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diff --git a/man/systemctl.xml b/man/systemctl.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25b6e46 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/systemctl.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2888 @@ +<?xml version='1.0'?> +<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" + "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [ +<!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" > +%entities; +]> +<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later --> + +<refentry id="systemctl" + xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> + + <refentryinfo> + <title>systemctl</title> + <productname>systemd</productname> + </refentryinfo> + + <refmeta> + <refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle> + <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> + </refmeta> + + <refnamediv> + <refname>systemctl</refname> + <refpurpose>Control the systemd system and service manager</refpurpose> + </refnamediv> + + <refsynopsisdiv> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemctl</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">COMMAND</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">UNIT</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + </refsynopsisdiv> + + <refsect1> + <title>Description</title> + + <para><command>systemctl</command> may be used to introspect and + control the state of the <literal>systemd</literal> system and + service manager. Please refer to + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for an introduction into the basic concepts and functionality this + tool manages.</para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Commands</title> + + <para>The following commands are understood:</para> + + <refsect2> + <title>Unit Commands (Introspection and Modification)</title> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-units</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List units that <command>systemd</command> currently has in memory. This includes units that are + either referenced directly or through a dependency, units that are pinned by applications programmatically, + or units that were active in the past and have failed. By default only units which are active, have pending + jobs, or have failed are shown; this can be changed with option <option>--all</option>. If one or more + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown. The units + that are shown are additionally filtered by <option>--type=</option> and <option>--state=</option> if those + options are specified.</para> + + <para>Note that this command does not show unit templates, but only instances of unit + templates. Units templates that aren't instantiated are not runnable, and will thus never show up + in the output of this command. Specifically this means that <filename>foo@.service</filename> + will never be shown in this list — unless instantiated, e.g. as + <filename>foo@bar.service</filename>. Use <command>list-unit-files</command> (see below) for + listing installed unit template files.</para> + + <para>Produces output similar to + <programlisting> UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION + sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse + -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount + boot-efi.mount loaded active mounted /boot/efi + systemd-journald.service loaded active running Journal Service + systemd-logind.service loaded active running Login Service +● user@1000.service loaded failed failed User Manager for UID 1000 + … + systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer loaded active waiting Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories + +LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. +ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB. +SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type. + +123 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. +To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.</programlisting></para> + + <para>The header and the last unit of a given type are underlined if the terminal supports + that. A colored dot is shown next to services which were masked, not found, or otherwise + failed.</para> + + <para>The LOAD column shows the load state, one of <constant>loaded</constant>, + <constant>not-found</constant>, <constant>bad-setting</constant>, <constant>error</constant>, + <constant>masked</constant>. The ACTIVE columns shows the general unit state, one of + <constant>active</constant>, <constant>reloading</constant>, <constant>inactive</constant>, + <constant>failed</constant>, <constant>activating</constant>, <constant>deactivating</constant>. The SUB + column shows the unit-type-specific detailed state of the unit, possible values vary by unit type. The list + of possible LOAD, ACTIVE, and SUB states is not constant and new systemd releases may both add and remove + values. <programlisting>systemctl --state=help</programlisting> command may be used to display the + current set of possible values.</para> + + <para>This is the default command.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-automounts</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List automount units currently in memory, ordered by mount path. If one or more + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only automount units matching one of them are shown. + Produces output similar to + <programlisting> +WHAT WHERE MOUNTED IDLE TIMEOUT UNIT +/dev/sdb1 /mnt/test no 120s mnt-test.automount +binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc yes 0 proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount + +2 automounts listed.</programlisting> + </para> + + <para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-paths</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List path units currently in memory, ordered by path. If one or more + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only path units matching one of them are shown. + Produces output similar to + <programlisting> +PATH CONDITION UNIT ACTIVATES +/run/systemd/ask-password DirectoryNotEmpty systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service +/run/systemd/ask-password DirectoryNotEmpty systemd-ask-password-wall.path systemd-ask-password-wall.service +/var/cache/cups/org.cups.cupsd PathExists cups.path cups.service + +3 paths listed.</programlisting> + </para> + + <para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-sockets</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List socket units currently in memory, ordered by listening address. If one or more + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only socket units matching one of them are + shown. Produces output similar to + <programlisting> +LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES +/dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service +… +[::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service +kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service + +5 sockets listed.</programlisting> + Note: because the addresses might contains spaces, this output + is not suitable for programmatic consumption. + </para> + + <para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v202"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-timers</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List timer units currently in memory, ordered by the time they elapse next. If one or more + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown. + Produces output similar to + <programlisting> +NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES +- - Thu 2017-02-23 13:40:29 EST 3 days ago ureadahead-stop.timer ureadahead-stop.service +Sun 2017-02-26 18:55:42 EST 1min 14s left Thu 2017-02-23 13:54:44 EST 3 days ago systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service +Sun 2017-02-26 20:37:16 EST 1h 42min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago apt-daily.timer apt-daily.service +Sun 2017-02-26 20:57:49 EST 2h 3min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago snapd.refresh.timer snapd.refresh.service + </programlisting> + </para> + + <para><emphasis>NEXT</emphasis> shows the next time the timer will run.</para> + <para><emphasis>LEFT</emphasis> shows how long till the next time the timer runs.</para> + <para><emphasis>LAST</emphasis> shows the last time the timer ran.</para> + <para><emphasis>PASSED</emphasis> shows how long has passed since the timer last ran.</para> + <para><emphasis>UNIT</emphasis> shows the name of the timer</para> + <para><emphasis>ACTIVATES</emphasis> shows the name the service the timer activates when it runs.</para> + + <para>Also see <option>--all</option> and <option>--state=</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>is-active <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Check whether any of the specified units are active + (i.e. running). Returns an exit code + <constant>0</constant> if at least one is active, or + non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is + specified, this will also print the current unit state to + standard output.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>is-failed <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Check whether any of the specified units is in the "failed" state. If no unit is specified, + check whether there are any failed units, which corresponds to the <literal>degraded</literal> state + returned by <command>is-system-running</command>. Returns an exit code <constant>0</constant> + if at least one has failed, non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is specified, this + will also print the current unit or system state to standard output.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v197"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>status</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…]</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Show runtime status information about the whole system or about one or more units followed + by most recent log data from the journal. If no positional arguments are specified, and no unit + filter is given with <option>--type=</option>, <option>--state=</option>, or + <option>--failed</option>, shows the status of the whole system. If combined with + <option>--all</option>, follows that with the status of all units. If positional arguments are + specified, each positional argument is treated as either a unit name to show, or a glob pattern + to show units whose names match that pattern, or a PID to show the unit containing that PID. When + <option>--type=</option>, <option>--state=</option>, or <option>--failed</option> are used, units + are additionally filtered by the TYPE and ACTIVE state.</para> + + <para>This function is intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking for + computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command> instead. By default, this function only + shows 10 lines of output and ellipsizes lines to fit in the terminal window. This can be changed + with <option>--lines</option> and <option>--full</option>, see above. In addition, + <command>journalctl --unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> or <command>journalctl + --user-unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> use a similar filter for messages and might + be more convenient.</para> + + <para>Note that this operation only displays <emphasis>runtime</emphasis> status, i.e. information about + the current invocation of the unit (if it is running) or the most recent invocation (if it is not + running anymore, and has not been released from memory). Information about earlier invocations, + invocations from previous system boots, or prior invocations that have already been released from + memory may be retrieved via <command>journalctl --unit=</command>.</para> + + <para>systemd implicitly loads units as necessary, so just running the <command>status</command> + will attempt to load a file. The command is thus not useful for determining if something was + already loaded or not. The units may possibly also be quickly unloaded after the operation is + completed if there's no reason to keep it in memory thereafter.</para> + + <example> + <title>Example output from systemctl status </title> + + <programlisting>$ systemctl status bluetooth +● bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service + Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; preset: enabled) + Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-01-04 13:54:04 EST; 1 weeks 0 days ago + Docs: man:bluetoothd(8) + Main PID: 930 (bluetoothd) + Status: "Running" + Tasks: 1 + Memory: 648.0K + CPU: 435ms + CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service + └─930 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd + +Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Not enough free handles to register service +Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Current Time Service could not be registered +Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: gatt-time-server: Input/output error (5) +</programlisting> + + <para>The dot ("●") uses color on supported terminals to summarize the unit state at a + glance. Along with its color, its shape varies according to its state: + <literal>inactive</literal> or <literal>maintenance</literal> is a white circle ("○"), + <literal>active</literal> is a green dot ("●"), <literal>deactivating</literal> is a white dot, + <literal>failed</literal> or <literal>error</literal> is a red cross ("×"), and + <literal>reloading</literal> is a green clockwise circle arrow ("↻").</para> + + <para>The "Loaded:" line in the output will show <literal>loaded</literal> if the unit has been + loaded into memory. Other possible values for "Loaded:" include: <literal>error</literal> if + there was a problem loading it, <literal>not-found</literal> if no unit file was found for this + unit, <literal>bad-setting</literal> if an essential unit file setting could not be parsed and + <literal>masked</literal> if the unit file has been masked. Along with showing the path to the + unit file, this line will also show the enablement state. Enabled units are included in the + dependency network between units, and thus are started at boot or via some other form of + activation. See the full table of possible enablement states — including the definition of + <literal>masked</literal> — in the documentation for the <command>is-enabled</command> command. + </para> + + <para>The "Active:" line shows active state. The value is usually <literal>active</literal> or + <literal>inactive</literal>. Active could mean started, bound, plugged in, etc depending on the + unit type. The unit could also be in process of changing states, reporting a state of + <literal>activating</literal> or <literal>deactivating</literal>. A special + <literal>failed</literal> state is entered when the service failed in some way, such as a crash, + exiting with an error code or timing out. If the failed state is entered the cause will be logged + for later reference.