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+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
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+<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="&lt;-" alt="&lt;-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
+<div id="path">
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> &gt; <a href="./">How-To / Tutorials</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Apache HTTP Server Tutorial: .htaccess files</h1>
+<div class="toplang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/htaccess.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
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+</div>
+
+<p><code>.htaccess</code> files provide a way to make configuration
+changes on a per-directory basis.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">.htaccess files</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#what">What they are/How to use them</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#when">When (not) to use .htaccess files</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#how">How directives are applied</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#auth">Authentication example</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#ssi">Server Side Includes example</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite">Rewrite Rules in .htaccess files</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cgi">CGI example</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#troubleshoot">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="related" id="related">.htaccess files</a></h2>
+ <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/core.html">core</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html">mod_authn_file</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html">mod_authz_groupfile</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#sethandler">SetHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authtype">AuthType</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authname">AuthName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_core.html#require">Require</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
+
+ <div class="note">You should avoid using <code>.htaccess</code> files completely if you have access to
+ httpd main server config file. Using <code>.htaccess</code> files slows down your Apache http server.
+ Any directive that you can include in a <code>.htaccess</code> file is better set in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">Directory</a></code> block, as it will have the same effect with better performance.</div>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="what" id="what">What they are/How to use them</a></h2>
+
+
+ <p><code>.htaccess</code> files (or "distributed configuration files")
+ provide a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis. A
+ file, containing one or more configuration directives, is placed in a
+ particular document directory, and the directives apply to that
+ directory, and all subdirectories thereof.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><h3>Note:</h3>
+ <p>If you want to call your <code>.htaccess</code> file something
+ else, you can change the name of the file using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code> directive. For example,
+ if you would rather call the file <code>.config</code> then you
+ can put the following in your server configuration file:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AccessFileName ".config"</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In general, <code>.htaccess</code> files use the same syntax as
+ the <a href="../configuring.html#syntax">main configuration
+ files</a>. What you can put in these files is determined by the
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> directive. This
+ directive specifies, in categories, what directives will be
+ honored if they are found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file. If a
+ directive is permitted in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, the
+ documentation for that directive will contain an Override section,
+ specifying what value must be in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> in order for that
+ directive to be permitted.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, if you look at the documentation for the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#adddefaultcharset">AddDefaultCharset</a></code>
+ directive, you will find that it is permitted in <code>.htaccess</code>
+ files. (See the Context line in the directive summary.) The <a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Override</a> line reads
+ <code>FileInfo</code>. Thus, you must have at least
+ <code>AllowOverride FileInfo</code> in order for this directive to be
+ honored in <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><h3>Example:</h3><table>
+ <tr>
+ <td><a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></td>
+ <td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></td>
+ <td>FileInfo</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table></div>
+
+ <p>If you are unsure whether a particular directive is permitted in a
+ <code>.htaccess</code> file, look at the documentation for that
+ directive, and check the Context line for ".htaccess".</p>
+ </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="when" id="when">When (not) to use .htaccess files</a></h2>
+
+ <p>In general, you should only use <code>.htaccess</code> files when
+ you don't have access to the main server configuration file. There is,
+ for example, a common misconception that user authentication should
+ always be done in <code>.htaccess</code> files, and, in more recent years,
+ another misconception that <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> directives
+ must go in <code>.htaccess</code> files. This is simply not the
+ case. You can put user authentication configurations in the main server
+ configuration, and this is, in fact, the preferred way to do
+ things. Likewise, <code>mod_rewrite</code> directives work better,
+ in many respects, in the main server configuration.</p>
+
+ <p><code>.htaccess</code> files should be used in a case where the
+ content providers need to make configuration changes to the server on a
+ per-directory basis, but do not have root access on the server system.
+ In the event that the server administrator is not willing to make
+ frequent configuration changes, it might be desirable to permit
+ individual users to make these changes in <code>.htaccess</code> files
+ for themselves. This is particularly true, for example, in cases where
+ ISPs are hosting multiple user sites on a single machine, and want
+ their users to be able to alter their configuration.</p>
+
+ <p>However, in general, use of <code>.htaccess</code> files should be
+ avoided when possible. Any configuration that you would consider
+ putting in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, can just as effectively be
+ made in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">&lt;Directory&gt;</a></code> section in your main server
+ configuration file.</p>
+
+ <p>There are two main reasons to avoid the use of
+ <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>
+
+ <p>The first of these is performance. When <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code>
+ is set to allow the use of <code>.htaccess</code> files, httpd will
+ look in every directory for <code>.htaccess</code> files. Thus,
+ permitting <code>.htaccess</code> files causes a performance hit,
+ whether or not you actually even use them! Also, the
+ <code>.htaccess</code> file is loaded every time a document is
+ requested.</p>
+
+ <p>Further note that httpd must look for <code>.htaccess</code> files
+ in all higher-level directories, in order to have a full complement of
+ directives that it must apply. (See section on <a href="#how">how
+ directives are applied</a>.) Thus, if a file is requested out of a
+ directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>, httpd must look for the
+ following files:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ /.htaccess<br />
+ /www/.htaccess<br />
+ /www/htdocs/.htaccess<br />
+ /www/htdocs/example/.htaccess
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>And so, for each file access out of that directory, there are 4
+ additional file-system accesses, even if none of those files are
+ present. (Note that this would only be the case if
+ <code>.htaccess</code> files were enabled for <code>/</code>, which
+ is not usually the case.)</p>
+
+ <p>In the case of <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> directives, in
+ <code>.htaccess</code> context these regular expressions must be
+ re-compiled with every request to the directory, whereas in main
+ server configuration context they are compiled once and cached.
