1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
|
# mypy: allow-untyped-defs
from typing import Dict
from urllib import parse as urlparse
from . import error
from . import protocol
from . import transport
from .bidi.client import BidiSession
def command(func):
def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
if hasattr(self, "session"):
session = self.session
else:
session = self
if session.session_id is None:
session.start()
return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
inner.__name__ = func.__name__
inner.__doc__ = func.__doc__
return inner
class Timeouts:
def __init__(self, session):
self.session = session
def _get(self, key=None):
timeouts = self.session.send_session_command("GET", "timeouts")
if key is not None:
return timeouts[key]
return timeouts
def _set(self, key, secs):
body = {key: secs * 1000}
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "timeouts", body)
return None
@property
def script(self):
return self._get("script")
@script.setter
def script(self, secs):
return self._set("script", secs)
@property
def page_load(self):
return self._get("pageLoad")
@page_load.setter
def page_load(self, secs):
return self._set("pageLoad", secs)
@property
def implicit(self):
return self._get("implicit")
@implicit.setter
def implicit(self, secs):
return self._set("implicit", secs)
def __str__(self):
name = "%s.%s" % (self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
return "<%s script=%d, load=%d, implicit=%d>" % \
(name, self.script, self.page_load, self.implicit)
class ActionSequence:
"""API for creating and performing action sequences.
Each action method adds one or more actions to a queue. When perform()
is called, the queued actions fire in order.
May be chained together as in::
ActionSequence(session, "key", id) \
.key_down("a") \
.key_up("a") \
.perform()
"""
def __init__(self, session, action_type, input_id, pointer_params=None):
"""Represents a sequence of actions of one type for one input source.
:param session: WebDriver session.
:param action_type: Action type; may be "none", "key", or "pointer".
:param input_id: ID of input source.
:param pointer_params: Optional dictionary of pointer parameters.
"""
self.session = session
self._id = input_id
self._type = action_type
self._actions = []
self._pointer_params = pointer_params
@property
def dict(self):
d = {
"type": self._type,
"id": self._id,
"actions": self._actions,
}
if self._pointer_params is not None:
d["parameters"] = self._pointer_params
return d
@command
def perform(self):
"""Perform all queued actions."""
self.session.actions.perform([self.dict])
def _key_action(self, subtype, value):
self._actions.append({"type": subtype, "value": value})
def _pointer_action(self, subtype, button=None, x=None, y=None, duration=None, origin=None, width=None,
height=None, pressure=None, tangential_pressure=None, tilt_x=None,
tilt_y=None, twist=None, altitude_angle=None, azimuth_angle=None):
action = {
"type": subtype
}
if button is not None:
action["button"] = button
if x is not None:
action["x"] = x
if y is not None:
action["y"] = y
if duration is not None:
action["duration"] = duration
if origin is not None:
action["origin"] = origin
if width is not None:
action["width"] = width
if height is not None:
action["height"] = height
if pressure is not None:
action["pressure"] = pressure
if tangential_pressure is not None:
action["tangentialPressure"] = tangential_pressure
if tilt_x is not None:
action["tiltX"] = tilt_x
if tilt_y is not None:
action["tiltY"] = tilt_y
if twist is not None:
action["twist"] = twist
if altitude_angle is not None:
action["altitudeAngle"] = altitude_angle
if azimuth_angle is not None:
action["azimuthAngle"] = azimuth_angle
self._actions.append(action)
def pause(self, duration):
self._actions.append({"type": "pause", "duration": duration})
return self
def pointer_move(self, x, y, duration=None, origin=None, width=None, height=None,
pressure=None, tangential_pressure=None, tilt_x=None, tilt_y=None,
twist=None, altitude_angle=None, azimuth_angle=None):
"""Queue a pointerMove action.
:param x: Destination x-axis coordinate of pointer in CSS pixels.
:param y: Destination y-axis coordinate of pointer in CSS pixels.
:param duration: Number of milliseconds over which to distribute the
move. If None, remote end defaults to 0.
:param origin: Origin of coordinates, either "viewport", "pointer" or
an Element. If None, remote end defaults to "viewport".