</para> + </example> + + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>show</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Show properties of one or more units, jobs, or the manager itself. If no argument is specified, + properties of the manager will be shown. If a unit name is specified, properties of the unit are shown, and + if a job ID is specified, properties of the job are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use + <option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use + <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is + required. Use <command>status</command> if you are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para> + + <para>Many properties shown by <command>systemctl show</command> map directly to configuration settings of + the system and service manager and its unit files. Note that the properties shown by the command are + generally more low-level, normalized versions of the original configuration settings and expose runtime + state in addition to configuration. For example, properties shown for service units include the service's + current main process identifier as <literal>MainPID</literal> (which is runtime state), and time settings + are always exposed as properties ending in the <literal>…USec</literal> suffix even if a matching + configuration options end in <literal>…Sec</literal>, because microseconds is the normalized time unit used + internally by the system and service manager.</para> + + <para>For details about many of these properties, see the documentation of the D-Bus interface + backing these properties, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>org.freedesktop.systemd1</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>cat <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Show backing files of one or more units. Prints the + "fragment" and "drop-ins" (source files) of units. Each + file is preceded by a comment which includes the file + name. Note that this shows the contents of the backing files + on disk, which may not match the system manager's + understanding of these units if any unit files were + updated on disk and the <command>daemon-reload</command> + command wasn't issued since.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>help <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Show manual pages for one or more units, if + available. If a PID is given, the manual pages for the unit + the process belongs to are shown.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v185"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <command>list-dependencies</command> + <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional> + </term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shows units required and wanted by the specified + units. This recursively lists units following the + <varname>Requires=</varname>, <varname>Requisite=</varname>, + <varname>Wants=</varname>, <varname>ConsistsOf=</varname>, + <varname>BindsTo=</varname>, and <varname>Upholds=</varname> + dependencies. If no units are specified, + <filename>default.target</filename> is implied.</para> + + <para>The units that are shown are additionally filtered by <option>--type=</option> and + <option>--state=</option> if those options are specified. Note that we won't be able to + use a tree structure in this case, so <option>--plain</option> is implied.</para> + + <para>By default, only target units are recursively + expanded. When <option>--all</option> is passed, all other + units are recursively expanded as well.</para> + + <para>Options <option>--reverse</option>, + <option>--after</option>, <option>--before</option> + may be used to change what types of dependencies + are shown.</para> + + <para>Note that this command only lists units currently loaded into memory by the service manager. In + particular, this command is not suitable to get a comprehensive list at all reverse dependencies on a + specific unit, as it won't list the dependencies declared by units currently not loaded.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <!-- Commands that modify unit state start here --> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>start <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Start (activate) one or more units specified on the command line.</para> + + <para>Note that unit glob patterns expand to names of units currently in memory. Units which are + not active and are not in a failed state usually are not in memory, and will not be matched by + any pattern. In addition, in case of instantiated units, systemd is often unaware of the instance + name until the instance has been started. Therefore, using glob patterns with + <command>start</command> has limited usefulness. Also, secondary alias names of units are not + considered.</para> + + <para>Option <option>--all</option> may be used to also operate on inactive units which are + referenced by other loaded units. Note that this is not the same as operating on "all" possible + units, because as the previous paragraph describes, such a list is ill-defined. Nevertheless, + <command>systemctl start --all <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></command> may be useful if all the + units that should match the pattern are pulled in by some target which is known to be loaded. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>stop <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the command line.</para> + + <para>This command will fail if the unit does not exist or if stopping of the unit is prohibited (see + <varname>RefuseManualStop=</varname> in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). + It will <emphasis>not</emphasis> fail if any of the commands configured to stop the unit + (<varname>ExecStop=</varname>, etc.) fail, because the manager will still forcibly terminate the + unit.</para> + + <para>If a unit that gets stopped can still be triggered by other units, a warning containing + the names of the triggering units is shown. <option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress + the warning.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>reload <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Asks all units listed on the command line to reload + their configuration. Note that this will reload the + service-specific configuration, not the unit configuration + file of systemd. If you want systemd to reload the + configuration file of a unit, use the + <command>daemon-reload</command> command. In other words: + for the example case of Apache, this will reload Apache's + <filename>httpd.conf</filename> in the web server, not the + <filename>apache.service</filename> systemd unit + file.</para> + + <para>This command should not be confused with the + <command>daemon-reload</command> command.</para> + </listitem> + + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the command line. If the units are not running + yet, they will be started.</para> + + <para>Note that restarting a unit with this command does not necessarily flush out all of the unit's + resources before it is started again. For example, the per-service file descriptor storage facility (see + <varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname> in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) will + remain intact as long as the unit has a job pending, and is only cleared when the unit is fully stopped and + no jobs are pending anymore. If it is intended that the file descriptor store is flushed out, too, during a + restart operation an explicit <command>systemctl stop</command> command followed by <command>systemctl + start</command> should be issued.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the + command line if the units are running. This does nothing + if units are not running.</para> + <!-- Note that we don't document condrestart here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally + don't document that. --> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. If the units + are not running yet, they will be started.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>try-reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. This does + nothing if the units are not running.</para> + <!-- Note that we don't document force-reload here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally + don't document that. --> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v229"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>isolate <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Start the unit specified on the command line and its dependencies + and stop all others, unless they have + <option>IgnoreOnIsolate=yes</option> (see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). + If a unit name with no extension is given, an extension of + <literal>.target</literal> will be assumed.</para> + + <para>This command is dangerous, since it will immediately stop processes that are not enabled in + the new target, possibly including the graphical environment or terminal you are currently using. + </para> + + <para>Note that this operation is allowed only on units where + <option>AllowIsolate=</option> is enabled. See + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for details.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>kill <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Send a UNIX process signal to one or more processes of the unit. Use + <option>--kill-whom=</option> to select which process to send the signal to. Use + <option>--signal=</option> to select the signal to send. Combine with + <option>--kill-value=</option> to enqueue a POSIX Realtime Signal with an associated + value.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>clean <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Remove the configuration, state, cache, logs or runtime data of the specified units. Use + <option>--what=</option> to select which kind of resource to remove. For service units this may + be used to remove the directories configured with <varname>ConfigurationDirectory=</varname>, + <varname>StateDirectory=</varname>, <varname>CacheDirectory=</varname>, + <varname>LogsDirectory=</varname> and <varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname>, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for details. It may also be used to clear the file descriptor store as enabled via + <varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname>, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for details. For timer units this may be used to clear out the persistent timestamp data if + <varname>Persistent=</varname> is used and <option>--what=state</option> is selected, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This + command only applies to units that use either of these settings. If <option>--what=</option> is + not specified, the cache and runtime data as well as the file descriptor store are removed (as + these three types of resources are generally redundant and reproducible on the next invocation of + the unit). Note that the specified units must be stopped to invoke this operation.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>freeze <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Freeze one or more units specified on the + command line using cgroup freezer</para> + + <para>Freezing the unit will cause all processes contained within the cgroup corresponding to the unit + to be suspended. Being suspended means that unit's processes won't be scheduled to run on CPU until thawed. + Note that this command is supported only on systems that use unified cgroup hierarchy. Unit is automatically + thawed just before we execute a job against the unit, e.g. before the unit is stopped.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>thaw <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Thaw (unfreeze) one or more units specified on the + command line.</para> + + <para>This is the inverse operation to the <command>freeze</command> command and resumes the execution of + processes in the unit's cgroup.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>set-property <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> <replaceable>PROPERTY</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Set the specified unit properties at runtime where + this is supported. This allows changing configuration + parameter properties such as resource control settings at + runtime. Not all properties may be changed at runtime, but + many resource control settings (primarily those in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) + may. The changes are applied immediately, and stored on disk + for future boots, unless <option>--runtime</option> is + passed, in which case the settings only apply until the + next reboot. The syntax of the property assignment follows + closely the syntax of assignments in unit files.</para> + + <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200</command></para> + + <para>If the specified unit appears to be inactive, the + changes will be only stored on disk as described + previously hence they will be effective when the unit will + be started.</para> + + <para>Note that this command allows changing multiple properties at the same time, which is + preferable over setting them individually.</para> + + <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200 MemoryMax=2G IPAccounting=yes</command></para> + + <para>Like with unit file configuration settings, assigning an empty setting usually resets a + property to its defaults.</para> + + <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property avahi-daemon.service IPAddressDeny=</command></para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <command>bind</command> + <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> + <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> + [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>] + </term> + + <listitem><para>Bind-mounts a file or directory from the host into the specified unit's mount + namespace. The first path argument is the source file or directory on the host, the second path + argument is the destination file or directory in the unit's mount namespace. When the latter is + omitted, the destination path in the unit's mount namespace is the same as the source path on the + host. When combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only bind mount is + created. When combined with the <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first + created before the mount is applied.