Adding upstream version 115.7.0esr.upstream/115.7.0esrupstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 1430 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/third_party/rust/base64/src/engine/tests.rs b/third_party/rust/base64/src/engine/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..906bba04d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/base64/src/engine/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1430 @@
+// rstest_reuse template functions have unused variables
+#![allow(unused_variables)]
+
+use rand::{
+    self,
+    distributions::{self, Distribution as _},
+    rngs, Rng as _, SeedableRng as _,
+};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use rstest_reuse::{apply, template};
+use std::{collections, fmt};
+
+use crate::{
+    alphabet::{Alphabet, STANDARD},
+    encode::add_padding,
+    encoded_len,
+    engine::{general_purpose, naive, Config, DecodeEstimate, DecodePaddingMode, Engine},
+    tests::{assert_encode_sanity, random_alphabet, random_config},
+    DecodeError, PAD_BYTE,
+};
+
+// the case::foo syntax includes the "foo" in the generated test method names
+#[template]
+#[rstest(engine_wrapper,
+case::general_purpose(GeneralPurposeWrapper {}),
+case::naive(NaiveWrapper {}),
+)]
+fn all_engines<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn rfc_test_vectors_std_alphabet<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let data = vec![
+        ("", ""),
+        ("f", "Zg=="),
+        ("fo", "Zm8="),
+        ("foo", "Zm9v"),
+        ("foob", "Zm9vYg=="),
+        ("fooba", "Zm9vYmE="),
+        ("foobar", "Zm9vYmFy"),
+    ];
+
+    let engine = E::standard();
+    let engine_no_padding = E::standard_unpadded();
+
+    for (orig, encoded) in &data {
+        let encoded_without_padding = encoded.trim_end_matches('=');
+
+        // unpadded
+        {
+            let mut encode_buf = [0_u8; 8];
+            let mut decode_buf = [0_u8; 6];
+
+            let encode_len =
+                engine_no_padding.internal_encode(orig.as_bytes(), &mut encode_buf[..]);
+            assert_eq!(
+                &encoded_without_padding,
+                &std::str::from_utf8(&encode_buf[0..encode_len]).unwrap()
+            );
+            let decode_len = engine_no_padding
+                .decode_slice_unchecked(encoded_without_padding.as_bytes(), &mut decode_buf[..])
+                .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(orig.len(), decode_len);
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                orig,
+                &std::str::from_utf8(&decode_buf[0..decode_len]).unwrap()
+            );
+
+            // if there was any padding originally, the no padding engine won't decode it
+            if encoded.as_bytes().contains(&PAD_BYTE) {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    Err(DecodeError::InvalidPadding),
+                    engine_no_padding.decode(encoded)
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        // padded
+        {
+            let mut encode_buf = [0_u8; 8];
+            let mut decode_buf = [0_u8; 6];
+
+            let encode_len = engine.internal_encode(orig.as_bytes(), &mut encode_buf[..]);
+            assert_eq!(
+                // doesn't have padding added yet
+                &encoded_without_padding,
+                &std::str::from_utf8(&encode_buf[0..encode_len]).unwrap()
+            );
+            let pad_len = add_padding(orig.len(), &mut encode_buf[encode_len..]);
+            assert_eq!(encoded.as_bytes(), &encode_buf[..encode_len + pad_len]);
+
+            let decode_len = engine
+                .decode_slice_unchecked(encoded.as_bytes(), &mut decode_buf[..])
+                .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(orig.len(), decode_len);
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                orig,
+                &std::str::from_utf8(&decode_buf[0..decode_len]).unwrap()
+            );
+
+            // if there was (canonical) padding, and we remove it, the standard engine won't decode
+            if encoded.as_bytes().contains(&PAD_BYTE) {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    Err(DecodeError::InvalidPadding),
+                    engine.decode(encoded_without_padding)
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn roundtrip_random<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    let mut orig_data = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut encode_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut decode_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
+
+    let len_range = distributions::Uniform::new(1, 1_000);
+
+    for _ in 0..10_000 {
+        let engine = E::random(&mut rng);
+
+        orig_data.clear();
+        encode_buf.clear();
+        decode_buf.clear();
+
+        let (orig_len, _, encoded_len) = generate_random_encoded_data(
+            &engine,
+            &mut orig_data,
+            &mut encode_buf,
+            &mut rng,
+            &len_range,
+        );
+
+        // exactly the right size
+        decode_buf.resize(orig_len, 0);
+
+        let dec_len = engine
+            .decode_slice_unchecked(&encode_buf[0..encoded_len], &mut decode_buf[..])
