite is highly resistant to database corruption. But application,
OS, and hardware bugs can still result in corrupt database files.
This article describes many of the ways that SQLite database files
can go corrupt.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='tempfiles.html'>Temporary Files Used By SQLite</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
SQLite can potentially use many different temporary files when
processing certain SQL statements. This document describes the
many kinds of temporary files that SQLite uses and offers suggestions
for avoiding them on systems where creating a temporary file is an
expensive operation.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='inmemorydb.html'>In-Memory Databases</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
SQLite normally stores content in a disk file. However, it can also
be used as an in-memory database engine. This document explains how.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='atomiccommit.html'>How SQLite Implements Atomic Commit</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A description of the logic within SQLite that implements
transactions with atomic commit, even in the face of power
failures.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='malloc.html'>Dynamic Memory Allocation in SQLite</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
SQLite has a sophisticated memory allocation subsystem that can be
configured and customized to meet memory usage requirements of the
application and that is robust against out-of-memory conditions and
leak-free. This document provides the details.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='custombuild.html'>Customizing And Porting SQLite</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This document explains how to customize the build of SQLite and
how to port SQLite to new platforms.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='lockingv3.html'>Locking And Concurrency<br>In SQLite Version 3</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A description of how the new locking code in version 3 increases
concurrency and decreases the problem of writer starvation.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='isolation.html'>Isolation In SQLite</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
When we say that SQLite transactions are "serializable" what exactly
does that mean? How and when are changes made visible within the
same database connection and to other database connections?
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='optoverview.html'>Overview Of The Optimizer</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A quick overview of the various query optimizations that are
attempted by the SQLite code generator.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='queryplanner-ng.html'>The Next-Generation Query Planner</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
Additional information about the SQLite query planner, and in particular
the redesign of the query planner that occurred for version 3.8.0.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='arch.html'>Architecture</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
An architectural overview of the SQLite library, useful for those who want
to hack the code.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='opcode.html'>VDBE Opcodes</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This document is an automatically generated description of the various
opcodes that the VDBE understands. Programmers can use this document as
a reference to better understand the output of EXPLAIN listings from
SQLite.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='vfs.html'>Virtual Filesystem</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The "VFS" object is the interface between the SQLite core and the
underlying operating system. Learn more about how the VFS object
works and how to create new VFS objects from this article.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='vtab.html'>Virtual Tables</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This article describes the virtual table mechanism and API in SQLite and how
it can be used to add new capabilities to the core SQLite library.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='fileformat2.html'>SQLite File Format</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A description of the format used for SQLite database and journal files, and
other details required to create software to read and write SQLite
databases without using SQLite.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='compile.html'>Compilation Options</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This document describes the compile time options that may be set to
modify the default behavior of the library or omit optional features
in order to reduce binary size.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='https://sqlite.org/android/'>Android Bindings for SQLite</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A description of how to compile your own SQLite for Android
(bypassing the SQLite that is built into Android) together with
code and makefiles.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='debugging.html'>Debugging Hints</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A list of tricks and techniques used to trace, examine, and understand
the operation of the core SQLite library.
</span>
</ul>
<li><a onclick='showhide(9)'><span class='sh_mark' id='sh_mark_9'>►</span> Upgrading SQLite, Backwards Compatibility</a>
<ul id='sh_sub_9'>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='35to36.html'>Moving From SQLite 3.5 to 3.6</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A document describing the differences between SQLite version 3.5.9
and 3.6.0.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='34to35.html'>Moving From SQLite 3.4 to 3.5</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A document describing the differences between SQLite version 3.4.2
and 3.5.0.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='changes.html'>Release History</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A chronology of SQLite releases going back to version 1.0.0
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='formatchng.html'>Backwards Compatibility</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This document details all of the incompatible changes to the SQLite
file format that have occurred since version 1.0.0.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='privatebranch.html'>Private Branches</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This document suggests procedures for maintaining a private branch
or fork of SQLite and keeping that branch or fork in sync with the
public SQLite source tree.
</span>
</ul>
<li><a onclick='showhide(10)'><span class='sh_mark' id='sh_mark_10'>►</span> Obsolete Documents</a>
<ul id='sh_sub_10'>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='asyncvfs.html'>Asynchronous IO Mode</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
This page describes the asynchronous IO extension developed alongside
SQLite. Using asynchronous IO can cause SQLite to appear more responsive
by delegating database writes to a background thread. <i>NB: This
extension is deprecated. <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a> is recommended
as a replacement.</i>
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='c_interface.html'>Version 2 C/C++ API</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A description of the C/C++ interface bindings for SQLite through version
2.8
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='datatypes.html'>Version 2 DataTypes </a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A description of how SQLite version 2 handles SQL datatypes.
Short summary: Everything is a string.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='vdbe.html'>VDBE Tutorial</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The VDBE is the subsystem within SQLite that does the actual work of
executing SQL statements. This page describes the principles of operation
for the VDBE in SQLite version 2.7. This is essential reading for anyone
who want to modify the SQLite sources.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='version3.html'>SQLite Version 3</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A summary of the changes between SQLite version 2.8 and SQLite version 3.0.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='capi3.html'>Version 3 C/C++ API</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
A summary of the API related changes between SQLite version 2.8 and
SQLite version 3.0.
</span>
<li><a class='sh_link' href='speed.html'>Speed Comparison</a>
<span class='desktoponly'>→
The speed of version 2.7.6 of SQLite is compared against PostgreSQL and
MySQL.
</span>
</ul>
</ul>
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