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Built-in Aggregate Functions
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<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.html">aggregate-function-invocation:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/function-arguments.html">function-arguments:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
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</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='xcd9088ce' onclick='hideorshow("xcd9088ce","xd2c5f532")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='xd2c5f532' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<text x="85" y="29" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-name</text>
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<text x="49" y="150" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">AS</text>
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='xa5907866' onclick='hideorshow("xa5907866","x81201da7")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x81201da7' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96">
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<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="105" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
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<text x="105" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='xff9b36a9' onclick='hideorshow("xff9b36a9","xb5edd772")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='xb5edd772' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text>
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<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M483,17L776,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1f81e7cd' onclick='hideorshow("x1f81e7cd","x8476dd6c")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x8476dd6c' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='xced229b6' onclick='hideorshow("xced229b6","x30dbb771")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x30dbb771' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,56 Q 24,71 34,71 L 45,71"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="614" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="310" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<path d="M99,41L178,41"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M246,207L287,207A15 15 0 0 0 302 192A15 15 0 0 0 287 177L246,177A15 15 0 0 0 231 192A15 15 0 0 0 246 207Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M246,253L287,253A15 15 0 0 0 303 238A15 15 0 0 0 287 222L246,222A15 15 0 0 0 231 238A15 15 0 0 0 246 253Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M475,238 L 482,238 Q 490,238 490,223 L 490,71 L 490,56"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x827a6727' onclick='hideorshow("x827a6727","xbad4a055")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='xbad4a055' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:398px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 398.054 163.08">
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<path d="M9,17L39,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M45,32L94,32L94,2L45,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M151,70L155,70A15 15 0 0 0 170 55L170,55A15 15 0 0 0 155 39L151,39A15 15 0 0 0 136 55L136,55A15 15 0 0 0 151 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M170,55L200,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M221,70L309,70A15 15 0 0 0 324 55L324,55A15 15 0 0 0 309 39L221,39A15 15 0 0 0 206 55L206,55A15 15 0 0 0 221 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M347,55 L 354,55 Q 362,55 362,40 L 362,32 Q 362,17 372,17 L 382,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M153,85 L 170,85 Q 185,85 185,70 L 185,70 Q 185,55 192,55 L 200,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M241,17L377,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,123A15 15 0 0 0 81 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 92A15 15 0 0 0 50 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 123Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="66" y="108" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">*</text>
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<path d="M81,108L341,108"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M347,108 L 354,108 Q 362,108 362,93 L 362,54 L 362,39"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M194,160A15 15 0 0 0 209 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 130A15 15 0 0 0 179 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 160Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M347,145 L 354,145 Q 362,145 362,130 L 362,107 L 362,92"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='xacb70a9b' onclick='hideorshow("xacb70a9b","x3a137111")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x3a137111' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<path d="M66,89L162,89A15 15 0 0 0 177 74L177,74A15 15 0 0 0 162 59L66,59A15 15 0 0 0 50 74L50,74A15 15 0 0 0 66 89Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M281,51L356,51A15 15 0 0 0 371 36A15 15 0 0 0 356 21L281,21A15 15 0 0 0 266 36A15 15 0 0 0 281 51Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M422,6 L 577,6 Q 592,6 592,21 L 592,21 Q 592,36 599,36 L 607,36"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
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<circle cx="894" cy="516" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M1001,304L716,304"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x4c2877cb' onclick='hideorshow("x4c2877cb","xf5972bbf")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='xf5972bbf' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<path d="M9,17L39,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M60,32L87,32A15 15 0 0 0 102 17A15 15 0 0 0 87 2L60,2A15 15 0 0 0 45 17A15 15 0 0 0 60 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="74" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">name</text>
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<path d="M180,108A15 15 0 0 0 195 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 77A15 15 0 0 0 165 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 108Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M102,17L377,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M382,17L630,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x497c2344' onclick='hideorshow("x497c2344","x25672f6a")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x25672f6a' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
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<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="191" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">numeric-literal</text>
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<circle cx="286" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text>
<path d="M81,82 L 88,82 Q 96,82 96,67 L 96,44 L 96,29"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M9,17L60,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,17L111,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x8f5436e0' onclick='hideorshow("x8f5436e0","xc8494f58")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='xc8494f58' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:422px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 422.381 34.56">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L26,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M47,32L93,32A15 15 0 0 0 108 17A15 15 0 0 0 93 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FILTER</text>
<polygon points="131,17 119,21 119,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M108,17L125,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M146,32L146,32A15 15 0 0 0 161 17A15 15 0 0 0 146 2L146,2A15 15 0 0 0 131 17A15 15 0 0 0 146 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="146" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<path d="M161,17L178,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M199,32L249,32A15 15 0 0 0 264 17A15 15 0 0 0 249 2L199,2A15 15 0 0 0 184 17A15 15 0 0 0 199 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="224" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">WHERE</text>
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<path d="M264,17L281,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M287,32L336,32L336,2L287,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="312" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
<polygon points="359,17 348,21 348,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M336,17L353,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M374,32A15 15 0 0 0 389 17A15 15 0 0 0 374 2A15 15 0 0 0 359 17A15 15 0 0 0 374 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="374" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
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<circle cx="416" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='xc6579a5b' onclick='hideorshow("xc6579a5b","x96a78de5")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x96a78de5' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L26,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="56" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
<polygon points="111,44 100,48 100,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M81,17 L 89,17 Q 96,17 96,30 Q 96,44 101,44 L 105,44"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M126,59L190,59A15 15 0 0 0 205 44L205,44A15 15 0 0 0 190 29L126,29A15 15 0 0 0 111 44L111,44A15 15 0 0 0 126 59Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="158" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">COLLATE</text>
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<path d="M244,59L349,59A15 15 0 0 0 364 44L364,44A15 15 0 0 0 349 29L244,29A15 15 0 0 0 228 44L228,44A15 15 0 0 0 244 59Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="296" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">collation-name</text>
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<text x="477" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DESC</text>
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<p>
The aggregate functions shown below are available by default. 
There are two more aggregates grouped with the <a href="json1.html">JSON SQL functions</a>.
Applications can define custom aggregate functions using the
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface.
API.</p>