"""
self._pointer_action("pointerMove", x=x, y=y, duration=duration, origin=origin,
width=width, height=height, pressure=pressure,
tangential_pressure=tangential_pressure, tilt_x=tilt_x, tilt_y=tilt_y,
twist=twist, altitude_angle=altitude_angle, azimuth_angle=azimuth_angle)
return self
def pointer_up(self, button=0):
"""Queue a pointerUp action for `button`.
:param button: Pointer button to perform action with.
Default: 0, which represents main device button.
"""
self._pointer_action("pointerUp", button=button)
return self
def pointer_down(self, button=0, width=None, height=None, pressure=None,
tangential_pressure=None, tilt_x=None, tilt_y=None,
twist=None, altitude_angle=None, azimuth_angle=None):
"""Queue a pointerDown action for `button`.
:param button: Pointer button to perform action with.
Default: 0, which represents main device button.
"""
self._pointer_action("pointerDown", button=button, width=width, height=height,
pressure=pressure, tangential_pressure=tangential_pressure,
tilt_x=tilt_x, tilt_y=tilt_y, twist=twist, altitude_angle=altitude_angle,
azimuth_angle=azimuth_angle)
return self
def click(self, element=None, button=0):
"""Queue a click with the specified button.
If an element is given, move the pointer to that element first,
otherwise click current pointer coordinates.
:param element: Optional element to click.
:param button: Integer representing pointer button to perform action
with. Default: 0, which represents main device button.
"""
if element:
self.pointer_move(0, 0, origin=element)
return self.pointer_down(button).pointer_up(button)
def key_up(self, value):
"""Queue a keyUp action for `value`.
:param value: Character to perform key action with.
"""
self._key_action("keyUp", value)
return self
def key_down(self, value):
"""Queue a keyDown action for `value`.
:param value: Character to perform key action with.
"""
self._key_action("keyDown", value)
return self
def send_keys(self, keys):
"""Queue a keyDown and keyUp action for each character in `keys`.
:param keys: String of keys to perform key actions with.
"""
for c in keys:
self.key_down(c)
self.key_up(c)
return self
def scroll(self, x, y, delta_x, delta_y, duration=None, origin=None):
"""Queue a scroll action.
:param x: Destination x-axis coordinate of pointer in CSS pixels.
:param y: Destination y-axis coordinate of pointer in CSS pixels.
:param delta_x: scroll delta on x-axis in CSS pixels.
:param delta_y: scroll delta on y-axis in CSS pixels.
:param duration: Number of milliseconds over which to distribute the
scroll. If None, remote end defaults to 0.
:param origin: Origin of coordinates, either "viewport" or an Element.
If None, remote end defaults to "viewport".
"""
action = {
"type": "scroll",
"x": x,
"y": y,
"deltaX": delta_x,
"deltaY": delta_y
}
if duration is not None:
action["duration"] = duration
if origin is not None:
action["origin"] = origin
self._actions.append(action)
return self
class Actions:
def __init__(self, session):
self.session = session
@command
def perform(self, actions=None):
"""Performs actions by tick from each action sequence in `actions`.
:param actions: List of input source action sequences. A single action
sequence may be created with the help of
``ActionSequence.dict``.
"""
body = {"actions": [] if actions is None else actions}
actions = self.session.send_session_command("POST", "actions", body)
return actions
@command
def release(self):
return self.session.send_session_command("DELETE", "actions")
def sequence(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Return an empty ActionSequence of the designated type.
See ActionSequence for parameter list.
