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+import functools
+import time
+import inspect
+import collections
+import types
+import itertools
+import warnings
+
+import pkg_resources.extern.more_itertools
+
+from typing import Callable, TypeVar
+
+
+CallableT = TypeVar("CallableT", bound=Callable[..., object])
+
+
+def compose(*funcs):
+ """
+ Compose any number of unary functions into a single unary function.
+
+ >>> import textwrap
+ >>> expected = str.strip(textwrap.dedent(compose.__doc__))
+ >>> strip_and_dedent = compose(str.strip, textwrap.dedent)
+ >>> strip_and_dedent(compose.__doc__) == expected
+ True
+
+ Compose also allows the innermost function to take arbitrary arguments.
+
+ >>> round_three = lambda x: round(x, ndigits=3)
+ >>> f = compose(round_three, int.__truediv__)
+ >>> [f(3*x, x+1) for x in range(1,10)]
+ [1.5, 2.0, 2.25, 2.4, 2.5, 2.571, 2.625, 2.667, 2.7]
+ """
+
+ def compose_two(f1, f2):
+ return lambda *args, **kwargs: f1(f2(*args, **kwargs))
+
+ return functools.reduce(compose_two, funcs)
+
+
+def method_caller(method_name, *args, **kwargs):
+ """
+ Return a function that will call a named method on the
+ target object with optional positional and keyword
+ arguments.
+
+ >>> lower = method_caller('lower')
+ >>> lower('MyString')
+ 'mystring'
+ """
+
+ def call_method(target):
+ func = getattr(target, method_name)
+ return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ return call_method
+
+
+def once(func):
+ """
+ Decorate func so it's only ever called the first time.
+
+ This decorator can ensure that an expensive or non-idempotent function
+ will not be expensive on subsequent calls and is idempotent.
+
+ >>> add_three = once(lambda a: a+3)
+ >>> add_three(3)
+ 6
+ >>> add_three(9)
+ 6
+ >>> add_three('12')
+ 6
+
+ To reset the stored value, simply clear the property ``saved_result``.
+
+ >>> del add_three.saved_result
+ >>> add_three(9)
+ 12
+ >>> add_three(8)
+ 12
+
+ Or invoke 'reset()' on it.
+
+ >>> add_three.reset()
+ >>> add_three(-3)
+ 0
+ >>> add_three(0)
+ 0
+ """
+
+ @functools.wraps(func)
+ def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+ if not hasattr(wrapper, 'saved_result'):
+ wrapper.saved_result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+ return wrapper.saved_result
+
+ wrapper.reset = lambda: vars(wrapper).__delitem__('saved_result')
+ return wrapper
+
+
+def method_cache(
+ method: CallableT,
+ cache_wrapper: Callable[
+ [CallableT], CallableT
+ ] = functools.lru_cache(), # type: ignore[assignment]
+) -> CallableT:
+ """
+ Wrap lru_cache to support storing the cache data in the object instances.
+
+ Abstracts the common paradigm where the method explicitly saves an
+ underscore-prefixed protected property on first call and returns that
+ subsequently.
+
+ >>> class MyClass:
+ ... calls = 0
+ ...
+ ... @method_cache
+ ... def method(self, value):
+ ... self.calls += 1
+ ... return value
+
+ >>> a = MyClass()
+ >>> a.method(3)
+ 3
+ >>> for x in range(75):
+ ... res = a.method(x)
+ >>> a.calls
+ 75
+
+ Note that the apparent behavior will be exactly like that of lru_cache
+ except that the cache is stored on each instance, so values in one
+ instance will not flush values from another, and when an instance is
+ deleted, so are the cached values for that instance.
+
+ >>> b = MyClass()
+ >>> for x in range(35):
+ ... res = b.method(x)
+ >>> b.calls
+ 35
+ >>> a.method(0)
+ 0
+ >>> a.calls
+ 75
+
+ Note that if method had been decorated with ``functools.lru_cache()``,
+ a.calls would have been 76 (due to the cached value of 0 having been
+ flushed by the 'b' instance).
+
+ Clear the cache with ``.cache_clear()``
+
+ >>> a.method.cache_clear()
+
+ Same for a method that hasn't yet been called.
+
+ >>> c = MyClass()
+ >>> c.method.cache_clear()
+
+ Another cache wrapper may be supplied:
+
+ >>> cache = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=2)
+ >>> MyClass.method2 = method_cache(lambda self: 3, cache_wrapper=cache)
+ >>> a = MyClass()
+ >>> a.method2()
+ 3
+
+ Caution - do not subsequently wrap the method with another decorator, such
+ as ``@property``, which changes the semantics of the function.
+
+ See also
+ http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods/
+ for another implementation and additional justification.
+ """
+
+ def wrapper(self: object, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
+ # it's the first call, replace the method with a cached, bound method
+ bound_method: CallableT = types.MethodType( # type: ignore[assignment]
+ method, self
+ )
+ cached_method = cache_wrapper(bound_method)
+ setattr(self, method.__name__, cached_method)
+ return cached_method(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ # Support cache clear even before cache has been created.
