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diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-54.sh b/test/units/testsuite-54.sh
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+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+
+systemd-analyze log-level debug
+
+run_with_cred_compare() {
+ local cred="${1:?}"
+ local exp="${2?}"
+ shift 2
+
+ diff <(systemd-run -p SetCredential="$cred" --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds "$@") <(echo -ne "$exp")
+}
+
+# Sanity checks
+#
+# Create a dummy "full" disk (similar to /dev/full) to check out-of-space
+# scenarios
+mkdir /tmp/full
+mount -t tmpfs -o size=1,nr_inodes=1 tmpfs /tmp/full
+
+# verb: setup
+# Run this first, otherwise any encrypted credentials wouldn't be decryptable
+# as we regenerate the host key
+rm -fv /var/lib/systemd/credential.secret
+systemd-creds setup
+test -e /var/lib/systemd/credential.secret
+rm -fv /var/lib/systemd/credential.secret
+
+# Prepare a couple of dummy credentials for the cat/list verbs
+CRED_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
+ENC_CRED_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
+echo foo >"$CRED_DIR/secure-or-weak"
+echo foo >"$CRED_DIR/insecure"
+echo foo | systemd-creds --name="encrypted" encrypt - - | base64 -d >"$ENC_CRED_DIR/encrypted"
+echo foo | systemd-creds encrypt - - | base64 -d >"$ENC_CRED_DIR/encrypted-unnamed"
+chmod -R 0400 "$CRED_DIR" "$ENC_CRED_DIR"
+chmod -R 0444 "$CRED_DIR/insecure"
+mkdir /tmp/empty/
+
+systemd-creds --system
+systemd-creds --no-pager --help
+systemd-creds --version
+systemd-creds has-tpm2 || :
+systemd-creds has-tpm2 -q || :
+
+# verb: list
+systemd-creds list --system
+ENCRYPTED_CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$ENC_CRED_DIR" CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$CRED_DIR" systemd-creds list --no-legend
+ENCRYPTED_CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$ENC_CRED_DIR" CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$CRED_DIR" systemd-creds list --json=pretty | jq
+ENCRYPTED_CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$ENC_CRED_DIR" CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$CRED_DIR" systemd-creds list --json=short | jq
+ENCRYPTED_CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$ENC_CRED_DIR" CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$CRED_DIR" systemd-creds list --json=off
+ENCRYPTED_CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="/tmp/empty/" CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="/tmp/empty/" systemd-creds list
+
+# verb: cat
+for cred in secure-or-weak insecure encrypted encrypted-unnamed; do
+ ENCRYPTED_CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$ENC_CRED_DIR" CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="$CRED_DIR" systemd-creds cat "$cred"
+done
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:" "" cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:\n" "\n" cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foo" cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foofoofoo" cat mycred mycred mycred
+# Note: --newline= does nothing when stdout is not a tty, which is the case here
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foo" --newline=yes cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foo" --newline=no cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foo" --newline=auto cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foo" --transcode=no cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foo" --transcode=0 cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "foo" --transcode=false cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:foo" "Zm9v" --transcode=base64 cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:Zm9v" "foo" --transcode=unbase64 cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:Zm9v" "foofoofoo" --transcode=unbase64 cat mycred mycred mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:Zm9vCg==" "foo\n" --transcode=unbase64 cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:hello world" "68656c6c6f20776f726c64" --transcode=hex cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:68656c6c6f20776f726c64" "hello world" --transcode=unhex cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:68656c6c6f20776f726c64" "hello worldhello world" --transcode=unhex cat mycred mycred