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(orig_len, dec_len);
+        assert_eq!(&orig_data[..], &decode_buf[..dec_len]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn encode_doesnt_write_extra_bytes<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    let mut orig_data = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut encode_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut encode_buf_backup = Vec::<u8>::new();
+
+    let input_len_range = distributions::Uniform::new(0, 1000);
+
+    for _ in 0..10_000 {
+        let engine = E::random(&mut rng);
+        let padded = engine.config().encode_padding();
+
+        orig_data.clear();
+        encode_buf.clear();
+        encode_buf_backup.clear();
+
+        let orig_len = fill_rand(&mut orig_data, &mut rng, &input_len_range);
+
+        let prefix_len = 1024;
+        // plenty of prefix and suffix
+        fill_rand_len(&mut encode_buf, &mut rng, prefix_len * 2 + orig_len * 2);
+        encode_buf_backup.extend_from_slice(&encode_buf[..]);
+
+        let expected_encode_len_no_pad = encoded_len(orig_len, false).unwrap();
+
+        let encoded_len_no_pad =
+            engine.internal_encode(&orig_data[..], &mut encode_buf[prefix_len..]);
+        assert_eq!(expected_encode_len_no_pad, encoded_len_no_pad);
+
+        // no writes past what it claimed to write
+        assert_eq!(&encode_buf_backup[..prefix_len], &encode_buf[..prefix_len]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            &encode_buf_backup[(prefix_len + encoded_len_no_pad)..],
+            &encode_buf[(prefix_len + encoded_len_no_pad)..]
+        );
+
+        let encoded_data = &encode_buf[prefix_len..(prefix_len + encoded_len_no_pad)];
+        assert_encode_sanity(
+            std::str::from_utf8(encoded_data).unwrap(),
+            // engines don't pad
+            false,
+            orig_len,
+        );
+
+        // pad so we can decode it in case our random engine requires padding
+        let pad_len = if padded {
+            add_padding(orig_len, &mut encode_buf[prefix_len + encoded_len_no_pad..])
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            orig_data,
+            engine
+                .decode(&encode_buf[prefix_len..(prefix_len + encoded_len_no_pad + pad_len)],)
+                .unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn encode_engine_slice_fits_into_precisely_sized_slice<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let mut orig_data = Vec::new();
+    let mut encoded_data = Vec::new();
+    let mut decoded = Vec::new();
+
+    let input_len_range = distributions::Uniform::new(0, 1000);
+
+    let mut rng = rngs::SmallRng::from_entropy();
+
+    for _ in 0..10_000 {
+        orig_data.clear();
+        encoded_data.clear();
+        decoded.clear();
+
+        let input_len = input_len_range.sample(&mut rng);
+
+        for _ in 0..input_len {
+            orig_data.push(rng.gen());
+        }
+
+        let engine = E::random(&mut rng);
+
+        let encoded_size = encoded_len(input_len, engine.config().encode_padding()).unwrap();
+
+        encoded_data.resize(encoded_size, 0);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            encoded_size,
+            engine.encode_slice(&orig_data, &mut encoded_data).unwrap()
+        );
+
+        assert_encode_sanity(
+            std::str::from_utf8(&encoded_data[0..encoded_size]).unwrap(),
+            engine.config().encode_padding(),
+            input_len,
+        );
+
+        engine
+            .decode_vec(&encoded_data[0..encoded_size], &mut decoded)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(orig_data, decoded);
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_doesnt_write_extra_bytes<E>(engine_wrapper: E)
+where
+    E: EngineWrapper,
+    <<E as EngineWrapper>::Engine as Engine>::Config: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    let mut orig_data = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut encode_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut decode_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut decode_buf_backup = Vec::<u8>::new();
+
+    let len_range = distributions::Uniform::new(1, 1_000);
+
+    for _ in 0..10_000 {
+        let engine = E::random(&mut rng);
+
+        orig_data.clear();
+        encode_buf.clear();
+        decode_buf.clear();
+        decode_buf_backup.clear();
+
+        let orig_len = fill_rand(&mut orig_data, &mut rng, &len_range);
+        encode_buf.resize(orig_len * 2 + 100, 0);
+
+        let encoded_len = engine
+            .encode_slice(&orig_data[..], &mut encode_buf[..])
+            .unwrap();
+        encode_buf.truncate(encoded_len);
+
+        // oversize decode buffer so we can easily tell if it writes anything more than
+        // just the decoded data
+        let prefix_len = 1024;
+        // plenty of prefix and suffix
+        fill_rand_len(&mut decode_buf, &mut rng, prefix_len * 2 + orig_len * 2);
+        decode_buf_backup.extend_from_slice(&decode_buf[..]);
+
+        let dec_len = engine
+            .decode_slice_unchecked(&encode_buf, &mut decode_buf[prefix_len..])
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(orig_len, dec_len);
+        assert_eq!(
+            &orig_data[..],
+            &decode_buf[prefix_len..prefix_len + dec_len]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(&decode_buf_backup[..prefix_len], &decode_buf[..prefix_len]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            &decode_buf_backup[prefix_len + dec_len..],
+            &decode_buf[prefix_len + dec_len..]