+ wrapper.cache_clear = lambda: None # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+ return ( # type: ignore[return-value]
+ _special_method_cache(method, cache_wrapper) or wrapper
+ )
+
+
+def _special_method_cache(method, cache_wrapper):
+ """
+ Because Python treats special methods differently, it's not
+ possible to use instance attributes to implement the cached
+ methods.
+
+ Instead, install the wrapper method under a different name
+ and return a simple proxy to that wrapper.
+
+ https://github.com/jaraco/jaraco.functools/issues/5
+ """
+ name = method.__name__
+ special_names = '__getattr__', '__getitem__'
+ if name not in special_names:
+ return
+
+ wrapper_name = '__cached' + name
+
+ def proxy(self, *args, **kwargs):
+ if wrapper_name not in vars(self):
+ bound = types.MethodType(method, self)
+ cache = cache_wrapper(bound)
+ setattr(self, wrapper_name, cache)
+ else:
+ cache = getattr(self, wrapper_name)
+ return cache(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ return proxy
+
+
+def apply(transform):
+ """
+ Decorate a function with a transform function that is
+ invoked on results returned from the decorated function.
+
+ >>> @apply(reversed)
+ ... def get_numbers(start):
+ ... "doc for get_numbers"
+ ... return range(start, start+3)
+ >>> list(get_numbers(4))
+ [6, 5, 4]
+ >>> get_numbers.__doc__
+ 'doc for get_numbers'
+ """
+
+ def wrap(func):
+ return functools.wraps(func)(compose(transform, func))
+
+ return wrap
+
+
+def result_invoke(action):
+ r"""
+ Decorate a function with an action function that is
+ invoked on the results returned from the decorated
+ function (for its side-effect), then return the original
+ result.
+
+ >>> @result_invoke(print)
+ ... def add_two(a, b):
+ ... return a + b
+ >>> x = add_two(2, 3)
+ 5
+ >>> x
+ 5
+ """
+
+ def wrap(func):
+ @functools.wraps(func)
+ def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+ result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+ action(result)
+ return result
+
+ return wrapper
+
+ return wrap
+
+
+def invoke(f, *args, **kwargs):
+ """
+ Call a function for its side effect after initialization.
+
+ The benefit of using the decorator instead of simply invoking a function
+ after defining it is that it makes explicit the author's intent for the
+ function to be called immediately. Whereas if one simply calls the
+ function immediately, it's less obvious if that was intentional or
+ incidental. It also avoids repeating the name - the two actions, defining
+ the function and calling it immediately are modeled separately, but linked
+ by the decorator construct.
+
+ The benefit of having a function construct (opposed to just invoking some
+ behavior inline) is to serve as a scope in which the behavior occurs. It
+ avoids polluting the global namespace with local variables, provides an
+ anchor on which to attach documentation (docstring), keeps the behavior
+ logically separated (instead of conceptually separated or not separated at
+ all), and provides potential to re-use the behavior for testing or other
+ purposes.
+
+ This function is named as a pithy way to communicate, "call this function
+ primarily for its side effect", or "while defining this function, also
+ take it aside and call it". It exists because there's no Python construct
+ for "define and call" (nor should there be, as decorators serve this need
+ just fine). The behavior happens immediately and synchronously.
+
+ >>> @invoke
+ ... def func(): print("called")
+ called
+ >>> func()
+ called
+
+ Use functools.partial to pass parameters to the initial call
+
+ >>> @functools.partial(invoke, name='bingo')
+ ... def func(name): print("called with", name)
+ called with bingo
+ """
+ f(*args, **kwargs)
+ return f
+
+
+def call_aside(*args, **kwargs):
+ """
+ Deprecated name for invoke.
+ """
+ warnings.warn("call_aside is deprecated, use invoke", DeprecationWarning)
+ return invoke(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class Throttler:
+ """
+ Rate-limit a function (or other callable)
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self, func, max_rate=float('Inf')):
+ if isinstance(func, Throttler):
+ func = func.func
+ self.func = func
+ self.max_rate = max_rate
+ self.reset()
+
+ def reset(self):
+ self.last_called = 0
+
+ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+ self._wait()
+ return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ def _wait(self):
+ "ensure at least 1/max_rate seconds from last call"
+ elapsed = time.time() - self.last_called
+ must_wait = 1 / self.max_rate - elapsed
+ time.sleep(max(0, must_wait))
+ self.last_called = time.time()
+
+ def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
+ return first_invoke(self._wait, functools.partial(self.func, obj))
+
+
+def first_invoke(func1, func2):
+ """
+ Return a function that when invoked will invoke func1 without
+ any parameters (for its side-effect) and then invoke func2
+ with whatever parameters were passed, returning its result.
+ """
+
+ def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+ func1()
+ return func2(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ return wrapper
+
+
+def retry_call(func, cleanup=lambda: None, retries=0, trap=()):
+ """
+ Given a callable func, trap the indicated exceptions
+ for up to 'retries' times, invoking cleanup on the
+ exception. On the final attempt, allow any exceptions
+ to propagate.