"""
return ActionSequence(self.session, *args, **kwargs)
class Window:
identifier = "window-fcc6-11e5-b4f8-330a88ab9d7f"
def __init__(self, session):
self.session = session
@command
def close(self):
handles = self.session.send_session_command("DELETE", "window")
if handles is not None and len(handles) == 0:
# With no more open top-level browsing contexts, the session is closed.
self.session.session_id = None
return handles
@property
@command
def rect(self):
return self.session.send_session_command("GET", "window/rect")
@rect.setter
@command
def rect(self, new_rect):
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "window/rect", new_rect)
@property
@command
def size(self):
"""Gets the window size as a tuple of `(width, height)`."""
rect = self.rect
return (rect["width"], rect["height"])
@size.setter
@command
def size(self, new_size):
"""Set window size by passing a tuple of `(width, height)`."""
try:
width, height = new_size
body = {"width": width, "height": height}
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "window/rect", body)
except (error.UnknownErrorException, error.InvalidArgumentException):
# silently ignore this error as the command is not implemented
# for Android. Revert this once it is implemented.
pass
@property
@command
def position(self):
"""Gets the window position as a tuple of `(x, y)`."""
rect = self.rect
return (rect["x"], rect["y"])
@position.setter
@command
def position(self, new_position):
"""Set window position by passing a tuple of `(x, y)`."""
try:
x, y = new_position
body = {"x": x, "y": y}
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "window/rect", body)
except error.UnknownErrorException:
# silently ignore this error as the command is not implemented
# for Android. Revert this once it is implemented.
pass
@command
def maximize(self):
return self.session.send_session_command("POST", "window/maximize")
@command
def minimize(self):
return self.session.send_session_command("POST", "window/minimize")
@command
def fullscreen(self):
return self.session.send_session_command("POST", "window/fullscreen")
@classmethod
def from_json(cls, json, session):
uuid = json[Window.identifier]
return cls(uuid, session)
class Frame:
identifier = "frame-075b-4da1-b6ba-e579c2d3230a"
def __init__(self, session):
self.session = session
@classmethod
def from_json(cls, json, session):
uuid = json[Frame.identifier]
return cls(uuid, session)
class ShadowRoot:
identifier = "shadow-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf"
def __init__(self, session, id):
"""
Construct a new shadow root representation.
:param id: Shadow root UUID which must be unique across
all browsing contexts.
:param session: Current ``webdriver.Session``.
"""
self.id = id
self.session = session
@classmethod
def from_json(cls, json, session):
uuid = json[ShadowRoot.identifier]
return cls(session, uuid)
def send_shadow_command(self, method, uri, body=None):
url = f"shadow/{self.id}/{uri}"
return self.session.send_session_command(method, url, body)
@command
def find_element(self, strategy, selector):
body = {"using": strategy,
"value": selector}
return self.send_shadow_command("POST", "element", body)
@command
def find_elements(self, strategy, selector):
body = {"using": strategy,
"value": selector}
return self.send_shadow_command("POST", "elements", body)
class Find:
def __init__(self, session):
self.session = session
@command
def css(self, element_selector, all=True):
elements = self._find_element("css selector", element_selector, all)
return elements
def _find_element(self, strategy, selector, all):
route = "elements" if all else "element"
body = {"using": strategy,
"value": selector}
return self.session.send_session_command("POST", route, body)
class Cookies:
def __init__(self, session):
self.session = session
def __getitem__(self, name):
self.session.send_session_command("GET", "cookie/%s" % name, {})
def __setitem__(self, name, value):
cookie = {"name": name,
"value": None}
if isinstance(name, str):
cookie["value"] = value
elif hasattr(value, "value"):
cookie["value"] = value.value
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "cookie/%s" % name, {})
class UserPrompt:
def __init__(self, session):
self.session = session
@command
def dismiss(self):
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "alert/dismiss")
@command
def accept(self):
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "alert/accept")
@property
@command
def text(self):
return self.session.send_session_command("GET", "alert/text")
@text.setter
@command
def text(self, value):
body = {"text": value}
self.session.send_session_command("POST", "alert/text", body=body)
class Session:
def __init__(self,
host,
port,
url_prefix="/",
enable_bidi=False,
capabilities=None,
extension=None):
if enable_bidi:
if capabilities is not None:
capabilities.setdefault("alwaysMatch", {}).update({"webSocketUrl": True})
else:
capabilities = {"alwaysMatch": {"webSocketUrl": True}}
self.transport = transport.HTTPWireProtocol(host, port, url_prefix)
self.requested_capabilities = capabilities
self.capabilities = None
self.session_id = None
self.timeouts = None
self.window = None
self.find = None
self.enable_bidi = enable_bidi
self.bidi_session = None
self.extension = None
self.extension_cls = extension
self.timeouts = Timeouts(self)
self.window = Window(self)
self.find = Find(self)
self.alert = UserPrompt(self)
self.actions = Actions(self)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.session_id or "(disconnected)")
def __eq__(self, other):
return (self.session_id is not None and isinstance(other, Session) and
self.session_id == other.session_id)
def __enter__(self):
self.start()
return self
def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.end()
def __del__(self):
self.end()
def match(self, capabilities):
return self.requested_capabilities == capabilities
def start(self):
"""Start a new WebDriver session.