</para> + + <para>Note that this option is currently only supported for units that run within a mount namespace + (e.g.: with <option>RootImage=</option>, <option>PrivateMounts=</option>, etc.). This command + supports bind-mounting directories, regular files, device nodes, <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> + socket nodes, as well as FIFOs. The bind mount is ephemeral, and it is undone as soon as the + current unit process exists. Note that the namespace mentioned here, where the bind mount will be + added to, is the one where the main service process runs. Other processes (those exececuted by + <option>ExecReload=</option>, <option>ExecStartPre=</option>, etc.) run in distinct namespaces. + </para> + + <para>If supported by the kernel, any prior mount on the selected target will be replaced by the + new mount. If not supported, any prior mount will be over-mounted, but remain pinned and + inaccessible.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <command>mount-image</command> + <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> + <replaceable>IMAGE</replaceable> + [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable> + [<replaceable>PARTITION_NAME</replaceable>:<replaceable>MOUNT_OPTIONS</replaceable>]] + </term> + + <listitem><para>Mounts an image from the host into the specified unit's mount namespace. The first + path argument is the source image on the host, the second path argument is the destination + directory in the unit's mount namespace (i.e. inside + <option>RootImage=</option>/<option>RootDirectory=</option>). The following argument, if any, is + interpreted as a colon-separated tuple of partition name and comma-separated list of mount options + for that partition. The format is the same as the service <option>MountImages=</option> + setting. When combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only mount is + created. When combined with the <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first + created before the mount is applied.</para> + + <para>Note that this option is currently only supported for units that run within a mount namespace + (i.e. with <option>RootImage=</option>, <option>PrivateMounts=</option>, etc.). Note that the + namespace mentioned here where the image mount will be added to, is the one where the main service + process runs. Note that the namespace mentioned here, where the bind mount will be + added to, is the one where the main service process runs. Other processes (those exececuted by + <option>ExecReload=</option>, <option>ExecStartPre=</option>, etc.) run in distinct namespaces. + </para> + + <para>If supported by the kernel, any prior mount on the selected target will be replaced by the + new mount. If not supported, any prior mount will be over-mounted, but remain pinned and + inaccessible.</para> + + <para>Example: + <programlisting>systemctl mount-image foo.service /tmp/img.raw /var/lib/image root:ro,nosuid</programlisting> + <programlisting>systemctl mount-image --mkdir bar.service /tmp/img.raw /var/lib/baz/img</programlisting> + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>service-log-level</command> <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable> [<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable>]</term> + + <listitem><para>If the <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> argument is not given, print the current + log level as reported by service <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable>.</para> + + <para>If the optional argument <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is provided, then change the + current log level of the service to <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable>. The log level should be a + typical syslog log level, i.e. a value in the range 0…7 or one of the strings + <constant>emerg</constant>, <constant>alert</constant>, <constant>crit</constant>, + <constant>err</constant>, <constant>warning</constant>, <constant>notice</constant>, + <constant>info</constant>, <constant>debug</constant>; see <citerefentry + project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for details.</para> + + <para>The service must have the appropriate + <varname>BusName=<replaceable>destination</replaceable></varname> property and also implement the + generic + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>org.freedesktop.LogControl1</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + interface. (<filename>systemctl</filename> will use the generic D-Bus protocol to access the + <interfacename>org.freedesktop.LogControl1.LogLevel</interfacename> interface for the D-Bus name + <replaceable>destination</replaceable>.)</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>service-log-target</command> <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable> [<replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>]</term> + + <listitem><para>If the <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> argument is not given, print the current + log target as reported by service <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable>.</para> + + <para>If the optional argument <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> is provided, then change the + current log target of the service to <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>. The log target should be + one of the strings <constant>console</constant> (for log output to the service's standard error + stream), <constant>kmsg</constant> (for log output to the kernel log buffer), + <constant>journal</constant> (for log output to + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> + using the native journal protocol), <constant>syslog</constant> (for log output to the classic + syslog socket <filename>/dev/log</filename>), <constant>null</constant> (for no log output + whatsoever) or <constant>auto</constant> (for an automatically determined choice, typically + equivalent to <constant>console</constant> if the service is invoked interactively, and + <constant>journal</constant> or <constant>syslog</constant> otherwise).</para> + + <para>For most services, only a small subset of log targets make sense. In particular, most + "normal" services should only implement <constant>console</constant>, <constant>journal</constant>, + and <constant>null</constant>. Anything else is only appropriate for low-level services that + are active in very early boot before proper logging is established.</para> + + <para>The service must have the appropriate + <varname>BusName=<replaceable>destination</replaceable></varname> property and also implement the + generic + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>org.freedesktop.LogControl1</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + interface. (<filename>systemctl</filename> will use the generic D-Bus protocol to access the + <interfacename>org.freedesktop.LogControl1.LogLevel</interfacename> interface for the D-Bus name + <replaceable>destination</replaceable>.)</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>reset-failed [<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…]</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Reset the <literal>failed</literal> state of the specified units, or if no unit name is passed, reset + the state of all units. When a unit fails in some way (i.e. process exiting with non-zero error code, + terminating abnormally or timing out), it will automatically enter the <literal>failed</literal> state and + its exit code and status is recorded for introspection by the administrator until the service is + stopped/re-started or reset with this command.</para> + + <para>In addition to resetting the <literal>failed</literal> state of a unit it also resets various other + per-unit properties: the start rate limit counter of all unit types is reset to zero, as is the restart + counter of service units. Thus, if a unit's start limit (as configured with + <varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=</varname>/<varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname>) is hit and the unit refuses + to be started again, use this command to make it startable again.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>whoami [<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…]</command></term> + + <listitem><para>Returns the units the processes referenced by the given PIDs belong to (one per + line). If no PID is specified returns the unit the <command>systemctl</command> command is invoked + in.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + </variablelist> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title>Unit File Commands</title> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-unit-files</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List unit files installed on the system, in combination with their enablement state (as + reported by <command>is-enabled</command>). If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s + are specified, only unit files whose name matches one of them are shown (patterns matching unit + file system paths are not supported).</para> + + <para>Unlike <command>list-units</command> this command will list template units in addition to + explicitly instantiated units.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>enable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + <term><command>enable <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Enable one or more units or unit instances. This will create a set of symlinks, as encoded in the + [Install] sections of the indicated unit files. After the symlinks have been created, + the system manager configuration is reloaded (in a way equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>), in + order to ensure the changes are taken into account immediately. Note that this does + <emphasis>not</emphasis> have the effect of also starting any of the units being enabled. If this is + desired, combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke <command>start</command> + with appropriate arguments later. Note that in case of unit instance enablement (i.e. enablement of units of + the form <filename>foo@bar.service</filename>), symlinks named the same as instances are created in the + unit configuration directory, however they point to the single template unit file they are instantiated + from.</para> + + <para>This command expects either valid unit names (in which case various unit file directories are + automatically searched for unit files with appropriate names), or absolute paths to unit files (in which + case these files are read directly). If a specified unit file is located outside of the usual unit file + directories, an additional symlink is created, linking it into the unit configuration path, thus ensuring + it is found when requested by commands such as <command>start</command>. The file system where the linked + unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started (e.g. anything underneath + <filename>/home/</filename> or <filename>/var/</filename> is not allowed, unless those directories are + located on the root file system).</para> + + <para>This command will print the file system operations executed. This output may be suppressed by passing + <option>--quiet</option>. + </para> + + <para>Note that this operation creates only the symlinks suggested in the [Install] + section of the unit files. While this command is the recommended way to manipulate the unit configuration + directory, the administrator is free to make additional changes manually by placing or removing symlinks + below this directory. This is particularly useful to create configurations that deviate from the suggested + default installation. In this case, the administrator must make sure to invoke + <command>daemon-reload</command> manually as necessary, in order to ensure the changes are taken into + account. + </para> + + <para>When using this operation on units without install information, a warning about it is shown. + <option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress the warning.</para> + + <para>Enabling units should not be confused with starting (activating) units, as done by the + <command>start</command> command. Enabling and starting units is orthogonal: units may be enabled without + being started and started without being enabled. Enabling simply hooks the unit into various suggested + places (for example, so that the unit is automatically started on boot or when a particular kind of + hardware is plugged in). Starting actually spawns the daemon process (in case of service units), or binds + the socket (in case of socket units), and so on.</para> + + <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>, + or <option>--global</option> is specified, this enables the unit for the system, for the calling user only, + for only this boot of the system, or for all future logins of all users. Note that in the last case, no + systemd daemon configuration is reloaded.</para> + + <para>Using <command>enable</command> on masked units is not supported and results in an error.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>disable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks to the unit files backing the specified units + from the unit configuration directory, and hence undoes any changes made by <command>enable</command> or + <command>link</command>. Note that this removes <emphasis>all</emphasis> symlinks to matching unit files, + including manually created symlinks, and not just those actually created by <command>enable</command> or + <command>link</command>. Note that while <command>disable</command> undoes the effect of + <command>enable</command>, the two commands are otherwise not symmetric, as <command>disable</command> may + remove more symlinks than a prior <command>enable</command> invocation of the same unit created.</para> + + <para>This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para> + + <para>In addition to the units specified as arguments, all units are disabled that are listed in the + <varname>Also=</varname> setting contained in the [Install] section of any of the unit + files being operated on.</para> + + <para>This command implicitly reloads the system manager configuration after completing the operation. Note + that this command does not implicitly stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired, either + combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke the <command>stop</command> command + with appropriate arguments later.</para> + + <para>This command will print information about the file system operations (symlink removals) + executed. This output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>. + </para> + + <para>If a unit gets disabled but its triggering units are still active, a warning containing + the names of the triggering units is shown. <option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress + the warning.