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<h1 align=center>SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1>
<p>SQLite understands most of the standard SQL
language. But it does <a href="omitted.html">omit some features</a>
while at the same time
adding a few features of its own. This document attempts to
describe precisely what parts of the SQL language SQLite does
and does not support. A list of <a href="lang_keywords.html">SQL keywords</a> is
also provided. The SQL language syntax is described by
<a href="syntaxdiagrams.html">syntax diagrams</a>.
<p>The following syntax documentation topics are available:</p>
<table width="100%" cellpadding="5" border="0">
<tr><td valign="top"><ul>
<div class='columns' style='columns: 17em auto;'>
<ul style='padding-top:0;'>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html'>aggregate functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_altertable.html'>ALTER TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_analyze.html'>ANALYZE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_attach.html'>ATTACH DATABASE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>BEGIN TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_comment.html'>comment</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>COMMIT TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html'>core functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createindex.html'>CREATE INDEX</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createtable.html'>CREATE TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createtrigger.html'>CREATE TRIGGER</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createview.html'>CREATE VIEW</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createvtab.html'>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_datefunc.html'>date and time functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_delete.html'>DELETE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_detach.html'>DETACH DATABASE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_dropindex.html'>DROP INDEX</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_droptable.html'>DROP TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_droptrigger.html'>DROP TRIGGER</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_dropview.html'>DROP VIEW</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>END TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_explain.html'>EXPLAIN</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_expr.html'>expression</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_indexedby.html'>INDEXED BY</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_insert.html'>INSERT</a></li>
<li><a href='json1.html'>JSON functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_keywords.html'>keywords</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_mathfunc.html'>math functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_conflict.html'>ON CONFLICT clause</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#syntax'>PRAGMA</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_reindex.html'>REINDEX</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_savepoint.html'>RELEASE SAVEPOINT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_replace.html'>REPLACE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_returning.html'>RETURNING clause</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>ROLLBACK TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_savepoint.html'>SAVEPOINT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_select.html'>SELECT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_update.html'>UPDATE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_upsert.html'>UPSERT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_vacuum.html'>VACUUM</a></li>
<li><a href='windowfunctions.html'>window functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_with.html'>WITH clause</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</ul></td></tr></table>
<p>The routines <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>,
<a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v2()</a>,
<a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>, and <a href="c3ref/free_table.html">sqlite3_get_table()</a> accept
an SQL statement list (sql-stmt-list) which is a semicolon-separated
list of statements.</p>
<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt-list.html">sql-stmt-list:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:242px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 242.093 88.776">
<circle cx="5" cy="55" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M9,55L45,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="81,55 69,59 69,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M45,55L75,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M81,70L160,70L160,39L81,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="121" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">sql-stmt</text>
<path d="M160,55L196,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="236" cy="55" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="121,82 109,86 109,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M45,55 L 52,55 Q 60,55 60,68 Q 60,82 75,82 L 100,82 L 115,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M121,82 L 155,82 Q 170,82 170,68 Q 170,55 177,55 L 185,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M121,32A15 15 0 0 0 136 17L136,17A15 15 0 0 0 121 2A15 15 0 0 0 105 17L105,17A15 15 0 0 0 121 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p>Each SQL statement in the statement list is an instance of the
following:</p>
<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:716px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 716.88 1017.36">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,70L125,70A15 15 0 0 0 140 55L140,55A15 15 0 0 0 125 39L66,39A15 15 0 0 0 50 55L50,55A15 15 0 0 0 66 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="95" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">EXPLAIN</text>
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<path d="M191,70L235,70A15 15 0 0 0 250 55L250,55A15 15 0 0 0 235 39L191,39A15 15 0 0 0 176 55L176,55A15 15 0 0 0 191 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="213" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">QUERY</text>
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<path d="M282,70L311,70A15 15 0 0 0 327 55L327,55A15 15 0 0 0 311 39L282,39A15 15 0 0 0 267 55L267,55A15 15 0 0 0 282 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="297" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">PLAN</text>
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<path d="M327,55 L 334,55 Q 342,55 342,40 L 342,32 Q 342,17 352,17 L 362,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="182,17 170,21 170,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M140,55 L 148,55 Q 155,55 155,40 L 155,32 Q 155,17 166,17 L 176,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M182,17L357,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M9,17L170,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M410,32L552,32L552,2L410,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="481" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">alter-table-stmt</text>
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<polygon points="707,17 696,21 696,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M666,17L701,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<circle cx="711" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="469" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">analyze-stmt</text>
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<path d="M666,55 L 673,55 Q 681,55 681,47 L 681,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M410,108L517,108L517,77L410,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="463" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">attach-stmt</text>
<polygon points="410,92 398,97 398,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<polygon points="666,92 654,97 654,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M517,92L660,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M666,92 L 673,92 Q 681,92 681,85 L 681,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M410,145L511,145L511,115L410,115Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="460" y="130" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">begin-stmt</text>
<polygon points="410,130 398,135 398,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<polygon points="666,130 654,135 654,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M666,130 L 673,130 Q 681,130 681,123 L 681,115" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="468" y="168" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">commit-stmt</text>
<polygon points="410,168 398,172 398,164" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<polygon points="666,168 654,172 654,164" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M527,168L660,168" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M666,168 L 673,168 Q 681,168 681,160 L 681,153" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="489" y="206" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">create-index-stmt</text>
<polygon points="410,206 398,210 398,201" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<polygon points="666,206 654,210 654,201" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<text x="488" y="244" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">create-table-stmt</text>
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<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang.in?m=fa8ea6422f">2024-04-01 12:41:31</a> UTC </small></i></p>
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