<p>
In any aggregate function that takes a single argument, that argument
can be preceded by the keyword DISTINCT.  In such cases, duplicate
elements are filtered before being passed into the aggregate function.
For example, the function "count(distinct X)" will return the number
of distinct values of column X instead of the total number of non-null
values in column X.
</p>

<a name="aggfilter"></a>

<p>
If a FILTER clause is provided, then only rows for which the <i>expr</i> is
true are included in the aggregate.
</p>

<a name="aggorderby"></a>

<p>
If an ORDER BY clause is provided, that clause determines the order in which
the inputs to the aggregate are processed.  For aggregate functions like max()
and count(), the input order does not matter.  But for things like
<a href="lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat">string_agg()</a> and <a href="json1.html#jgroupobject">json_group_object()</a>, the ORDER BY clause will make a
difference in the result.  If no ORDER BY clause is specified, the inputs to the
aggregate occur in an arbitrary order that might change from one invocation
to the next.
</p>

<p>
See also: <a href="lang_corefunc.html">scalar functions</a> and <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>.

<a name="aggfunclist"></a>

</p><h1 id="list_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>2. </span>List of built-in aggregate functions</h1>

<div class='columns' style='columns: 11em auto;'>
<ul style='padding-top:0;'>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#avg'>avg(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(*)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat'>group_concat(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat'>group_concat(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg'>max(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg'>min(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat'>string_agg(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>sum(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>total(X)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>


<h1 id="descriptions_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>3. </span>Descriptions of built-in aggregate functions</h1>
<dl>