</para> + + <para>When this command is used with <option>--user</option>, the units being operated on might + still be enabled in global scope, and thus get started automatically even after a successful + disablement in user scope. In this case, a warning about it is shown, which can be suppressed + using <option>--no-warn</option>.</para> + + <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>, + <option>--global</option> and <option>--no-warn</option> in a similar way as <command>enable</command>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>reenable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Reenable one or more units, as specified on the command line. This is a combination of + <command>disable</command> and <command>enable</command> and is useful to reset the symlinks a unit file is + enabled with to the defaults configured in its [Install] section. This command expects + a unit name only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>preset <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Reset the enable/disable status one or more unit files, as specified on + the command line, to the defaults configured in the preset policy files. This + has the same effect as <command>disable</command> or + <command>enable</command>, depending how the unit is listed in the preset + files.</para> + + <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control whether units shall be + enabled and disabled, or only enabled, or only disabled.</para> + + <para>If the unit carries no install information, it will be silently ignored + by this command. <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> must be the real unit name, + any alias names are ignored silently.</para> + + <para>For more information on the preset policy format, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>preset-all</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Resets all installed unit files to the defaults + configured in the preset policy file (see above).</para> + + <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control + whether units shall be enabled and disabled, or only + enabled, or only disabled.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>is-enabled <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Checks whether any of the specified unit files are + enabled (as with <command>enable</command>). Returns an + exit code of 0 if at least one is enabled, non-zero + otherwise. Prints the current enable status (see table). + To suppress this output, use <option>--quiet</option>. + To show installation targets, use <option>--full</option>. + </para> + + <table> + <title> + <command>is-enabled</command> output + </title> + + <tgroup cols='3'> + <thead> + <row> + <entry>Name</entry> + <entry>Description</entry> + <entry>Exit Code</entry> + </row> + </thead> + <tbody> + <row> + <entry><literal>enabled</literal></entry> + <entry morerows='1'>Enabled via <filename>.wants/</filename>, <filename>.requires/</filename> or <varname>Alias=</varname> symlinks (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename>, or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>).</entry> + <entry morerows='1'>0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>enabled-runtime</literal></entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>linked</literal></entry> + <entry morerows='1'>Made available through one or more symlinks to the unit file (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>), even though the unit file might reside outside of the unit file search path.</entry> + <entry morerows='1'>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>linked-runtime</literal></entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>alias</literal></entry> + <entry>The name is an alias (symlink to another unit file).</entry> + <entry>0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>masked</literal></entry> + <entry morerows='1'>Completely disabled, so that any start operation on it fails (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/systemd/</filename>).</entry> + <entry morerows='1'>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>masked-runtime</literal></entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>static</literal></entry> + <entry>The unit file is not enabled, and has no provisions for enabling in the [Install] unit file section.</entry> + <entry>0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>indirect</literal></entry> + <entry>The unit file itself is not enabled, but it has a non-empty <varname>Also=</varname> setting in the [Install] unit file section, listing other unit files that might be enabled, or it has an alias under a different name through a symlink that is not specified in <varname>Also=</varname>. For template unit files, an instance different than the one specified in <varname>DefaultInstance=</varname> is enabled.</entry> + <entry>0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>disabled</literal></entry> + <entry>The unit file is not enabled, but contains an [Install] section with installation instructions.</entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>generated</literal></entry> + <entry>The unit file was generated dynamically via a generator tool. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Generated unit files may not be enabled, they are enabled implicitly by their generator.</entry> + <entry>0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>transient</literal></entry> + <entry>The unit file has been created dynamically with the runtime API. Transient units may not be enabled.</entry> + <entry>0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>bad</literal></entry> + <entry>The unit file is invalid or another error occurred. Note that <command>is-enabled</command> will not actually return this state, but print an error message instead. However the unit file listing printed by <command>list-unit-files</command> might show it.</entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><literal>not-found</literal></entry> + <entry>The unit file doesn't exist.</entry> + <entry>4</entry> + </row> + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </table> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/> + + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>mask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Mask one or more units, as specified on the command line. This will link these unit files + to <filename>/dev/null</filename>, making it impossible to start them. This is a stronger version + of <command>disable</command>, since it prohibits all kinds of activation of the unit, including + enablement and manual activation. Use this option with care. This honors the + <option>--runtime</option> option to only mask temporarily until the next reboot of the + system. The <option>--now</option> option may be used to ensure that the units are also + stopped. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit file paths.</para> + + <para>Note that this will create a symlink under the unit's name in + <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> (in case <option>--runtime</option> is not specified) + or <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename> (in case <option>--runtime</option> is + specified). If a matching unit file already exists under these directories this operation will + hence fail. This means that the operation is primarily useful to mask units shipped by the vendor + (as those are shipped in <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</filename> and not the aforementioned + two directories), but typically doesn't work for units created locally (as those are typically + placed precisely in the two aforementioned directories). Similar restrictions apply for + <option>--user</option> mode, in which case the directories are below the user's home directory + however.</para> + + <para>If a unit gets masked but its triggering units are still active, a warning containing + the names of the triggering units is shown. <option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress + the warning.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>unmask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Unmask one or more unit files, as specified on the command line. This will undo the effect of + <command>mask</command>. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit file + paths.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>link <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Link a unit file that is not in the unit file search path into the unit file search path. This + command expects an absolute path to a unit file. The effect of this may be undone with + <command>disable</command>. The effect of this command is that a unit file is made available for commands + such as <command>start</command>, even though it is not installed directly in the unit search path. The + file system where the linked unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started + (e.g. anything underneath <filename>/home/</filename> or <filename>/var/</filename> is not allowed, unless + those directories are located on the root file system).</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>revert <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Revert one or more unit files to their vendor versions. This command removes drop-in configuration + files that modify the specified units, as well as any user-configured unit file that overrides a matching + vendor supplied unit file. Specifically, for a unit <literal>foo.service</literal> the matching directories + <literal>foo.service.d/</literal> with all their contained files are removed, both below the persistent and + runtime configuration directories (i.e. below <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and + <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>); if the unit file has a vendor-supplied version (i.e. a unit file + located below <filename>/usr/</filename>) any matching persistent or runtime unit file that overrides it is + removed, too. Note that if a unit file has no vendor-supplied version (i.e. is only defined below + <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> or <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>, but not in a unit + file stored below <filename>/usr/</filename>), then it is not removed. Also, if a unit is masked, it is + unmasked.</para> + + <para>Effectively, this command may be used to undo all changes made with <command>systemctl + edit</command>, <command>systemctl set-property</command> and <command>systemctl mask</command> and puts + the original unit file with its settings back in effect.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>add-wants <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> + <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + <term><command>add-requires <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> + <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Adds <literal>Wants=</literal> or <literal>Requires=</literal> + dependencies, respectively, to the specified + <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> for one or more units. </para> + + <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>, + <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option> and + <option>--global</option> in a way similar to + <command>enable</command>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v217"/> + + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>edit <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Edit a drop-in snippet or a whole replacement file if + <option>--full</option> is specified, to extend or override the + specified unit.</para> + + <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option> (the default), + <option>--user</option>, or <option>--global</option> is specified, + this command creates a drop-in file for each unit either for the system, + for the calling user, or for all futures logins of all users. Then, + the editor (see the "Environment" section below) is invoked on + temporary files which will be written to the real location if the + editor exits successfully.</para> + + <para>If <option>--drop-in=</option> is specified, the given drop-in file name + will be used instead of the default <filename>override.conf</filename>.</para> + + <para>If <option>--full</option> is specified, this will copy the + original units instead of creating drop-in files.</para> + + <para>If <option>--force</option> is specified and any units do + not already exist, new unit files will be opened for editing.</para> + + <para>If <option>--runtime</option> is specified, the changes will + be made temporarily in <filename>/run/</filename> and they will be + lost on the next reboot.</para> + + <para>If the temporary file is empty upon exit, the modification of + the related unit is canceled.</para> + + <para>After the units have been edited, systemd configuration is + reloaded (in a way that is equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>). + </para> + + <para>Note that this command cannot be used to remotely edit units + and that you cannot temporarily edit units which are in + <filename>/etc/</filename>, since they take precedence over + <filename>/run/</filename>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v218"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>get-default</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Return the default target to boot into. This returns + the target unit name <filename>default.target</filename> + is aliased (symlinked) to.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v205"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>set-default <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable></command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Set the default target to boot into. This sets + (symlinks) the <filename>default.target</filename> alias + to the given target unit.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v205"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + </variablelist> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title>Machine Commands</title> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-machines</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List the host and all running local containers with + their state. If one or more + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only + containers matching one of them are shown. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title>Job Commands</title> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>list-jobs <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List jobs that are in progress. If one or more + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only + jobs for units matching one of them are shown.</para> + + <para>When combined with <option>--after</option> or <option>--before</option> the list is augmented with + information on which other job each job is waiting for, and which other jobs are waiting for it, see + above.