+run_with_cred_compare "mycred:68656c6c6f0a776f726c64" "hello\nworld" --transcode=unhex cat mycred
+run_with_cred_compare 'mycred:{ "foo" : "bar", "baz" : [ 3, 4 ] }' '{"foo":"bar","baz":[3,4]}\n' --json=short cat mycred
+systemd-run -p SetCredential='mycred:{ "foo" : "bar", "baz" : [ 3, 4 ] }' --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --json=pretty cat mycred | jq
+
+# verb: encrypt/decrypt
+echo "According to all known laws of aviation..." >/tmp/cred.orig
+systemd-creds --with-key=host encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc
+systemd-creds decrypt /tmp/cred.enc /tmp/cred.dec
+diff /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.dec
+rm -f /tmp/cred.{enc,dec}
+# --pretty
+cred_name="fo'''o''bar"
+cred_option="$(systemd-creds --pretty --name="$cred_name" encrypt /tmp/cred.orig -)"
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/system
+cat >/run/systemd/system/test-54-pretty-cred.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+${cred_option:?}
+ExecStart=bash -c "diff <(systemd-creds cat \"$cred_name\") /tmp/cred.orig"
+EOF
+systemctl daemon-reload
+systemctl start test-54-pretty-cred
+rm /run/systemd/system/test-54-pretty-cred.service
+# Credential validation: name
+systemd-creds --name="foo" -H encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc
+(! systemd-creds decrypt /tmp/cred.enc /tmp/cred.dec)
+(! systemd-creds --name="bar" decrypt /tmp/cred.enc /tmp/cred.dec)
+systemd-creds --name="" decrypt /tmp/cred.enc /tmp/cred.dec
+diff /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.dec
+rm -f /tmp/cred.dec
+systemd-creds --name="foo" decrypt /tmp/cred.enc /tmp/cred.dec
+diff /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.dec
+rm -f /tmp/cred.{enc,dec}
+# Credential validation: time
+systemd-creds --not-after="+1d" encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc
+(! systemd-creds --timestamp="+2d" decrypt /tmp/cred.enc /tmp/cred.dec)
+systemd-creds decrypt /tmp/cred.enc /tmp/cred.dec
+diff /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.dec
+rm -f /tmp/cred.{enc,dec}
+
+(! unshare -m bash -exc "mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /run/credentials && systemd-creds list")
+(! unshare -m bash -exc "mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /run/credentials && systemd-creds --system list")
+(! CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY="" systemd-creds list)
+(! systemd-creds --system --foo)
+(! systemd-creds --system -@)
+(! systemd-creds --system --json=)
+(! systemd-creds --system --json="")
+(! systemd-creds --system --json=foo)
+(! systemd-creds --system cat)
+(! systemd-creds --system cat "")
+(! systemd-creds --system cat this-should-not-exist)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:foo --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --transcode= cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:foo --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --transcode="" cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:foo --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --transcode=foo cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:foo --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --newline=foo cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:notbase64 --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --transcode=unbase64 cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:nothex --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --transcode=unhex cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:a --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --transcode=unhex cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:notjson --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --json=short cat mycred)