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_detect_invalid_last_symbol<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    // 0xFF -> "/w==", so all letters > w, 0-9, and '+', '/' should get InvalidLastSymbol
+    let engine = E::standard();
+
+    assert_eq!(Ok(vec![0x89, 0x85]), engine.decode("iYU="));
+    assert_eq!(Ok(vec![0xFF]), engine.decode("/w=="));
+
+    for (suffix, offset) in vec![
+        // suffix, offset of bad byte from start of suffix
+        ("/x==", 1_usize),
+        ("/z==", 1_usize),
+        ("/0==", 1_usize),
+        ("/9==", 1_usize),
+        ("/+==", 1_usize),
+        ("//==", 1_usize),
+        // trailing 01
+        ("iYV=", 2_usize),
+        // trailing 10
+        ("iYW=", 2_usize),
+        // trailing 11
+        ("iYX=", 2_usize),
+    ] {
+        for prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            let mut encoded = "AAAA".repeat(prefix_quads);
+            encoded.push_str(suffix);
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                Err(DecodeError::InvalidLastSymbol(
+                    encoded.len() - 4 + offset,
+                    suffix.as_bytes()[offset],
+                )),
+                engine.decode(encoded.as_str())
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_detect_invalid_last_symbol_when_length_is_also_invalid<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    // check across enough lengths that it would likely cover any implementation's various internal
+    // small/large input division
+    for len in (0_usize..256).map(|len| len * 4 + 1) {
+        let engine = E::random_alphabet(&mut rng, &STANDARD);
+
+        let mut input = vec![b'A'; len];
+
+        // with a valid last char, it's InvalidLength
+        assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidLength), engine.decode(&input));
+        // after mangling the last char, it's InvalidByte
+        input[len - 1] = b'"';
+        assert_eq!(
+            Err(DecodeError::InvalidByte(len - 1, b'"')),
+            engine.decode(&input)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_detect_invalid_last_symbol_every_possible_two_symbols<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    let engine = E::standard();
+
+    let mut base64_to_bytes = collections::HashMap::new();
+
+    for b in 0_u8..=255 {
+        let mut b64 = vec![0_u8; 4];
+        assert_eq!(2, engine.internal_encode(&[b], &mut b64[..]));
+        let _ = add_padding(1, &mut b64[2..]);
+
+        assert!(base64_to_bytes.insert(b64, vec![b]).is_none());
+    }
+
+    // every possible combination of trailing symbols must either decode to 1 byte or get InvalidLastSymbol, with or without any leading chunks
+
+    let mut prefix = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..256 {
+        let mut clone = prefix.clone();
+
+        let mut symbols = [0_u8; 4];
+        for &s1 in STANDARD.symbols.iter() {
+            symbols[0] = s1;
+            for &s2 in STANDARD.symbols.iter() {
+                symbols[1] = s2;
+                symbols[2] = PAD_BYTE;
+                symbols[3] = PAD_BYTE;
+
+                // chop off previous symbols
+                clone.truncate(prefix.len());
+                clone.extend_from_slice(&symbols[..]);
+                let decoded_prefix_len = prefix.len() / 4 * 3;
+
+                match base64_to_bytes.get(&symbols[..]) {
+                    Some(bytes) => {
+                        let res = engine
+                            .decode(&clone)
+                            // remove prefix
+                            .map(|decoded| decoded[decoded_prefix_len..].to_vec());
+
+                        assert_eq!(Ok(bytes.clone()), res);
+                    }
+                    None => assert_eq!(
+                        Err(DecodeError::InvalidLastSymbol(1, s2)),
+                        engine.decode(&symbols[..])
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        prefix.extend_from_slice(b"AAAA");
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_detect_invalid_last_symbol_every_possible_three_symbols<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    let engine = E::standard();
+
+    let mut base64_to_bytes = collections::HashMap::new();
+
+    let mut bytes = [0_u8; 2];
+    for b1 in 0_u8..=255 {
+        bytes[0] = b1;
+        for b2 in 0_u8..=255 {
+            bytes[1] = b2;
+            let mut b64 = vec![0_u8; 4];
+            assert_eq!(3, engine.internal_encode(&bytes, &mut b64[..]));
+            let _ = add_padding(2, &mut b64[3..]);
+
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(2);
+            v.extend_from_slice(&bytes[..]);
+
+            assert!(base64_to_bytes.insert(b64, v).is_none());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // every possible combination of symbols must either decode to 2 bytes or get InvalidLastSymbol, with or without any leading chunks
+
+    let mut prefix = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..256 {
+        let mut input = prefix.clone();
+
+        let mut symbols = [0_u8; 4];
+        for &s1 in STANDARD.symbols.iter() {
+            symbols[0] = s1;
+            for &s2 in STANDARD.symbols.iter() {
+                symbols[1] = s2;
+                for &s3 in STANDARD.symbols.iter() {
+                    symbols[2] = s3;
+                    symbols[3] = PAD_BYTE;
+
+                    // chop off previous symbols
+                    input.truncate(prefix.len());
+                    input.extend_from_slice(&symbols[..]);
+                    let decoded_prefix_len = prefix.len() / 4 * 3;
+
+                    match base64_to_bytes.get(&symbols[..]) {
+                        Some(bytes) => {
+                            let res = engine
+                                .decode(&input)
+                                // remove prefix
+                                .map(|decoded| decoded[decoded_prefix_len..].to_vec());
+
+                            assert_eq!(Ok(bytes.clone()), res);
+                        }
+                        None => assert_eq!(
+                            Err(DecodeError::InvalidLastSymbol(2, s3)),
+                            engine.decode(&symbols[..])