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>cancel <optional><replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</optional></command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Cancel one or more jobs specified on the command line + by their numeric job IDs. If no job ID is specified, cancel + all pending jobs.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title>Environment Commands</title> + + <para><command>systemd</command> supports an environment block that is passed to processes the manager + spawns. The names of the variables can contain ASCII letters, digits, and the underscore + character. Variable names cannot be empty or start with a digit. In variable values, most characters + are allowed, but the whole sequence must be valid UTF-8. (Note that control characters like newline + (<constant>NL</constant>), tab (<constant>TAB</constant>), or the escape character + (<constant>ESC</constant>), <emphasis>are</emphasis> valid ASCII and thus valid UTF-8). The total + length of the environment block is limited to <constant>_SC_ARG_MAX</constant> value defined by + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sysconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + </para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>show-environment</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Dump the systemd manager environment block. This is the environment + block that is passed to all processes the manager spawns. The environment + block will be dumped in straightforward form suitable for sourcing into + most shells. If no special characters or whitespace is present in the variable + values, no escaping is performed, and the assignments have the form + <literal>VARIABLE=value</literal>. If whitespace or characters which have + special meaning to the shell are present, dollar-single-quote escaping is + used, and assignments have the form <literal>VARIABLE=$'value'</literal>. + This syntax is known to be supported by + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>zsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ksh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + and + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + but not + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + or + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>fish</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>set-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE=VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Set one or more systemd manager environment variables, as specified on the command + line. This command will fail if variable names and values do not conform to the rules listed + above.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>unset-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>…</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Unset one or more systemd manager environment + variables. If only a variable name is specified, it will be + removed regardless of its value. If a variable and a value + are specified, the variable is only removed if it has the + specified value.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <command>import-environment</command> + <replaceable>VARIABLE…</replaceable> + </term> + + <listitem> + <para>Import all, one or more environment variables set on the client into the systemd manager + environment block. If a list of environment variable names is passed, client-side values are then + imported into the manager's environment block. If any names are not valid environment variable + names or have invalid values according to the rules described above, an error is raised. If no + arguments are passed, the entire environment block inherited by the <command>systemctl</command> + process is imported. In this mode, any inherited invalid environment variables are quietly + ignored.</para> + + <para>Importing of the full inherited environment block (calling this command without any + arguments) is deprecated. A shell will set dozens of variables which only make sense locally and + are only meant for processes which are descendants of the shell. Such variables in the global + environment block are confusing to other processes.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title>Manager State Commands</title> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>daemon-reload</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Reload the systemd manager configuration. This will + rerun all generators (see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>), + reload all unit files, and recreate the entire dependency + tree. While the daemon is being reloaded, all sockets + systemd listens on behalf of user configuration will stay + accessible.</para> + + <para>This command should not be confused with the + <command>reload</command> command.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>daemon-reexec</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Reexecute the systemd manager. This will serialize the + manager state, reexecute the process and deserialize the + state again. This command is of little use except for + debugging and package upgrades. Sometimes, it might be + helpful as a heavy-weight <command>daemon-reload</command>. + While the daemon is being reexecuted, all sockets systemd listening + on behalf of user configuration will stay accessible. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry id='log-level'> + <term><command>log-level</command> [<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable>]</term> + + <listitem><para>If no argument is given, print the current log level of the manager. If an + optional argument <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the + current log level of the manager to <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> (accepts the same values as + <option>--log-level=</option> described in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>). + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>log-target</command> [<replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>]</term> + + <listitem><para>If no argument is given, print the current log target of the manager. If an + optional argument <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the + current log target of the manager to <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> (accepts the same values as + <option>--log-target=</option>, described in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>). + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>service-watchdogs</command> [yes|no]</term> + + <listitem><para>If no argument is given, print the current state of service runtime watchdogs of + the manager. If an optional boolean argument is provided, then globally enables or disables the + service runtime watchdogs (<option>WatchdogSec=</option>) and emergency actions (e.g. + <option>OnFailure=</option> or <option>StartLimitAction=</option>); see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + The hardware watchdog is not affected by this setting.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title>System Commands</title> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>is-system-running</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Checks whether the system is operational. This + returns success (exit code 0) when the system is fully up + and running, specifically not in startup, shutdown or + maintenance mode, and with no failed services. Failure is + returned otherwise (exit code non-zero). In addition, the + current state is printed in a short string to standard + output, see the table below. Use <option>--quiet</option> to + suppress this output.</para> + + <para>Use <option>--wait</option> to wait until the boot + process is completed before printing the current state and + returning the appropriate error status. If <option>--wait</option> + is in use, states <varname>initializing</varname> or + <varname>starting</varname> will not be reported, instead + the command will block until a later state (such as + <varname>running</varname> or <varname>degraded</varname>) + is reached.</para> + + <table> + <title><command>is-system-running</command> output</title> + <tgroup cols='3'> + <colspec colname='name'/> + <colspec colname='description'/> + <colspec colname='exit-code'/> + <thead> + <row> + <entry>Name</entry> + <entry>Description</entry> + <entry>Exit Code</entry> + </row> + </thead> + <tbody> + <row> + <entry><varname>initializing</varname></entry> + <entry><para>Early bootup, before + <filename>basic.target</filename> is reached + or the <varname>maintenance</varname> state entered. + </para></entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><varname>starting</varname></entry> + <entry><para>Late bootup, before the job queue + becomes idle for the first time, or one of the + rescue targets are reached.</para></entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><varname>running</varname></entry> + <entry><para>The system is fully + operational.</para></entry> + <entry>0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><varname>degraded</varname></entry> + <entry><para>The system is operational but one or more + units failed.</para></entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><varname>maintenance</varname></entry> + <entry><para>The rescue or emergency target is + active.</para></entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><varname>stopping</varname></entry> + <entry><para>The manager is shutting + down.</para></entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><varname>offline</varname></entry> + <entry><para>The manager is not + running. Specifically, this is the operational + state if an incompatible program is running as + system manager (PID 1).</para></entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><varname>unknown</varname></entry> + <entry><para>The operational state could not be + determined, due to lack of resources or another + error cause.</para></entry> + <entry>> 0</entry> + </row> + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </table> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>default</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Enter default mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate default.target</command>. This + operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>rescue</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Enter rescue mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate rescue.target</command>. This + operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>emergency</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Enter emergency mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate + emergency.target</command>. This operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to + request asynchronous behavior.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>halt</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shut down and halt the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start halt.target + --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This command is + asynchronous; it will return after the halt operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete. Note + that this operation will simply halt the OS kernel after shutting down, leaving the hardware powered + on. Use <command>systemctl poweroff</command> for powering off the system (see below).</para> + + <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all + processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the + system halt. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without + terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when + <option>--force</option> is specified twice the halt operation is executed by <command>systemctl</command> + itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should succeed even when the system + manager has crashed.</para> + + <para>If combined with <option>--when=</option>, shutdown will be scheduled after the given timestamp. + And <option>--when=cancel</option> will cancel the shutdown.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>poweroff</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shut down and power-off the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start + poweroff.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all + users. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the power-off operation is enqueued, without + waiting for it to complete.</para> + + <para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> in a similar way + as <command>halt</command>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><command>reboot</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shut down and reboot the system.</para> + + <para>This command mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start reboot.target + --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all + users. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, + without waiting for it to complete.</para> + + <para>If the switch <option>--reboot-argument=</option> is given, it will be passed as the optional + argument to the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> + system call.</para> + + <para>Options <option>--boot-loader-entry=</option>, <option>--boot-loader-menu=</option>, and + <option>--firmware-setup</option> can be used to select what to do <emphasis>after</emphasis> the + reboot. See the descriptions of those options for details.</para> + + <para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> in a similar way + as <command>halt</command>.</para> + + <para>If a new kernel has been loaded via <command>kexec --load</command>, a + <command>kexec</command> will be performed instead of a reboot, unless + <literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_KEXEC=1</literal> has been set. If a new root file system has + been set up on <literal>/run/nextroot/</literal>, a <command>soft-reboot</command> will be + performed instead of a reboot, unless <literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_SOFT_REBOOT=1</literal> has + been set.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>kexec</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shut down and reboot the system via <command>kexec</command>. This command will load a + kexec kernel if one wasn't loaded yet or fail. A kernel may be loaded earlier by a separate step, + this is particularly useful if a custom initrd or additional kernel command line options are + desired. The <option>--force</option> can be used to continue without a kexec kernel, i.e. to + perform a normal reboot. The final reboot step is equivalent to + <command>systemctl start kexec.