+(! systemd-run -p SetCredential=mycred:notjson --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds --json=pretty cat mycred)
+(! systemd-creds encrypt /foo/bar/baz -)
+(! systemd-creds decrypt /foo/bar/baz -)
+(! systemd-creds decrypt / -)
+(! systemd-creds encrypt / -)
+(! echo foo | systemd-creds --with-key=foo encrypt - -)
+(! echo {0..20} | systemd-creds decrypt - -)
+(! systemd-creds --not-after= encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc)
+(! systemd-creds --not-after="" encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc)
+(! systemd-creds --not-after="-1d" encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc)
+(! systemd-creds --timestamp= encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc)
+(! systemd-creds --timestamp="" encrypt /tmp/cred.orig /tmp/cred.enc)
+(! dd if=/dev/zero count=2M | systemd-creds --with-key=tpm2-absent encrypt - /dev/null)
+(! dd if=/dev/zero count=2M | systemd-creds --with-key=tpm2-absent decrypt - /dev/null)
+(! echo foo | systemd-creds encrypt - /tmp/full/foo)
+(! echo foo | systemd-creds encrypt - - | systemd-creds decrypt - /tmp/full/foo)
+
+# Verify that the creds are properly loaded and we can read them from the service's unpriv user
+systemd-run -p LoadCredential=passwd:/etc/passwd \
+ -p LoadCredential=shadow:/etc/shadow \
+ -p SetCredential=dog:wuff \
+ -p DynamicUser=1 \
+ --unit=test-54-unpriv.service \
+ --wait \
+ --pipe \
+ cat '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/passwd' '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/shadow' '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/dog' \
+ >/tmp/ts54-concat
+(cat /etc/passwd /etc/shadow && echo -n wuff) | cmp /tmp/ts54-concat
+rm /tmp/ts54-concat
+
+# Test that SetCredential= acts as fallback for LoadCredential=
+echo piff >/tmp/ts54-fallback
+[ "$(systemd-run -p LoadCredential=paff:/tmp/ts54-fallback -p SetCredential=paff:poff --pipe --wait systemd-creds cat paff)" = "piff" ]
+rm /tmp/ts54-fallback
+[ "$(systemd-run -p LoadCredential=paff:/tmp/ts54-fallback -p SetCredential=paff:poff --pipe --wait systemd-creds cat paff)" = "poff" ]
+
+if systemd-detect-virt -q -c ; then
+ expected_credential=mynspawncredential
+ expected_value=strangevalue
+elif [ -d /sys/firmware/qemu_fw_cfg/by_name ]; then
+ # Verify that passing creds through kernel cmdline works
+ [ "$(systemd-creds --system cat kernelcmdlinecred)" = "uff" ]
+ [ "$(systemd-creds --system cat waldi)" = "woooofffwufffwuff" ]
+
+ # And that it also works via SMBIOS
+ [ "$(systemd-creds --system cat smbioscredential)" = "magicdata" ]
+ [ "$(systemd-creds --system cat binarysmbioscredential)" = "magicbinarydata" ]
+
+ # If we aren't run in nspawn, we are run in qemu
+ systemd-detect-virt -q -v
+ expected_credential=myqemucredential
+ expected_value=othervalue
+
+ # Verify that writing a sysctl via the kernel cmdline worked
+ [ "$(cat /proc/sys/kernel/domainname)" = "sysctltest" ]
+
+ # Verify that creating a user via sysusers via the kernel cmdline worked
+ grep -q ^credtestuser: /etc/passwd
+
+ # Verify that writing a file via tmpfiles worked
+ [ "$(cat /tmp/sourcedfromcredential)" = "tmpfilessecret" ]
+ [ "$(cat /etc/motd.d/50-provision.conf)" = "hello" ]
+ [ "$(cat /etc/issue.d/50-provision.conf)" = "welcome" ]
+else
+ echo "qemu_fw_cfg support missing in kernel. Sniff!"
+ expected_credential=""
+ expected_value=""
+fi
+
+if [ "$expected_credential" != "" ] ; then
+ # If this test is run in nspawn a credential should have been passed to us. See test/TEST-54-CREDS/test.sh
+ [ "$(systemd-creds --system cat "$expected_credential")" = "$expected_value" ]
+
+ # Test that propagation from system credential to service credential works
+ [ "$(systemd-run -p LoadCredential="$expected_credential" --pipe --wait systemd-creds cat "$expected_credential")" = "$expected_value" ]
+
+ # Check it also works, if we rename it while propagating it
+ [ "$(systemd-run -p LoadCredential=miau:"$expected_credential" --pipe --wait systemd-creds cat miau)" = "$expected_value" ]
+
+ # Combine it with a fallback (which should have no effect, given the cred should be passed down)