+                        ),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        prefix.extend_from_slice(b"AAAA");
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_invalid_trailing_bits_ignored_when_configured<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let strict = E::standard();
+    let forgiving = E::standard_allow_trailing_bits();
+
+    fn assert_tolerant_decode<E: Engine>(
+        engine: &E,
+        input: &mut String,
+        b64_prefix_len: usize,
+        expected_decode_bytes: Vec<u8>,
+        data: &str,
+    ) {
+        let prefixed = prefixed_data(input, b64_prefix_len, data);
+        let decoded = engine.decode(prefixed);
+        // prefix is always complete chunks
+        let decoded_prefix_len = b64_prefix_len / 4 * 3;
+        assert_eq!(
+            Ok(expected_decode_bytes),
+            decoded.map(|v| v[decoded_prefix_len..].to_vec())
+        );
+    }
+
+    let mut prefix = String::new();
+    for _ in 0..256 {
+        let mut input = prefix.clone();
+
+        // example from https://github.com/marshallpierce/rust-base64/issues/75
+        assert!(strict
+            .decode(prefixed_data(&mut input, prefix.len(), "/w=="))
+            .is_ok());
+        assert!(strict
+            .decode(prefixed_data(&mut input, prefix.len(), "iYU="))
+            .is_ok());
+        // trailing 01
+        assert_tolerant_decode(&forgiving, &mut input, prefix.len(), vec![255], "/x==");
+        assert_tolerant_decode(&forgiving, &mut input, prefix.len(), vec![137, 133], "iYV=");
+        // trailing 10
+        assert_tolerant_decode(&forgiving, &mut input, prefix.len(), vec![255], "/y==");
+        assert_tolerant_decode(&forgiving, &mut input, prefix.len(), vec![137, 133], "iYW=");
+        // trailing 11
+        assert_tolerant_decode(&forgiving, &mut input, prefix.len(), vec![255], "/z==");
+        assert_tolerant_decode(&forgiving, &mut input, prefix.len(), vec![137, 133], "iYX=");
+
+        prefix.push_str("AAAA");
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_invalid_byte_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    let mut orig_data = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut encode_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    let mut decode_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
+
+    let len_range = distributions::Uniform::new(1, 1_000);
+
+    for _ in 0..10_000 {
+        let alphabet = random_alphabet(&mut rng);
+        let engine = E::random_alphabet(&mut rng, alphabet);
+
+        orig_data.clear();
+        encode_buf.clear();
+        decode_buf.clear();
+
+        let (orig_len, encoded_len_just_data, encoded_len_with_padding) =
+            generate_random_encoded_data(
+                &engine,
+                &mut orig_data,
+                &mut encode_buf,
+                &mut rng,
+                &len_range,
+            );
+
+        // exactly the right size
+        decode_buf.resize(orig_len, 0);
+
+        // replace one encoded byte with an invalid byte
+        let invalid_byte: u8 = loop {
+            let byte: u8 = rng.gen();
+
+            if alphabet.symbols.contains(&byte) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                break byte;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let invalid_range = distributions::Uniform::new(0, orig_len);
+        let invalid_index = invalid_range.sample(&mut rng);
+        encode_buf[invalid_index] = invalid_byte;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            Err(DecodeError::InvalidByte(invalid_index, invalid_byte)),
+            engine.decode_slice_unchecked(
+                &encode_buf[0..encoded_len_with_padding],
+                &mut decode_buf[..],
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Any amount of padding anywhere before the final non padding character = invalid byte at first
+/// pad byte.
+/// From this, we know padding must extend to the end of the input.
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_padding_before_final_non_padding_char_error_invalid_byte<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    // the different amounts of proper padding, w/ offset from end for the last non-padding char
+    let suffixes = vec![("/w==", 2), ("iYu=", 1), ("zzzz", 0)];
+
+    let prefix_quads_range = distributions::Uniform::from(0..=256);
+
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for _ in 0..100_000 {
+            for (suffix, offset) in suffixes.iter() {
+                let mut s = "ABCD".repeat(prefix_quads_range.sample(&mut rng));
+                s.push_str(suffix);
+                let mut encoded = s.into_bytes();
+
+                // calculate a range to write padding into that leaves at least one non padding char
+                let last_non_padding_offset = encoded.len() - 1 - offset;
+
+                // don't include last non padding char as it must stay not padding
+                let padding_end = rng.gen_range(0..last_non_padding_offset);
+
+                // don't use more than 100 bytes of padding, but also use shorter lengths when
+                // padding_end is near the start of the encoded data to avoid biasing to padding
+                // the entire prefix on short lengths
+                let padding_len = rng.gen_range(1..=usize::min(100, padding_end + 1));
+                let padding_start = padding_end.saturating_sub(padding_len);
+
+                encoded[padding_start..=padding_end].fill(PAD_BYTE);
+
+                assert_eq!(
+                    Err(DecodeError::InvalidByte(padding_start, PAD_BYTE)),
+                    engine.decode(&encoded),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Any amount of padding before final chunk that crosses over into final chunk with 1-4 bytes =
+/// invalid byte at first pad byte (except for 1 byte suffix = invalid length).