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>. + </para> + + <para>To load a kernel, an enumeration is performed following the + <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/boot_loader_specification">Boot Loader Specification</ulink>, + and the default boot entry is loaded. For this step to succeed, the system must be using UEFI + and the boot loader entries must be configured appropriately. <command>bootctl list</command> + may be used to list boot entries, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + </para> + + <para>This command is asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, + without waiting for it to complete.</para> + + <para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> similarly + to <command>halt</command>.</para> + + <para>If a new kernel has been loaded via <command>kexec --load</command>, a + <command>kexec</command> will be performed when <command>reboot</command> is invoked, unless + <literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_KEXEC=1</literal> has been set.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>soft-reboot</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shut down and reboot userspace. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl start + soft-reboot.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>. This command is + asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to + complete.</para> + + <para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> in a similar way + as <command>halt</command>.</para> + + <para>This operation only reboots userspace, leaving the kernel running. See + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-soft-reboot.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for details.</para> + + <para>If a new root file system has been set up on <literal>/run/nextroot/</literal>, a + <command>soft-reboot</command> will be performed when <command>reboot</command> is invoked, + unless <literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_SOFT_REBOOT=1</literal> has been set.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>exit</command> <optional><replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable></optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Ask the service manager to quit. This is only supported for user service managers (i.e. in + conjunction with the <option>--user</option> option) or in containers and is equivalent to + <command>poweroff</command> otherwise. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the exit + operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete.</para> + + <para>The service manager will exit with the specified exit code, if + <replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable> is passed.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v227"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>switch-root</command> <optional><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>INIT</replaceable></optional></optional></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Switches to a different root directory and executes a new system manager process below it. + This is intended for use in the initrd, and will transition from the initrd's system manager + process (a.k.a. "init" process, PID 1) to the main system manager process which is loaded from + the actual host root files system. This call takes two arguments: the directory that is to become + the new root directory, and the path to the new system manager binary below it to execute as PID + 1. If both are omitted or the former is an empty string it defaults to + <filename>/sysroot/</filename>. If the latter is omitted or is an empty string, a systemd binary + will automatically be searched for and used as service manager. If the system manager path is + omitted, equal to the empty string or identical to the path to the systemd binary, the state of + the initrd's system manager process is passed to the main system manager, which allows later + introspection of the state of the services involved in the initrd boot phase.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>suspend</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit + <filename>suspend.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the suspend + operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the suspend/resume cycle to complete.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>hibernate</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Hibernate the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit + <filename>hibernate.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hibernation + operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>hybrid-sleep</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Hibernate and suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit + <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid + sleep operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up cycle to complete.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v196"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><command>suspend-then-hibernate</command></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Suspend the system and hibernate it after the delay specified in <filename>systemd-sleep.conf</filename>. + This will trigger activation of the special target unit <filename>suspend-then-hibernate.target</filename>. + This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid sleep operation is successfully enqueued. + It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up or hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v240"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title>Parameter Syntax</title> + + <para>Unit commands listed above take either a single unit name (designated as <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>), + or multiple unit specifications (designated as <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…). In the first case, the + unit name with or without a suffix must be given. If the suffix is not specified (unit name is "abbreviated"), + systemctl will append a suitable suffix, <literal>.service</literal> by default, and a type-specific suffix in + case of commands which operate only on specific unit types. For example, + <programlisting># systemctl start sshd</programlisting> and + <programlisting># systemctl start sshd.service</programlisting> + are equivalent, as are + <programlisting># systemctl isolate default</programlisting> + and + <programlisting># systemctl isolate default.target</programlisting> + Note that (absolute) paths to device nodes are automatically converted to device unit names, and other (absolute) + paths to mount unit names. + <programlisting># systemctl status /dev/sda +# systemctl status /home</programlisting> + are equivalent to: + <programlisting># systemctl status dev-sda.device +# systemctl status home.mount</programlisting> + In the second case, shell-style globs will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory; + literal unit names, with or without a suffix, will be treated as in the first case. This means that literal unit + names always refer to exactly one unit, but globs may match zero units and this is not considered an + error.</para> + + <para>Glob patterns use + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fnmatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + so normal shell-style globbing rules are used, and + <literal>*</literal>, <literal>?</literal>, + <literal>[]</literal> may be used. See + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for more details. The patterns are matched against the primary names of + units currently in memory, and patterns which do not match anything + are silently skipped. For example: + <programlisting># systemctl stop sshd@*.service</programlisting> + will stop all <filename>sshd@.service</filename> instances. Note that alias names of units, and units that aren't + in memory are not considered for glob expansion. + </para> + + <para>For unit file commands, the specified <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> should be the name of the unit file + (possibly abbreviated, see above), or the absolute path to the unit file: + <programlisting># systemctl enable foo.service</programlisting> + or + <programlisting># systemctl link /path/to/foo.service</programlisting> + </para> + </refsect2> + + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Options</title> + + <para>The following options are understood:</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-t</option></term> + <term><option>--type=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>The argument is a comma-separated list of unit types such as <option>service</option> and + <option>socket</option>. When units are listed with <command>list-units</command>, + <command>list-dependencies</command>, <command>show</command>, or <command>status</command>, + only units of the specified types will be shown. By default, units of all types are shown.</para> + + <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values + will be printed and the program will exit.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--state=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>The argument is a comma-separated list of unit LOAD, SUB, or ACTIVE states. When listing + units with <command>list-units</command>, <command>list-dependencies</command>, <command>show</command> + or <command>status</command>, show only those in the specified states. Use <option>--state=failed</option> + or <option>--failed</option> to show only failed units.</para> + + <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values + will be printed and the program will exit.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-p</option></term> + <term><option>--property=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When showing unit/job/manager properties with the + <command>show</command> command, limit display to properties + specified in the argument. The argument should be a + comma-separated list of property names, such as + <literal>MainPID</literal>. Unless specified, all known + properties are shown. If specified more than once, all + properties with the specified names are shown. Shell + completion is implemented for property names.</para> + + <para>For the manager itself, + <command>systemctl show</command> + will show all available properties, most of which are derived or closely match the options described in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + </para> + + <para>Properties for units vary by unit type, so showing any + unit (even a non-existent one) is a way to list properties + pertaining to this type. Similarly, showing any job will list + properties pertaining to all jobs. Properties for units are + documented in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + and the pages for individual unit types + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + etc.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-P</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Equivalent to <option>--value</option> <option>--property=</option>, i.e. shows the + value of the property without the property name or <literal>=</literal>. Note that using + <option>-P</option> once will also affect all properties listed with + <option>-p</option>/<option>--property=</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-a</option></term> + <term><option>--all</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When listing units with <command>list-units</command>, also show inactive units and + units which are following other units. When showing unit/job/manager properties, show all + properties regardless whether they are set or not.</para> + + <para>To list all units installed in the file system, use the + <command>list-unit-files</command> command instead.</para> + + <para>When listing units with <command>list-dependencies</command>, recursively show + dependencies of all dependent units (by default only dependencies of target units are + shown).</para> + + <para>When used with <command>status</command>, show journal messages in full, even if they include + unprintable characters or are very long. By default, fields with unprintable characters are + abbreviated as "blob data". (Note that the pager may escape unprintable characters again.)</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-r</option></term> + <term><option>--recursive</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When listing units, also show units of local + containers. Units of local containers will be prefixed with + the container name, separated by a single colon character + (<literal>:</literal>).</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--reverse</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Show reverse dependencies between units with + <command>list-dependencies</command>, i.e. follow + dependencies of type <varname>WantedBy=</varname>, + <varname>RequiredBy=</varname>, <varname>UpheldBy=</varname>, + <varname>PartOf=</varname>, <varname>BoundBy=</varname>, + instead of <varname>Wants=</varname> and similar. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--after</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the + units that are ordered before the specified unit. In other + words, recursively list units following the + <varname>After=</varname> dependency.</para> + + <para>Note that any <varname>After=</varname> dependency is + automatically mirrored to create a + <varname>Before=</varname> dependency. Temporal dependencies + may be specified explicitly, but are also created implicitly + for units which are <varname>WantedBy=</varname> targets + (see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>), + and as a result of other directives (for example + <varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname>). Both explicitly + and implicitly introduced dependencies are shown with + <command>list-dependencies</command>.</para> + + <para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs are + waiting for it. May be combined with <option>--before</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as + well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--before</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the + units that are ordered after the specified unit. In other + words, recursively list units following the + <varname>Before=</varname> dependency.</para> + + <para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs it + is waiting for. May be combined with <option>--after</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as + well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--with-dependencies</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>status</command>, + <command>cat</command>, <command>list-units</command>, and + <command>list-unit-files</command>, those commands print all + specified units and the dependencies of those units.