:return: Dictionary with `capabilities` and `sessionId`.
:raises error.WebDriverException: If the remote end returns
an error.
"""
if self.session_id is not None:
return
self.transport.close()
body = {"capabilities": {}}
if self.requested_capabilities is not None:
body["capabilities"] = self.requested_capabilities
value = self.send_command("POST", "session", body=body)
assert isinstance(value["sessionId"], str)
assert isinstance(value["capabilities"], Dict)
self.session_id = value["sessionId"]
self.capabilities = value["capabilities"]
if "webSocketUrl" in self.capabilities:
self.bidi_session = BidiSession.from_http(self.session_id,
self.capabilities)
elif self.enable_bidi:
self.end()
raise error.SessionNotCreatedException(
"Requested bidi session, but webSocketUrl capability not found")
if self.extension_cls:
self.extension = self.extension_cls(self)
return value
def end(self):
"""Try to close the active session."""
if self.session_id is None:
return
try:
self.send_command("DELETE", "session/%s" % self.session_id)
except (OSError, error.InvalidSessionIdException):
pass
finally:
self.session_id = None
self.transport.close()
def send_command(self, method, url, body=None, timeout=None):
"""
Send a command to the remote end and validate its success.
:param method: HTTP method to use in request.
:param uri: "Command part" of the HTTP request URL,
e.g. `window/rect`.
:param body: Optional body of the HTTP request.
:return: `None` if the HTTP response body was empty, otherwise
the `value` field returned after parsing the response
body as JSON.
:raises error.WebDriverException: If the remote end returns
an error.
:raises ValueError: If the response body does not contain a
`value` key.
"""
response = self.transport.send(
method, url, body,
encoder=protocol.Encoder, decoder=protocol.Decoder,
session=self, timeout=timeout)
if response.status != 200:
err = error.from_response(response)
if isinstance(err, error.InvalidSessionIdException):
# The driver could have already been deleted the session.
self.session_id = None
raise err
if "value" in response.body:
value = response.body["value"]
"""
Edge does not yet return the w3c session ID.
We want the tests to run in Edge anyway to help with REC.
In order to run the tests in Edge, we need to hack around
bug:
https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/issues/14641972
"""
if url == "session" and method == "POST" and "sessionId" in response.body and "sessionId" not in value:
value["sessionId"] = response.body["sessionId"]
else:
raise ValueError("Expected 'value' key in response body:\n"
"%s" % response)
return value
def send_session_command(self, method, uri, body=None, timeout=None):
"""
Send a command to an established session and validate its success.
:param method: HTTP method to use in request.
:param url: "Command part" of the HTTP request URL,
e.g. `window/rect`.
:param body: Optional body of the HTTP request. Must be JSON
serialisable.
:return: `None` if the HTTP response body was empty, otherwise
the result of parsing the body as JSON.
:raises error.WebDriverException: If the remote end returns
an error.