+/// From this we know the padding must start in the final chunk.
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_padding_starts_before_final_chunk_error_invalid_byte<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    // must have at least one prefix quad
+    let prefix_quads_range = distributions::Uniform::from(1..256);
+    // including 1 just to make sure that it really does produce invalid length
+    let suffix_pad_len_range = distributions::Uniform::from(1..=4);
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+        for _ in 0..100_000 {
+            let suffix_len = suffix_pad_len_range.sample(&mut rng);
+            let mut encoded = "ABCD"
+                .repeat(prefix_quads_range.sample(&mut rng))
+                .into_bytes();
+            encoded.resize(encoded.len() + suffix_len, PAD_BYTE);
+
+            // amount of padding must be long enough to extend back from suffix into previous
+            // quads
+            let padding_len = rng.gen_range(suffix_len + 1..encoded.len());
+            // no non-padding after padding in this test, so padding goes to the end
+            let padding_start = encoded.len() - padding_len;
+            encoded[padding_start..].fill(PAD_BYTE);
+
+            if suffix_len == 1 {
+                assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidLength), engine.decode(&encoded),);
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    Err(DecodeError::InvalidByte(padding_start, PAD_BYTE)),
+                    engine.decode(&encoded),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 0-1 bytes of data before any amount of padding in final chunk = invalid byte, since padding
+/// is not valid data (consistent with error for pad bytes in earlier chunks).
+/// From this we know there must be 2-3 bytes of data before padding
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_too_little_data_before_padding_error_invalid_byte<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let mut rng = seeded_rng();
+
+    // want to test no prefix quad case, so start at 0
+    let prefix_quads_range = distributions::Uniform::from(0_usize..256);
+    let suffix_data_len_range = distributions::Uniform::from(0_usize..=1);
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+        for _ in 0..100_000 {
+            let suffix_data_len = suffix_data_len_range.sample(&mut rng);
+            let prefix_quad_len = prefix_quads_range.sample(&mut rng);
+
+            // ensure there is a suffix quad
+            let min_padding = usize::from(suffix_data_len == 0);
+
+            // for all possible padding lengths
+            for padding_len in min_padding..=(4 - suffix_data_len) {
+                let mut encoded = "ABCD".repeat(prefix_quad_len).into_bytes();
+                encoded.resize(encoded.len() + suffix_data_len, b'A');
+                encoded.resize(encoded.len() + padding_len, PAD_BYTE);
+
+                if suffix_data_len + padding_len == 1 {
+                    assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidLength), engine.decode(&encoded),);
+                } else {
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        Err(DecodeError::InvalidByte(
+                            prefix_quad_len * 4 + suffix_data_len,
+                            PAD_BYTE,
+                        )),
+                        engine.decode(&encoded),
+                        "suffix data len {} pad len {}",
+                        suffix_data_len,
+                        padding_len
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/361.pdf table 2, test 1
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_malleability_test_case_3_byte_suffix_valid<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        b"Hello".as_slice(),
+        &E::standard().decode("SGVsbG8=").unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+// https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/361.pdf table 2, test 2
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_malleability_test_case_3_byte_suffix_invalid_trailing_symbol<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DecodeError::InvalidLastSymbol(6, 0x39),
+        E::standard().decode("SGVsbG9=").unwrap_err()
+    );
+}
+
+// https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/361.pdf table 2, test 3
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_malleability_test_case_3_byte_suffix_no_padding<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DecodeError::InvalidPadding,
+        E::standard().decode("SGVsbG9").unwrap_err()
+    );
+}
+
+// https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/361.pdf table 2, test 4
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_malleability_test_case_2_byte_suffix_valid_two_padding_symbols<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        b"Hell".as_slice(),
+        &E::standard().decode("SGVsbA==").unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+// https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/361.pdf table 2, test 5
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_malleability_test_case_2_byte_suffix_short_padding<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DecodeError::InvalidPadding,
+        E::standard().decode("SGVsbA=").unwrap_err()
+    );
+}
+
+// https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/361.pdf table 2, test 6
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_malleability_test_case_2_byte_suffix_no_padding<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DecodeError::InvalidPadding,
+        E::standard().decode("SGVsbA").unwrap_err()