</para> + + <para>Options <option>--reverse</option>, + <option>--after</option>, <option>--before</option> + may be used to change what types of dependencies + are shown.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v245"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-l</option></term> + <term><option>--full</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Do not ellipsize unit names, process tree entries, + journal output, or truncate unit descriptions in the output + of <command>status</command>, <command>list-units</command>, + <command>list-jobs</command>, and + <command>list-timers</command>.</para> + <para>Also, show installation targets in the output of + <command>is-enabled</command>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--value</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>, only print the value, and skip the + property name and <literal>=</literal>. Also see option <option>-P</option> above.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--show-types</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When showing sockets, show the type of the socket.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v202"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--job-mode=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When queuing a new job, this option controls how to deal with + already queued jobs. It takes one of <literal>fail</literal>, + <literal>replace</literal>, + <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>, + <literal>isolate</literal>, + <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>, + <literal>ignore-requirements</literal>, + <literal>flush</literal>, + <literal>triggering</literal>, or + <literal>restart-dependencies</literal>. Defaults to + <literal>replace</literal>, except when the + <command>isolate</command> command is used which implies the + <literal>isolate</literal> job mode.</para> + + <para>If <literal>fail</literal> is specified and a requested + operation conflicts with a pending job (more specifically: + causes an already pending start job to be reversed into a stop + job or vice versa), cause the operation to fail.</para> + + <para>If <literal>replace</literal> (the default) is + specified, any conflicting pending job will be replaced, as + necessary.</para> + + <para>If <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal> is specified, + operate like <literal>replace</literal>, but also mark the new + jobs as irreversible. This prevents future conflicting + transactions from replacing these jobs (or even being enqueued + while the irreversible jobs are still pending). Irreversible + jobs can still be cancelled using the <command>cancel</command> + command. This job mode should be used on any transaction which + pulls in <filename>shutdown.target</filename>.</para> + + <para><literal>isolate</literal> is only valid for start + operations and causes all other units to be stopped when the + specified unit is started. This mode is always used when the + <command>isolate</command> command is used.</para> + + <para><literal>flush</literal> will cause all queued jobs to + be canceled when the new job is enqueued.</para> + + <para>If <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal> is specified, + then all unit dependencies are ignored for this new job and + the operation is executed immediately. If passed, no required + units of the unit passed will be pulled in, and no ordering + dependencies will be honored. This is mostly a debugging and + rescue tool for the administrator and should not be used by + applications.</para> + + <para><literal>ignore-requirements</literal> is similar to + <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>, but only causes the + requirement dependencies to be ignored, the ordering + dependencies will still be honored.</para> + + <para><literal>triggering</literal> may only be used with + <command>systemctl stop</command>. In this mode, the specified + unit and any active units that trigger it are stopped. See the + discussion of + <varname>Triggers=</varname> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for more information about triggering units.</para> + + <para><literal>restart-dependencies</literal> may only be used with + <command>systemctl start</command>. In this mode, dependencies of + the specified unit will receive restart propagation, as if a restart + job had been enqueued for the unit.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-T</option></term> + <term><option>--show-transaction</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When enqueuing a unit job (for example as effect of a <command>systemctl start</command> + invocation or similar), show brief information about all jobs enqueued, covering both the requested + job and any added because of unit dependencies. Note that the output will only include jobs + immediately part of the transaction requested. It is possible that service start-up program code + run as effect of the enqueued jobs might request further jobs to be pulled in. This means that + completion of the listed jobs might ultimately entail more jobs than the listed ones.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--fail</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shorthand for <option>--job-mode=</option>fail.</para> + <para>When used with the <command>kill</command> command, + if no units were killed, the operation results in an error. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v227"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--check-inhibitors=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When system shutdown or sleep state is requested, this option controls checking of inhibitor + locks. It takes one of <literal>auto</literal>, <literal>yes</literal> or + <literal>no</literal>. Defaults to <literal>auto</literal>, which will behave like + <literal>yes</literal> for interactive invocations (i.e. from a TTY) and <literal>no</literal> for + non-interactive invocations. <literal>yes</literal> lets the request respect inhibitor locks. + <literal>no</literal> lets the request ignore inhibitor locks.</para> + + <para>Applications can establish inhibitor locks to prevent certain important operations (such as + CD burning) from being interrupted by system shutdown or sleep. Any user may take these locks and + privileged users may override these locks. If any locks are taken, shutdown and sleep state + requests will normally fail (unless privileged). However, if <literal>no</literal> is specified or + <literal>auto</literal> is specified on a non-interactive requests, the operation will be + attempted. If locks are present, the operation may require additional privileges.</para> + + <para>Option <option>--force</option> provides another way to override inhibitors.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-i</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Shortcut for <option>--check-inhibitors=no</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--dry-run</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Just print what would be done. Currently supported by verbs + <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command>, + <command>kexec</command>, <command>suspend</command>, <command>hibernate</command>, + <command>hybrid-sleep</command>, <command>suspend-then-hibernate</command>, + <command>default</command>, <command>rescue</command>, + <command>emergency</command>, and <command>exit</command>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-q</option></term> + <term><option>--quiet</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Suppress printing of the results of various commands + and also the hints about truncated log lines. This does not + suppress output of commands for which the printed output is + the only result (like <command>show</command>). Errors are + always printed.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-warn</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Don't generate the warnings shown by default in the following cases: + <itemizedlist> + <listitem> + <para>when <command>systemctl</command> is invoked without procfs mounted on + <filename>/proc/</filename>,</para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para>when using <command>enable</command> or <command>disable</command> on units without + install information (i.e. don't have or have an empty [Install] section),</para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para>when using <command>disable</command> combined with <option>--user</option> on units + that are enabled in global scope,</para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para>when a <command>stop</command>-ped, <command>disable</command>-d, or <command>mask</command>-ed + unit still has active triggering units.</para> + </listitem> + </itemizedlist> + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-block</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Do not synchronously wait for the requested operation + to finish. If this is not specified, the job will be + verified, enqueued and <command>systemctl</command> will + wait until the unit's start-up is completed. By passing this + argument, it is only verified and enqueued. This option may not be + combined with <option>--wait</option>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--wait</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Synchronously wait for started units to terminate again. + This option may not be combined with <option>--no-block</option>. + Note that this will wait forever if any given unit never terminates + (by itself or by getting stopped explicitly); particularly services + which use <literal>RemainAfterExit=yes</literal>.</para> + + <para>When used with <command>is-system-running</command>, wait + until the boot process is completed before returning.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v232"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="user" /> + <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="system" /> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--failed</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>List units in failed state. This is equivalent to + <option>--state=failed</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-wall</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Do not send wall message before halt, power-off and reboot.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--global</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and + <command>disable</command>, operate on the global user + configuration directory, thus enabling or disabling a unit + file globally for all future logins of all users.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-reload</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and + <command>disable</command>, do not implicitly reload daemon + configuration after executing the changes.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>start</command> and related + commands, disables asking for passwords. Background services + may require input of a password or passphrase string, for + example to unlock system hard disks or cryptographic + certificates. Unless this option is specified and the + command is invoked from a terminal, + <command>systemctl</command> will query the user on the + terminal for the necessary secrets. Use this option to + switch this behavior off. In this case, the password must be + supplied by some other means (for example graphical password + agents) or the service might fail. This also disables + querying the user for authentication for privileged + operations.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--kill-whom=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which processes to send a UNIX process signal + to. Must be one of <option>main</option>, <option>control</option> or <option>all</option> to + select whether to kill only the main process, the control process or all processes of the unit. The + main process of the unit is the one that defines the life-time of it. A control process of a unit + is one that is invoked by the manager to induce state changes of it. For example, all processes + started due to the <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>, <varname>ExecStop=</varname> or + <varname>ExecReload=</varname> settings of service units are control processes. Note that there is + only one control process per unit at a time, as only one state change is executed at a time. For + services of type <varname>Type=forking</varname>, the initial process started by the manager for + <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is a control process, while the process ultimately forked off by that + one is then considered the main process of the unit (if it can be determined). This is different + for service units of other types, where the process forked off by the manager for + <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is always the main process itself. A service unit consists of zero or + one main process, zero or one control process plus any number of additional processes. Not all unit + types manage processes of these types however. For example, for mount units, control processes are + defined (which are the invocations of <filename>&MOUNT_PATH;</filename> and + <filename>&UMOUNT_PATH;</filename>), but no main process is defined. If omitted, defaults to + <option>all</option>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--kill-value=</option><replaceable>INT</replaceable></term> + + <listitem><para>If used with the <command>kill</command> command, enqueues a signal along with the + specified integer value parameter to the specified process(es). This operation is only available for + POSIX Realtime Signals (i.e. <option>--signal=SIGRTMIN+…</option> or + <option>--signal=SIGRTMAX-…</option>), and ensures the signals are generated via the <citerefentry + project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sigqueue</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> + system call, rather than <citerefentry + project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The + specified value must be a 32-bit signed integer, and may be specified either in decimal, in + hexadecimal (if prefixed with <literal>0x</literal>), octal (if prefixed with <literal>0o</literal>) + or binary (if prefixed with <literal>0b</literal>)</para> + + <para>If this option is used the signal will only be enqueued on the control or main process of the + unit, never on other processes belonging to the unit, i.e. <option>--kill-whom=all</option> will only + affect main and control processes but no other processes.