"""
url = urlparse.urljoin("session/%s/" % self.session_id, uri)
return self.send_command(method, url, body, timeout)
@property
@command
def url(self):
return self.send_session_command("GET", "url")
@url.setter
@command
def url(self, url):
if urlparse.urlsplit(url).netloc is None:
return self.url(url)
body = {"url": url}
return self.send_session_command("POST", "url", body)
@command
def back(self):
return self.send_session_command("POST", "back")
@command
def forward(self):
return self.send_session_command("POST", "forward")
@command
def refresh(self):
return self.send_session_command("POST", "refresh")
@property
@command
def title(self):
return self.send_session_command("GET", "title")
@property
@command
def source(self):
return self.send_session_command("GET", "source")
@command
def new_window(self, type_hint="tab"):
body = {"type": type_hint}
value = self.send_session_command("POST", "window/new", body)
return value["handle"]
@property
@command
def window_handle(self):
return self.send_session_command("GET", "window")
@window_handle.setter
@command
def window_handle(self, handle):
body = {"handle": handle}
return self.send_session_command("POST", "window", body=body)
def switch_frame(self, frame):
if frame == "parent":
url = "frame/parent"
body = None
else:
url = "frame"
body = {"id": frame}
return self.send_session_command("POST", url, body)
@property
@command
def handles(self):
return self.send_session_command("GET", "window/handles")
@property
@command
def active_element(self):
return self.send_session_command("GET", "element/active")
@command
def cookies(self, name=None):
if name is None:
url = "cookie"
else:
url = "cookie/%s" % name
return self.send_session_command("GET", url, {})
@command
def set_cookie(self, name, value, path=None, domain=None,
secure=None, expiry=None, http_only=None):
body = {
"name": name,
"value": value,
}
if domain is not None:
body["domain"] = domain
if expiry is not None:
body["expiry"] = expiry
if http_only is not None:
body["httpOnly"] = http_only
if path is not None:
body["path"] = path
if secure is not None:
body["secure"] = secure
self.send_session_command("POST", "cookie", {"cookie": body})
def delete_cookie(self, name=None):
if name is None:
url = "cookie"
else:
url = "cookie/%s" % name
self.send_session_command("DELETE", url, {})
#[...]
@command
def execute_script(self, script, args=None):
if args is None:
args = []
body = {
"script": script,
"args": args
}
return self.send_session_command("POST", "execute/sync", body)
@command
def execute_async_script(self, script, args=None):
if args is None:
args = []
body = {
"script": script,
"args": args
}
return self.send_session_command("POST", "execute/async", body)
#[...]
@command
def screenshot(self):
return self.send_session_command("GET", "screenshot")
class Element:
"""
Representation of a web element.
A web element is an abstraction used to identify an element when
it is transported via the protocol, between remote- and local ends.
"""
identifier = "element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf"
def __init__(self, session, id):
"""
Construct a new web element representation.
:param session: Current ``webdriver.Session``.
:param id: Web element UUID which must be unique across all browsing contexts.
"""
self.id = id
self.session = session
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
def __eq__(self, other):
return (isinstance(other, Element) and self.id == other.id and
self.session == other.session)
@classmethod
def from_json(cls, json, session):
uuid = json[Element.identifier]
return cls(session, uuid)
def send_element_command(self, method, uri, body=None):
url = "element/%s/%s" % (self.id, uri)
return self.session.send_session_command(method, url, body)
@command
def find_element(self, strategy, selector):
body = {"using": strategy,
"value": selector}
return self.send_element_command("POST", "element", body)
@command
def click(self):
self.send_element_command("POST", "click", {})
@command
def tap(self):
self.send_element_command("POST", "tap", {})
@command
def clear(self):
self.send_element_command("POST", "clear", {})
@command
def send_keys(self, text):
return self.send_element_command("POST", "value", {"text": text})
@property
@command
def text(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "text")
@property
@command
def name(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "name")
@command
def style(self, property_name):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "css/%s" % property_name)
@property
@command
def rect(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "rect")
@property
@command
def selected(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "selected")
@command
def screenshot(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "screenshot")
@property
@command
def shadow_root(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "shadow")
@command
def attribute(self, name):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "attribute/%s" % name)
@command
def get_computed_label(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "computedlabel")
@command
def get_computed_role(self):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "computedrole")
# This MUST come last because otherwise @property decorators above
# will be overridden by this.
@command
def property(self, name):
return self.send_element_command("GET", "property/%s" % name)
|