+    );
+}
+
+// https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/361.pdf table 2, test 7
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_malleability_test_case_2_byte_suffix_too_much_padding<E: EngineWrapper>(
+    engine_wrapper: E,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        DecodeError::InvalidByte(6, PAD_BYTE),
+        E::standard().decode("SGVsbA====").unwrap_err()
+    );
+}
+
+/// Requires canonical padding -> accepts 2 + 2, 3 + 1, 4 + 0 final quad configurations
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_pad_mode_requires_canonical_accepts_canonical<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    assert_all_suffixes_ok(
+        E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, DecodePaddingMode::RequireCanonical),
+        vec!["/w==", "iYU=", "AAAA"],
+    );
+}
+
+/// Requires canonical padding -> rejects 2 + 0-1, 3 + 0 final chunk configurations
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_pad_mode_requires_canonical_rejects_non_canonical<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, DecodePaddingMode::RequireCanonical);
+
+    let suffixes = vec!["/w", "/w=", "iYU"];
+    for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+        for &suffix in suffixes.iter() {
+            let mut encoded = "AAAA".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+            encoded.push_str(suffix);
+
+            let res = engine.decode(&encoded);
+
+            assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidPadding), res);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Requires no padding -> accepts 2 + 0, 3 + 0, 4 + 0 final chunk configuration
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_pad_mode_requires_no_padding_accepts_no_padding<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    assert_all_suffixes_ok(
+        E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, DecodePaddingMode::RequireNone),
+        vec!["/w", "iYU", "AAAA"],
+    );
+}
+
+/// Requires no padding -> rejects 2 + 1-2, 3 + 1 final chunk configuration
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_pad_mode_requires_no_padding_rejects_any_padding<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, DecodePaddingMode::RequireNone);
+
+    let suffixes = vec!["/w=", "/w==", "iYU="];
+    for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+        for &suffix in suffixes.iter() {
+            let mut encoded = "AAAA".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+            encoded.push_str(suffix);
+
+            let res = engine.decode(&encoded);
+
+            assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidPadding), res);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Indifferent padding accepts 2 + 0-2, 3 + 0-1, 4 + 0 final chunk configuration
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_pad_mode_indifferent_padding_accepts_anything<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    assert_all_suffixes_ok(
+        E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, DecodePaddingMode::Indifferent),
+        vec!["/w", "/w=", "/w==", "iYU", "iYU=", "AAAA"],
+    );
+}
+
+//this is a MAY in the rfc: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#section-3.3
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_pad_byte_in_penultimate_quad_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            // leave room for at least one pad byte in penultimate quad
+            for num_valid_bytes_penultimate_quad in 0..4 {
+                // can't have 1 or it would be invalid length
+                for num_pad_bytes_in_final_quad in 2..=4 {
+                    let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+
+                    // varying amounts of padding in the penultimate quad
+                    for _ in 0..num_valid_bytes_penultimate_quad {
+                        s.push('A');
+                    }
+                    // finish penultimate quad with padding
+                    for _ in num_valid_bytes_penultimate_quad..4 {
+                        s.push('=');
+                    }
+                    // and more padding in the final quad
+                    for _ in 0..num_pad_bytes_in_final_quad {
+                        s.push('=');
+                    }
+
+                    // padding should be an invalid byte before the final quad.
+                    // Could argue that the *next* padding byte (in the next quad) is technically the first
+                    // erroneous one, but reporting that accurately is more complex and probably nobody cares
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        DecodeError::InvalidByte(
+                            num_prefix_quads * 4 + num_valid_bytes_penultimate_quad,
+                            b'=',
+                        ),
+                        engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_bytes_after_padding_in_final_quad_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            // leave at least one byte in the quad for padding
+            for bytes_after_padding in 1..4 {
+                let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+
+                // every invalid padding position with a 3-byte final quad: 1 to 3 bytes after padding
+                for _ in 0..(3 - bytes_after_padding) {
+                    s.push('A');
+                }
+                s.push('=');
+                for _ in 0..bytes_after_padding {
+                    s.push('A');
+                }
+
+                // First (and only) padding byte is invalid.