+ [ "$(systemd-run -p LoadCredential="$expected_credential" -p SetCredential="$expected_credential":zzz --pipe --wait systemd-creds cat "$expected_credential")" = "$expected_value" ]
+
+ # This should succeed
+ systemd-run -p AssertCredential="$expected_credential" -p Type=oneshot true
+
+ # And this should fail
+ (! systemd-run -p AssertCredential="undefinedcredential" -p Type=oneshot true)
+fi
+
+# Verify that the creds are immutable
+(! systemd-run -p LoadCredential=passwd:/etc/passwd \
+ -p DynamicUser=1 \
+ --unit=test-54-immutable-touch.service \
+ --wait \
+ touch '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/passwd')
+(! systemd-run -p LoadCredential=passwd:/etc/passwd \
+ -p DynamicUser=1 \
+ --unit=test-54-immutable-rm.service \
+ --wait \
+ rm '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/passwd')
+
+# Check directory-based loading
+mkdir -p /tmp/ts54-creds/sub
+echo -n a >/tmp/ts54-creds/foo
+echo -n b >/tmp/ts54-creds/bar
+echo -n c >/tmp/ts54-creds/baz
+echo -n d >/tmp/ts54-creds/sub/qux
+systemd-run -p LoadCredential=cred:/tmp/ts54-creds \
+ -p DynamicUser=1 \
+ --unit=test-54-dir.service \
+ --wait \
+ --pipe \
+ cat '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/cred_foo' \
+ '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/cred_bar' \
+ '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/cred_baz' \
+ '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/cred_sub_qux' >/tmp/ts54-concat
+cmp /tmp/ts54-concat <(echo -n abcd)
+rm /tmp/ts54-concat
+rm -rf /tmp/ts54-creds
+
+# Check that globs work as expected
+mkdir -p /run/credstore
+echo -n a >/run/credstore/test.creds.first
+echo -n b >/run/credstore/test.creds.second
+mkdir -p /etc/credstore
+echo -n c >/etc/credstore/test.creds.third
+systemd-run -p "ImportCredential=test.creds.*" \
+ --unit=test-54-ImportCredential.service \
+ -p DynamicUser=1 \
+ --wait \
+ --pipe \
+ cat '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/test.creds.first' \
+ '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/test.creds.second' \
+ '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/test.creds.third' >/tmp/ts54-concat
+cmp /tmp/ts54-concat <(echo -n abc)
+
+# Now test encrypted credentials (only supported when built with OpenSSL though)
+if systemctl --version | grep -q -- +OPENSSL ; then
+ echo -n $RANDOM >/tmp/test-54-plaintext
+ systemd-creds encrypt --name=test-54 /tmp/test-54-plaintext /tmp/test-54-ciphertext
+ systemd-creds decrypt --name=test-54 /tmp/test-54-ciphertext | cmp /tmp/test-54-plaintext
+
+ systemd-run -p LoadCredentialEncrypted=test-54:/tmp/test-54-ciphertext \
+ --wait \
+ --pipe \
+ cat '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/test-54' | cmp /tmp/test-54-plaintext
+
+ echo -n $RANDOM >/tmp/test-54-plaintext
+ systemd-creds encrypt --name=test-54 /tmp/test-54-plaintext /tmp/test-54-ciphertext
+ systemd-creds decrypt --name=test-54 /tmp/test-54-ciphertext | cmp /tmp/test-54-plaintext
+
+ systemd-run -p SetCredentialEncrypted=test-54:"$(cat /tmp/test-54-ciphertext)" \
+ --wait \
+ --pipe \
+ cat '${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/test-54' | cmp /tmp/test-54-plaintext
+
+ rm /tmp/test-54-plaintext /tmp/test-54-ciphertext
+fi
+
+# https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/27275
+systemd-run -p DynamicUser=yes -p 'LoadCredential=os:/etc/os-release' \
+ -p 'ExecStartPre=true' \
+ -p 'ExecStartPre=systemd-creds cat os' \
+ --unit=test-54-exec-start.service \
+ --wait \
+ --pipe \
+ true | cmp /etc/os-release
+
+if ! systemd-detect-virt -q -c ; then
+ # Validate that the credential we inserted via the initrd logic arrived
+ test "$(systemd-creds cat --system myinitrdcred)" = "guatemala"
+
+ # Check that the fstab credential logic worked
+ test -d /injected
+ grep -q /injected /proc/self/mountinfo
+
+ # Make sure the getty generator processed the credentials properly
+ systemctl -P Wants show getty.target | grep -q container-getty@idontexist.service
+fi
+
+systemd-analyze log-level info
+
+touch /testok