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="signal" /> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--what=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Select what type of per-unit resources to remove when the <command>clean</command> command is + invoked, see above. Takes one of <constant>configuration</constant>, <constant>state</constant>, + <constant>cache</constant>, <constant>logs</constant>, <constant>runtime</constant>, + <constant>fdstore</constant> to select the type of resource. This option may be specified more than + once, in which case all specified resource types are removed. Also accepts the special value + <constant>all</constant> as a shortcut for specifying all six resource types. If this option is not + specified defaults to the combination of <constant>cache</constant>, <constant>runtime</constant> + and <constant>fdstore</constant>, i.e. the three kinds of resources that are generally considered + to be redundant and can be reconstructed on next invocation. Note that the explicit removal of the + <constant>fdstore</constant> resource type is only useful if the + <varname>FileDescriptorStorePreserve=</varname> option is enabled, since the file descriptor store + is otherwise cleaned automatically when the unit is stopped.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-f</option></term> + <term><option>--force</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, overwrite + any existing conflicting symlinks.</para> + + <para>When used with <command>edit</command>, create all of the + specified units which do not already exist.</para> + + <para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command> or + <command>kexec</command>, execute the selected operation without shutting down all units. However, all + processes will be killed forcibly and all file systems are unmounted or remounted read-only. This is hence a + drastic but relatively safe option to request an immediate reboot. If <option>--force</option> is specified + twice for these operations (with the exception of <command>kexec</command>), they will be executed + immediately, without terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. Warning: specifying + <option>--force</option> twice with any of these operations might result in data loss. Note that when + <option>--force</option> is specified twice the selected operation is executed by + <command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should + succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--message=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command> or <command>reboot</command>, set a + short message explaining the reason for the operation. The message will be logged together with the default + shutdown message.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v225"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--now</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, the units + will also be started. When used with <command>disable</command> or + <command>mask</command>, the units will also be stopped. The start + or stop operation is only carried out when the respective enable or + disable operation has been successful.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--root=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with + <command>enable</command>/<command>disable</command>/<command>is-enabled</command> + (and related commands), use the specified root path when looking for unit + files. If this option is present, <command>systemctl</command> will operate on + the file system directly, instead of communicating with the <command>systemd</command> + daemon to carry out changes.</para> + </listitem> + + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--image=<replaceable>image</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a path to a disk image file or block device node. If specified, all operations + are applied to file system in the indicated disk image. This option is similar to + <option>--root=</option>, but operates on file systems stored in disk images or block devices. The + disk image should either contain just a file system or a set of file systems within a GPT partition + table, following the <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification">Discoverable Partitions + Specification</ulink>. For further information on supported disk images, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s + switch of the same name.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="image-policy-open" /> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--runtime</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, + <command>disable</command>, <command>edit</command>, + (and related commands), make changes only temporarily, so + that they are lost on the next reboot. This will have the + effect that changes are not made in subdirectories of + <filename>/etc/</filename> but in <filename>/run/</filename>, + with identical immediate effects, however, since the latter + is lost on reboot, the changes are lost too.</para> + + <para>Similarly, when used with + <command>set-property</command>, make changes only + temporarily, so that they are lost on the next + reboot.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--preset-mode=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Takes one of <literal>full</literal> (the default), + <literal>enable-only</literal>, + <literal>disable-only</literal>. When used with the + <command>preset</command> or <command>preset-all</command> + commands, controls whether units shall be disabled and + enabled according to the preset rules, or only enabled, or + only disabled.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-n</option></term> + <term><option>--lines=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the number of journal lines to show, + counting from the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument, or 0 to disable journal + output. Defaults to 10.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-o</option></term> + <term><option>--output=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the + formatting of the journal entries that are shown. For the + available choices, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--firmware-setup</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with the <command>reboot</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, or + <command>halt</command> command, indicate to the system's firmware to reboot into the firmware + setup interface for the next boot. Note that this functionality is not available on all systems. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--boot-loader-menu=<replaceable>timeout</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with the <command>reboot</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, or + <command>halt</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to show the boot loader menu + on the following boot. Takes a time value as parameter — indicating the menu timeout. Pass zero + in order to disable the menu timeout. Note that not all boot loaders support this functionality. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--boot-loader-entry=<replaceable>ID</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with the <command>reboot</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, or + <command>halt</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to boot into a specific + boot loader entry on the following boot. Takes a boot loader entry identifier as argument, + or <literal>help</literal> in order to list available entries. Note that not all boot loaders + support this functionality.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--reboot-argument=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>This switch is used with <command>reboot</command>. The value is architecture and firmware specific. As an example, <literal>recovery</literal> + might be used to trigger system recovery, and <literal>fota</literal> might be used to trigger a + <quote>firmware over the air</quote> update.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--plain</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>list-dependencies</command>, + <command>list-units</command> or <command>list-machines</command>, + the output is printed as a list instead of a tree, and the bullet + circles are omitted.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--timestamp=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>Change the format of printed timestamps. The following values may be used: + </para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>pretty</option> (this is the default)</term> + <listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS TZ</literal></para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>unix</option></term> + <listitem><para><literal>@seconds-since-the-epoch</literal></para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>us</option></term> + <term><option>μs</option></term> + <listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.UUUUUU TZ</literal></para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>utc</option></term> + <listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS UTC</literal></para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>us+utc</option></term> + <term><option>μs+utc</option></term> + <listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.UUUUUU UTC</literal></para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--mkdir</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates the destination file or directory before + applying the bind mount. Note that even though the name of this option suggests that it is suitable only for + directories, this option also creates the destination file node to mount over if the object to mount is not + a directory, but a regular file, device node, socket or FIFO.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--marked</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Only allowed with <command>reload-or-restart</command>. Enqueues restart jobs for all + units that have the <literal>needs-restart</literal> mark, and reload jobs for units that have the + <literal>needs-reload</literal> mark. When a unit marked for reload does not support reload, restart + will be queued. Those properties can be set using <command>set-property Markers=…</command>.</para> + + <para>Unless <option>--no-block</option> is used, <command>systemctl</command> will wait for the + queued jobs to finish.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--read-only</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates a read-only bind mount.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--drop-in=</option><replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with <command>edit</command>, use <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> as the + drop-in file name instead of <filename>override.conf</filename>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--when=</option></term> + + <listitem> + <para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command> + or <command>kexec</command>, schedule the action to be performed at the given timestamp, + which should adhere to the syntax documented in <citerefentry + project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS". Specially, if <literal>show</literal> is given, the currently scheduled + action will be shown, which can be canceled by passing an empty string or <literal>cancel</literal>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" /> + <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" /> + + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="legend" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> + </variablelist> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Exit status</title> + + <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para> + + <para><command>systemctl</command> uses the return codes defined by LSB, as defined in + <ulink url="http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.0.0/LSB-PDA/LSB-PDA/iniscrptact.html">LSB 3.0.0</ulink>. + </para> + + <table> + <title>LSB return codes</title> + + <tgroup cols='3'> + <thead> + <row> + <entry>Value</entry> + <entry>Description in LSB</entry> + <entry>Use in systemd</entry> + </row> + </thead> + <tbody> + <row> + <entry><constant>0</constant></entry> + <entry>"program is running or service is OK"</entry> + <entry>unit is active</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><constant>1</constant></entry> + <entry>"program is dead and <filename>/var/run</filename> pid file exists"</entry> + <entry>unit <emphasis>not</emphasis> failed (used by <command>is-failed</command>)</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><constant>2</constant></entry> + <entry>"program is dead and <filename>/var/lock</filename> lock file exists"</entry> + <entry>unused</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><constant>3</constant></entry> + <entry>"program is not running"</entry> + <entry>unit is not active</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><constant>4</constant></entry> + <entry>"program or service status is unknown"</entry> + <entry>no such unit</entry> + </row> + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </table> + + <para>The mapping of LSB service states to systemd unit states is imperfect, so it is better to + not rely on those return values but to look for specific unit states and substates instead. + </para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Environment</title> + + <variablelist class='environment-variables'> + <varlistentry> + <term><varname>$SYSTEMD_EDITOR</varname></term> + + <listitem><para>Editor to use when editing units; overrides + <varname>$EDITOR</varname> and <varname>$VISUAL</varname>. If neither + <varname>$SYSTEMD_EDITOR</varname> nor <varname>$EDITOR</varname> nor + <varname>$VISUAL</varname> are present or if it is set to an empty + string or if their execution failed, systemctl will try to execute well + known editors in this order: + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>editor</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v218"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-level"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-color"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-time"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-location"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-target"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="pager"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="less"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="lesscharset"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="lesssecure"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="colors"/> + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="urlify"/> + </variablelist> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>See Also</title> + <para> + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>loginctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + </para> + </refsect1> + +</refentry> |