+                assert_eq!(
+                    DecodeError::InvalidByte(
+                        num_prefix_quads * 4 + (3 - bytes_after_padding),
+                        b'='
+                    ),
+                    engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_absurd_pad_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+            s.push_str("==Y=Wx===pY=2U=====");
+
+            // first padding byte
+            assert_eq!(
+                DecodeError::InvalidByte(num_prefix_quads * 4, b'='),
+                engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_too_much_padding_returns_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            // add enough padding to ensure that we'll hit all decode stages at the different lengths
+            for pad_bytes in 1..=64 {
+                let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+                let padding: String = "=".repeat(pad_bytes);
+                s.push_str(&padding);
+
+                if pad_bytes % 4 == 1 {
+                    assert_eq!(DecodeError::InvalidLength, engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err());
+                } else {
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        DecodeError::InvalidByte(num_prefix_quads * 4, b'='),
+                        engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_padding_followed_by_non_padding_returns_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            for pad_bytes in 0..=32 {
+                let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+                let padding: String = "=".repeat(pad_bytes);
+                s.push_str(&padding);
+                s.push('E');
+
+                if pad_bytes % 4 == 0 {
+                    assert_eq!(DecodeError::InvalidLength, engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err());
+                } else {
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        DecodeError::InvalidByte(num_prefix_quads * 4, b'='),
+                        engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_one_char_in_final_quad_with_padding_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+            s.push_str("E=");
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                DecodeError::InvalidByte(num_prefix_quads * 4 + 1, b'='),
+                engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+            );
+
+            // more padding doesn't change the error
+            s.push('=');
+            assert_eq!(
+                DecodeError::InvalidByte(num_prefix_quads * 4 + 1, b'='),
+                engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+            );
+
+            s.push('=');
+            assert_eq!(
+                DecodeError::InvalidByte(num_prefix_quads * 4 + 1, b'='),
+                engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_too_few_symbols_in_final_quad_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            // <2 is invalid
+            for final_quad_symbols in 0..2 {
+                for padding_symbols in 0..=(4 - final_quad_symbols) {
+                    let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+
+                    for _ in 0..final_quad_symbols {
+                        s.push('A');
+                    }
+                    for _ in 0..padding_symbols {
+                        s.push('=');
+                    }
+
+                    match final_quad_symbols + padding_symbols {
+                        0 => continue,
+                        1 => {
+                            assert_eq!(DecodeError::InvalidLength, engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err());
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            // error reported at first padding byte
+                            assert_eq!(
+                                DecodeError::InvalidByte(
+                                    num_prefix_quads * 4 + final_quad_symbols,
+                                    b'=',
+                                ),
+                                engine.decode(&s).unwrap_err()
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_invalid_trailing_bytes<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for mode in all_pad_modes() {
+        // we don't encode so we don't care about encode padding
+        let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, mode);
+
+        for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+            let mut s: String = "ABCD".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+            s.push_str("Cg==\n");
+
+            // The case of trailing newlines is common enough to warrant a test for a good error
+            // message.
+            assert_eq!(
+                Err(DecodeError::InvalidByte(num_prefix_quads * 4 + 4, b'\n')),
+                engine.decode(&s)
+            );
+
+            // extra padding, however, is still InvalidLength
+            let s = s.replace('\n', "=");
+            assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidLength), engine.decode(s));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_wrong_length_error<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let engine = E::standard_with_pad_mode(true, DecodePaddingMode::Indifferent);
+
+    for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+        // at least one token, otherwise it wouldn't be a final quad
+        for num_tokens_final_quad in 1..=4 {
+            for num_padding in 0..=(4 - num_tokens_final_quad) {
+                let mut s: String = "IIII".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+                for _ in 0..num_tokens_final_quad {
+                    s.push('g');
+                }
+                for _ in 0..num_padding {
+                    s.push('=');
+                }
+
+                let res = engine.decode(&s);
+                if num_tokens_final_quad >= 2 {
+                    assert!(res.is_ok());
+                } else if num_tokens_final_quad == 1 && num_padding > 0 {
+                    // = is invalid if it's too early
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        Err(DecodeError::InvalidByte(
+                            num_prefix_quads * 4 + num_tokens_final_quad,
+                            61
+                        )),
+                        res
+                    );
+                } else if num_padding > 2 {
+                    assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidPadding), res);
+                } else {
+                    assert_eq!(Err(DecodeError::InvalidLength), res);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_into_slice_fits_in_precisely_sized_slice<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    let mut orig_data = Vec::new();
+    let mut encoded_data = String::new();
+    let mut decode_buf = Vec::new();
+
+    let input_len_range = distributions::Uniform::new(0, 1000);
+    let mut rng = rngs::SmallRng::from_entropy();
+
+    for _ in 0..10_000 {
+        orig_data.clear();
+        encoded_data.clear();
+        decode_buf.clear();
+
+        let input_len = input_len_range.sample(&mut rng);
+
+        for _ in 0..input_len {
+            orig_data.push(rng.gen());
+        }
+
+        let engine = E::random(&mut rng);
+        engine.encode_string(&orig_data, &mut encoded_data);
+        assert_encode_sanity(&encoded_data, engine.config().encode_padding(), input_len);
+
+        decode_buf.resize(input_len, 0);
+
+        // decode into the non-empty buf
+        let decode_bytes_written = engine
+            .decode_slice_unchecked(encoded_data.as_bytes(), &mut decode_buf[..])
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(orig_data.len(), decode_bytes_written);
+        assert_eq!(orig_data, decode_buf);
+    }
+}
+
+#[apply(all_engines)]
+fn decode_length_estimate_delta<E: EngineWrapper>(engine_wrapper: E) {
+    for engine in [E::standard(), E::standard_unpadded()] {
+        for &padding in &[true, false] {
+            for orig_len in 0..1000 {
+                let encoded_len = encoded_len(orig_len, padding).unwrap();
+
+                let decoded_estimate = engine
+                    .internal_decoded_len_estimate(encoded_len)
+                    .decoded_len_estimate();
+                assert!(decoded_estimate >= orig_len);
+                assert!(
+                    decoded_estimate - orig_len < 3,
+                    "estimate: {}, encoded: {}, orig: {}",
+                    decoded_estimate,
+                    encoded_len,
+                    orig_len
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a tuple of the original data length, the encoded data length (just data), and the length including padding.