+ Additionally, the rules themselves are more complicated, as one must
+ work around the restrictions that come with per-directory context
+ and <code>mod_rewrite</code>. Consult the <a href="../rewrite/intro.html#htaccess">Rewrite Guide</a> for more
+ detail on this subject.</p>
+
+ <p>The second consideration is one of security. You are permitting
+ users to modify server configuration, which may result in changes over
+ which you have no control. Carefully consider whether you want to give
+ your users this privilege. Note also that giving users less
+ privileges than they need will lead to additional technical support
+ requests. Make sure you clearly tell your users what level of
+ privileges you have given them. Specifying exactly what you have set
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> to, and pointing them
+ to the relevant documentation, will save yourself a lot of confusion
+ later.</p>
+
+ <p>Note that it is completely equivalent to put a <code>.htaccess</code>
+ file in a directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code> containing a
+ directive, and to put that same directive in a Directory section
+ <code>&lt;Directory "/www/htdocs/example"&gt;</code> in your main server
+ configuration:</p>
+
+ <p><code>.htaccess</code> file in <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><h3>Contents of .htaccess file in
+ <code>/www/htdocs/example</code></h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AddType text/example ".exm"</pre>
+</div>
+
+ <div class="example"><h3>Section from your <code>httpd.conf</code>
+ file</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;Directory "/www/htdocs/example"&gt;
+ AddType text/example ".exm"
+&lt;/Directory&gt;</pre>
+</div>
+
+ <p>However, putting this configuration in your server configuration
+ file will result in less of a performance hit, as the configuration is
+ loaded once when httpd starts, rather than every time a file is
+ requested.</p>
+
+ <p>The use of <code>.htaccess</code> files can be disabled completely
+ by setting the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code>
+ directive to <code>none</code>:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AllowOverride None</pre>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="how" id="how">How directives are applied</a></h2>
+
+ <p>The configuration directives found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file
+ are applied to the directory in which the <code>.htaccess</code> file
+ is found, and to all subdirectories thereof. However, it is important
+ to also remember that there may have been <code>.htaccess</code> files
+ in directories higher up. Directives are applied in the order that they
+ are found. Therefore, a <code>.htaccess</code> file in a particular
+ directory may override directives found in <code>.htaccess</code> files
+ found higher up in the directory tree. And those, in turn, may have
+ overridden directives found yet higher up, or in the main server
+ configuration file itself.</p>
+
+ <p>Example:</p>
+
+ <p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1</code> we have a
+ <code>.htaccess</code> file containing the following:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI</pre>
+
+
+ <p>(Note: you must have "<code>AllowOverride Options</code>" in effect
+ to permit the use of the "<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code>" directive in
+ <code>.htaccess</code> files.)</p>
+
+ <p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code> we have
+ a <code>.htaccess</code> file containing:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options Includes</pre>
+
+
+ <p>Because of this second <code>.htaccess</code> file, in the directory
+ <code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code>, CGI execution is not
+ permitted, as only <code>Options Includes</code> is in effect, which
+ completely overrides any earlier setting that may have been in
+ place.</p>
+
+ <h3><a name="merge" id="merge">Merging of .htaccess with the main
+ configuration files</a></h3>
+
+ <p>As discussed in the documentation on <a href="../sections.html">Configuration Sections</a>,
+ <code>.htaccess</code> files can override the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">&lt;Directory&gt;</a></code> sections for
+ the corresponding directory, but will be overridden by other types
+ of configuration sections from the main configuration files. This
+ fact can be used to enforce certain configurations, even in the
+ presence of a liberal <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> setting. For example, to
+ prevent script execution while allowing anything else to be set in
+ <code>.htaccess</code> you can use:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;Directory "/www/htdocs"&gt;
+ AllowOverride All
+&lt;/Directory&gt;
+
+&lt;Location "/"&gt;
+ Options +IncludesNoExec -ExecCGI
+&lt;/Location&gt;</pre>
+
+
+ <div class="note">This example assumes that your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> is <code>/www/htdocs</code>.</div>
+
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="auth" id="auth">Authentication example</a></h2>
+
+ <p>If you jumped directly to this part of the document to find out how
+ to do authentication, it is important to note one thing. There is a
+ common misconception that you are required to use
+ <code>.htaccess</code> files in order to implement password
+ authentication. This is not the case. Putting authentication directives
+ in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">&lt;Directory&gt;</a></code>
+ section, in your main server configuration file, is the preferred way
+ to implement this, and <code>.htaccess</code> files should be used only