<a name="avg"></a>
<dt><p><b>avg(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The avg() function
  returns the average value of all non-NULL <i>X</i> within a
  group.  String and BLOB values that do not look like numbers are
  interpreted as 0.
  The result of avg() is always a floating point value whenever
  there is at least one non-NULL input even if all
  inputs are integers.  The result of avg() is NULL if
  there are no non-NULL inputs.  The result of avg() is computed
  as <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">total()</a>/<a href="lang_aggfunc.html#count">count()</a> so all of the constraints that apply to
  <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">total()</a> also apply to avg().
</dd>
<a name="count"></a>
<dt><p><b>count(<i>X</i>)<br />count(*)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The count(X) function returns
  a count of the number of times
  that <i>X</i> is not NULL in a group.  The count(*) function
  (with no arguments) returns the total number of rows in the group.
</dd>
<a name="group_concat"></a>
<dt><p><b>group_concat(<i>X</i>)<br />group_concat(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)<br />string_agg(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The group_concat() function returns
  a string which is the concatenation of
  all non-NULL values of <i>X</i>.  If parameter <i>Y</i> is present then
  it is used as the separator
  between instances of <i>X</i>.A comma (",") is used as the separator
  if <i>Y</i> is omitted.
  <p>
  The string_agg(X,Y) function is an alias
  for group_concat(X,Y).  String_agg() is compatible with PostgreSQL
  and SQL-Server and group_concat() is compatible with MySQL.
  <p>
  The order of the concatenated elements is arbitrary unless an
  ORDER BY argument is included immediately after the last parameter.
</dd>
<a name="max_agg"></a>
<dt><p><b>max(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The max() aggregate function
  returns the maximum value of all values in the group.
  The maximum value is the value that would be returned last in an
  ORDER BY on the same column.  Aggregate max() returns NULL 
  if and only if there are no non-NULL values in the group.
</dd>
<a name="min_agg"></a>
<dt><p><b>min(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The min() aggregate function
  returns the minimum non-NULL value of all values in the group.
  The minimum value is the first non-NULL value that would appear
  in an ORDER BY of the column.
  Aggregate min() returns NULL if and only if there are no non-NULL
  values in the group.
</dd>
<a name="sumunc"></a>
<dt><p><b>sum(<i>X</i>)<br />total(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The sum() and total() aggregate functions
  return the sum of all non-NULL values in the group.
  If there are no non-NULL input rows then sum() returns
  NULL but total() returns 0.0.
  NULL is not normally a helpful result for the sum of no rows
  but the SQL standard requires it and most other
  SQL database engines implement sum() that way so SQLite does it in the
  same way in order to be compatible.   The non-standard total() function
  is provided as a convenient way to work around this design problem
  in the SQL language.</p>

  <p>The result of total() is always a floating point value.
  The result of sum() is an integer value if all non-NULL inputs are integers.
  If any input to sum() is neither an integer nor a NULL,
  then sum() returns a floating point value
  which is an approximation of the mathematical sum.</p>

  <p>Sum() will throw an "integer overflow" exception if all inputs
  are integers or NULL
  and an integer overflow occurs at any point during the computation.
  No overflow error is ever raised if any prior input was a floating point
  value.
  Total() never throws an integer overflow.

  <p>When summing floating-point values, if the magnitudes of the values
  differ wildly then the resulting sum might be imprecise due to the fact that
  <a href="floatingpoint.html#fpapprox">IEEE 754 floating point values are approximations</a>.
  Use the decimal_sum(X) aggregate in the <a href="floatingpoint.html#decext">decimal extension</a> to obtain
  an exact summation of floating point numbers.  Consider this test case:

<p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE t1(x REAL);
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1.55e+308),(1.23),(3.2e-16),(-1.23),(-1.55e308);
SELECT sum(x), decimal_sum(x) FROM t1;
</pre></blockquote></p>

  <p>The large values &plusmn;1.55e+308 cancel each other out, but the
  cancellation does not occur until the end of the sum and in the meantime
  the large +1.55e+308 swamps the tiny 3.2e-16 value.  The end result is
  an imprecise result for the sum().  The decimal_sum() aggregate
  generates an exact answer, at the cost of additional CPU and memory usage.
  Note also that decimal_sum() is not built into the SQLite core; it is a
  <a href="loadext.html">loadable extension</a>.

  <p>If sum of inputs is too large to represent as a IEEE 754 floating
  point value, then a +Infinity or -Infinity result may be returned.
  If very large values with differing signs are used
  such that the SUM() or TOTAL() function is
  unable to determine if the correct result is +Infinity or -Infinity
  or some other value in between, then the result is NULL.  Hence, for
  example, the following query returns NULL:

<p><blockquote><pre>
WITH t1(x) AS (VALUES(1.0),(-9e+999),(2.0),(+9e+999),(3.0))
 SELECT sum(x) FROM t1;
</pre></blockquote></p>
</dd>

</dl>
<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on  <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink"  data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_aggfunc.in?m=d872d05e39">2023-12-05 14:43:20</a> UTC </small></i></p>
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