+ """
+ attempts = itertools.count() if retries == float('inf') else range(retries)
+ for attempt in attempts:
+ try:
+ return func()
+ except trap:
+ cleanup()
+
+ return func()
+
+
+def retry(*r_args, **r_kwargs):
+ """
+ Decorator wrapper for retry_call. Accepts arguments to retry_call
+ except func and then returns a decorator for the decorated function.
+
+ Ex:
+
+ >>> @retry(retries=3)
+ ... def my_func(a, b):
+ ... "this is my funk"
+ ... print(a, b)
+ >>> my_func.__doc__
+ 'this is my funk'
+ """
+
+ def decorate(func):
+ @functools.wraps(func)
+ def wrapper(*f_args, **f_kwargs):
+ bound = functools.partial(func, *f_args, **f_kwargs)
+ return retry_call(bound, *r_args, **r_kwargs)
+
+ return wrapper
+
+ return decorate
+
+
+def print_yielded(func):
+ """
+ Convert a generator into a function that prints all yielded elements
+
+ >>> @print_yielded
+ ... def x():
+ ... yield 3; yield None
+ >>> x()
+ 3
+ None
+ """
+ print_all = functools.partial(map, print)
+ print_results = compose(more_itertools.consume, print_all, func)
+ return functools.wraps(func)(print_results)
+
+
+def pass_none(func):
+ """
+ Wrap func so it's not called if its first param is None
+
+ >>> print_text = pass_none(print)
+ >>> print_text('text')
+ text
+ >>> print_text(None)
+ """
+
+ @functools.wraps(func)
+ def wrapper(param, *args, **kwargs):
+ if param is not None:
+ return func(param, *args, **kwargs)
+
+ return wrapper
+
+
+def assign_params(func, namespace):
+ """
+ Assign parameters from namespace where func solicits.
+
+ >>> def func(x, y=3):
+ ... print(x, y)
+ >>> assigned = assign_params(func, dict(x=2, z=4))
+ >>> assigned()
+ 2 3
+
+ The usual errors are raised if a function doesn't receive
+ its required parameters:
+
+ >>> assigned = assign_params(func, dict(y=3, z=4))
+ >>> assigned()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ TypeError: func() ...argument...
+
+ It even works on methods:
+
+ >>> class Handler:
+ ... def meth(self, arg):
+ ... print(arg)
+ >>> assign_params(Handler().meth, dict(arg='crystal', foo='clear'))()
+ crystal
+ """
+ sig = inspect.signature(func)
+ params = sig.parameters.keys()
+ call_ns = {k: namespace[k] for k in params if k in namespace}
+ return functools.partial(func, **call_ns)
+
+
+def save_method_args(method):
+ """
+ Wrap a method such that when it is called, the args and kwargs are
+ saved on the method.
+
+ >>> class MyClass:
+ ... @save_method_args
+ ... def method(self, a, b):
+ ... print(a, b)
+ >>> my_ob = MyClass()
+ >>> my_ob.method(1, 2)
+ 1 2
+ >>> my_ob._saved_method.args
+ (1, 2)
+ >>> my_ob._saved_method.kwargs
+ {}
+ >>> my_ob.method(a=3, b='foo')
+ 3 foo
+ >>> my_ob._saved_method.args
+ ()
+ >>> my_ob._saved_method.kwargs == dict(a=3, b='foo')
+ True
+
+ The arguments are stored on the instance, allowing for
+ different instance to save different args.
+
+ >>> your_ob = MyClass()
+ >>> your_ob.method({str('x'): 3}, b=[4])
+ {'x': 3} [4]
+ >>> your_ob._saved_method.args
+ ({'x': 3},)
+ >>> my_ob._saved_method.args
+ ()
+ """
+ args_and_kwargs = collections.namedtuple('args_and_kwargs', 'args kwargs')
+
+ @functools.wraps(method)
+ def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+ attr_name = '_saved_' + method.__name__
+ attr = args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs)
+ setattr(self, attr_name, attr)
+ return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+ return wrapper
+
+
+def except_(*exceptions, replace=None, use=None):
+ """
+ Replace the indicated exceptions, if raised, with the indicated
+ literal replacement or evaluated expression (if present).
+
+ >>> safe_int = except_(ValueError)(int)
+ >>> safe_int('five')
+ >>> safe_int('5')
+ 5
+
+ Specify a literal replacement with ``replace``.
+
+ >>> safe_int_r = except_(ValueError, replace=0)(int)
+ >>> safe_int_r('five')
+ 0
+
+ Provide an expression to ``use`` to pass through particular parameters.
+
+ >>> safe_int_pt = except_(ValueError, use='args[0]')(int)
+ >>> safe_int_pt('five')
+ 'five'
+
+ """
+
+ def decorate(func):
+ @functools.wraps(func)
+ def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+ try:
+ return func(*args, **kwargs)
+ except exceptions:
+ try:
+ return eval(use)
+ except TypeError:
+ return replace
+
+ return wrapper
+
+ return decorate