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+# Direct Memory Access (DMA) From User Space {#memory}
+
+The following is an attempt to explain why all data buffers passed to SPDK must
+be allocated using spdk_dma_malloc() or its siblings, and why SPDK relies on
+DPDK's proven base functionality to implement memory management.
+
+Computing platforms generally carve physical memory up into 4KiB segments
+called pages. They number the pages from 0 to N starting from the beginning of
+addressable memory. Operating systems then overlay 4KiB virtual memory pages on
+top of these physical pages using arbitrarily complex mappings. See
+[Virtual Memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory) for an overview.
+
+Physical memory is attached on channels, where each memory channel provides
+some fixed amount of bandwidth. To optimize total memory bandwidth, the
+physical addressing is often set up to automatically interleave between
+channels. For instance, page 0 may be located on channel 0, page 1 on channel
+1, page 2 on channel 2, etc. This is so that writing to memory sequentially
+automatically utilizes all available channels. In practice, interleaving is
+done at a much more granular level than a full page.
+
+Modern computing platforms support hardware acceleration for virtual to
+physical translation inside of their Memory Management Unit (MMU). The MMU
+often supports multiple different page sizes. On recent x86_64 systems, 4KiB,
+2MiB, and 1GiB pages are supported. Typically, operating systems use 4KiB pages
+by default.
+
+NVMe devices transfer data to and from system memory using Direct Memory Access
+(DMA). Specifically, they send messages across the PCI bus requesting data
+transfers. In the absence of an IOMMU, these messages contain *physical* memory
+addresses. These data transfers happen without involving the CPU, and the MMU
+is responsible for making access to memory coherent.
+
+NVMe devices also may place additional requirements on the physical layout of
+memory for these transfers. The NVMe 1.0 specification requires all physical
+memory to be describable by what is called a *PRP list*. To be described by a
+PRP list, memory must have the following properties:
+
+* The memory is broken into physical 4KiB pages, which we'll call device pages.
+* The first device page can be a partial page starting at any 4-byte aligned
+  address. It may extend up to the end of the current physical page, but not
+  beyond.
+* If there is more than one device page, the first device page must end on a
+  physical 4KiB page boundary.
+* The last device page begins on a physical 4KiB page boundary, but is not
+  required to end on a physical 4KiB page boundary.
+
+The specification allows for device pages to be other sizes than 4KiB, but all
+known devices as of this writing use 4KiB.
+
+The NVMe 1.1 specification added support for fully flexible scatter gather lists,
+but the feature is optional and most devices available today do not support it.
+
+User space drivers run in the context of a regular process and so have access
+to virtual memory. In order to correctly program the device with physical
+addresses, some method for address translation must be implemented.
+
+The simplest way to do this on Linux is to inspect `/proc/self/pagemap` from
+within a process. This file contains the virtual address to physical address
+mappings. As of Linux 4.0, accessing these mappings requires root privileges.
+However, operating systems make absolutely no guarantee that the mapping of
+virtual to physical pages is static. The operating system has no visibility
+into whether a PCI device is directly transferring data to a set of physical
+addresses, so great care must be taken to coordinate DMA requests with page
+movement. When an operating system flags a page such that the virtual to
+physical address mapping cannot be modified, this is called **pinning** the
+page.
+
+There are several reasons why the virtual to physical mappings may change, too.
+By far the most common reason is due to page swapping to disk. However, the
+operating system also moves pages during a process called compaction, which
+collapses identical virtual pages onto the same physical page to save memory.
+Some operating systems are also capable of doing transparent memory
+compression. It is also increasingly possible to hot-add additional memory,
+which may trigger a physical address rebalance to optimize interleaving.
+
+POSIX provides the `mlock` call that forces a virtual page of memory to always
+be backed by a physical page. In effect, this is disabling swapping. This does
+*not* guarantee, however, that the virtual to physical address mapping is
+static. The `mlock` call should not be confused with a **pin** call, and it
+turns out that POSIX does not define an API for pinning memory. Therefore, the
+mechanism to allocate pinned memory is operating system specific.
+
+SPDK relies on DPDK to allocate pinned memory. On Linux, DPDK does this by
+allocating `hugepages` (by default, 2MiB). The Linux kernel treats hugepages
+differently than regular 4KiB pages. Specifically, the operating system will
+never change their physical location. This is not by intent, and so things
+could change in future versions, but it is true today and has been for a number
+of years (see the later section on the IOMMU for a future-proof solution).
+
+With this explanation, hopefully it is now clear why all data buffers passed to
+SPDK must be allocated using spdk_dma_malloc() or its siblings. The buffers
+must be allocated specifically so that they are pinned and so that physical
+addresses are known.
+
+# IOMMU Support
+
+Many platforms contain an extra piece of hardware called an I/O Memory
+Management Unit (IOMMU). An IOMMU is much like a regular MMU, except it
+provides virtualized address spaces to peripheral devices (i.e. on the PCI
+bus). The MMU knows about virtual to physical mappings per process on the
+system, so the IOMMU associates a particular device with one of these mappings
+and then allows the user to assign arbitrary *bus addresses* to virtual
+addresses in their process. All DMA operations between the PCI device and
+system memory are then translated through the IOMMU by converting the bus
+address to a virtual address and then the virtual address to the physical
+address. This allows the operating system to freely modify the virtual to
+physical address mapping without breaking ongoing DMA operations. Linux
+provides a device driver, `vfio-pci`, that allows a user to configure the IOMMU
+with their current process.
+
+This is a future-proof, hardware-accelerated solution for performing DMA
+operations into and out of a user space process and forms the long-term
+foundation for SPDK and DPDK's memory management strategy. We highly recommend
+that applications are deployed using vfio and the IOMMU enabled, which is fully
+supported today.