+ if you don't have access to the main server configuration file. See <a href="#when">above</a> for a discussion of when you should and should
+ not use <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>
+
+ <p>Having said that, if you still think you need to use a
+ <code>.htaccess</code> file, you may find that a configuration such as
+ what follows may work for you.</p>
+
+ <p><code>.htaccess</code> file contents:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AuthType Basic
+AuthName "Password Required"
+AuthUserFile "/www/passwords/password.file"
+AuthGroupFile "/www/passwords/group.file"
+Require group admins</pre>
+
+
+ <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride AuthConfig</code> must be in effect
+ for these directives to have any effect.</p>
+
+ <p>Please see the <a href="auth.html">authentication tutorial</a> for a
+ more complete discussion of authentication and authorization.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="ssi" id="ssi">Server Side Includes example</a></h2>
+
+ <p>Another common use of <code>.htaccess</code> files is to enable
+ Server Side Includes for a particular directory. This may be done with
+ the following configuration directives, placed in a
+ <code>.htaccess</code> file in the desired directory:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +Includes
+AddType text/html shtml
+AddHandler server-parsed shtml</pre>
+
+
+ <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride
+ FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any
+ effect.</p>
+
+ <p>Please see the <a href="ssi.html">SSI tutorial</a> for a more
+ complete discussion of server-side includes.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewrite Rules in .htaccess files</a></h2>
+<p>When using <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> in
+<code>.htaccess</code> files, be aware that the per-directory context
+changes things a bit. In particular, rules are taken to be relative to
+the current directory, rather than being the original requested URI.
+Consider the following examples:</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># In httpd.conf
+RewriteRule "^/images/(.+)\.jpg" "/images/$1.png"
+
+# In .htaccess in root dir
+RewriteRule "^images/(.+)\.jpg" "images/$1.png"
+
+# In .htaccess in images/
+RewriteRule "^(.+)\.jpg" "$1.png"</pre>
+
+
+<p>In a <code>.htaccess</code> in your document directory, the leading
+slash is removed from the value supplied to <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>, and in the
+<code>images</code> subdirectory, <code>/images/</code> is removed from
+it. Thus, your regular expression needs to omit that portion as
+well.</p>
+
+<p>Consult the <a href="../rewrite/">mod_rewrite documentation</a> for
+further details on using <code>mod_rewrite</code>.</p>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="cgi" id="cgi">CGI example</a></h2>
+
+ <p>Finally, you may wish to use a <code>.htaccess</code> file to permit
+ the execution of CGI programs in a particular directory. This may be
+ implemented with the following configuration:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI
+AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl</pre>
+
+
+ <p>Alternately, if you wish to have all files in the given directory be
+ considered to be CGI programs, this may be done with the following
+ configuration:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI
+SetHandler cgi-script</pre>
+
+
+ <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride
+ FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any
+ effect.</p>
+
+ <p>Please see the <a href="cgi.html">CGI tutorial</a> for a more
+ complete discussion of CGI programming and configuration.</p>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="troubleshoot" id="troubleshoot">Troubleshooting</a></h2>
+
+ <p>When you put configuration directives in a <code>.htaccess</code>
+ file, and you don't get the desired effect, there are a number of
+ things that may be going wrong.</p>
+
+ <p>Most commonly, the problem is that <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> is not
+ set such that your configuration directives are being honored. Make
+ sure that you don't have a <code>AllowOverride None</code> in effect
+ for the file scope in question. A good test for this is to put garbage
+ in your <code>.htaccess</code> file and reload the page. If a server error is
+ not generated, then you almost certainly have <code>AllowOverride
+ None</code> in effect.</p>
+
+ <p>If, on the other hand, you are getting server errors when trying to
+ access documents, check your httpd error log. It will likely tell you
+ that the directive used in your <code>.htaccess</code> file is not
+ permitted.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ [Fri Sep 17 18:43:16 2010] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: DirectoryIndex not allowed here
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>This will indicate either that you've used a directive that is
+ never permitted in <code>.htaccess</code> files, or that you simply
+ don't have <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> set to
+ a level sufficient for the directive you've used. Consult the
+ documentation for that particular directive to determine which is
+ the case.</p>
+
+ <p>Alternately, it may tell you that you had a syntax error in your
+ usage of the directive itself.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ [Sat Aug 09 16:22:34 2008] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: RewriteCond: bad flag delimiters
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>In this case, the error message should be specific to the
+ particular syntax error that you have committed.</p>
+
+</div></div>
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