+///
+/// Vecs provided should be empty.
+fn generate_random_encoded_data<E: Engine, R: rand::Rng, D: distributions::Distribution<usize>>(
+    engine: &E,
+    orig_data: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    encode_buf: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    rng: &mut R,
+    length_distribution: &D,
+) -> (usize, usize, usize) {
+    let padding: bool = engine.config().encode_padding();
+
+    let orig_len = fill_rand(orig_data, rng, length_distribution);
+    let expected_encoded_len = encoded_len(orig_len, padding).unwrap();
+    encode_buf.resize(expected_encoded_len, 0);
+
+    let base_encoded_len = engine.internal_encode(&orig_data[..], &mut encode_buf[..]);
+
+    let enc_len_with_padding = if padding {
+        base_encoded_len + add_padding(orig_len, &mut encode_buf[base_encoded_len..])
+    } else {
+        base_encoded_len
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(expected_encoded_len, enc_len_with_padding);
+
+    (orig_len, base_encoded_len, enc_len_with_padding)
+}
+
+// fill to a random length
+fn fill_rand<R: rand::Rng, D: distributions::Distribution<usize>>(
+    vec: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    rng: &mut R,
+    length_distribution: &D,
+) -> usize {
+    let len = length_distribution.sample(rng);
+    for _ in 0..len {
+        vec.push(rng.gen());
+    }
+
+    len
+}
+
+fn fill_rand_len<R: rand::Rng>(vec: &mut Vec<u8>, rng: &mut R, len: usize) {
+    for _ in 0..len {
+        vec.push(rng.gen());
+    }
+}
+
+fn prefixed_data<'i, 'd>(
+    input_with_prefix: &'i mut String,
+    prefix_len: usize,
+    data: &'d str,
+) -> &'i str {
+    input_with_prefix.truncate(prefix_len);
+    input_with_prefix.push_str(data);
+    input_with_prefix.as_str()
+}
+
+/// A wrapper to make using engines in rstest fixtures easier.
+/// The functions don't need to be instance methods, but rstest does seem
+/// to want an instance, so instances are passed to test functions and then ignored.
+trait EngineWrapper {
+    type Engine: Engine;
+
+    /// Return an engine configured for RFC standard base64
+    fn standard() -> Self::Engine;
+
+    /// Return an engine configured for RFC standard base64, except with no padding appended on
+    /// encode, and required no padding on decode.
+    fn standard_unpadded() -> Self::Engine;
+
+    /// Return an engine configured for RFC standard alphabet with the provided encode and decode
+    /// pad settings
+    fn standard_with_pad_mode(encode_pad: bool, decode_pad_mode: DecodePaddingMode)
+        -> Self::Engine;
+
+    /// Return an engine configured for RFC standard base64 that allows invalid trailing bits
+    fn standard_allow_trailing_bits() -> Self::Engine;
+
+    /// Return an engine configured with a randomized alphabet and config
+    fn random<R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self::Engine;
+
+    /// Return an engine configured with the specified alphabet and randomized config
+    fn random_alphabet<R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R, alphabet: &Alphabet) -> Self::Engine;
+}
+
+struct GeneralPurposeWrapper {}
+
+impl EngineWrapper for GeneralPurposeWrapper {
+    type Engine = general_purpose::GeneralPurpose;
+
+    fn standard() -> Self::Engine {
+        general_purpose::GeneralPurpose::new(&STANDARD, general_purpose::PAD)
+    }
+
+    fn standard_unpadded() -> Self::Engine {
+        general_purpose::GeneralPurpose::new(&STANDARD, general_purpose::NO_PAD)
+    }
+
+    fn standard_with_pad_mode(
+        encode_pad: bool,
+        decode_pad_mode: DecodePaddingMode,
+    ) -> Self::Engine {
+        general_purpose::GeneralPurpose::new(
+            &STANDARD,
+            general_purpose::GeneralPurposeConfig::new()
+                .with_encode_padding(encode_pad)
+                .with_decode_padding_mode(decode_pad_mode),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn standard_allow_trailing_bits() -> Self::Engine {
+        general_purpose::GeneralPurpose::new(
+            &STANDARD,
+            general_purpose::GeneralPurposeConfig::new().with_decode_allow_trailing_bits(true),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn random<R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self::Engine {
+        let alphabet = random_alphabet(rng);
+
+        Self::random_alphabet(rng, alphabet)
+    }
+
+    fn random_alphabet<R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R, alphabet: &Alphabet) -> Self::Engine {
+        general_purpose::GeneralPurpose::new(alphabet, random_config(rng))
+    }
+}
+
+struct NaiveWrapper {}
+
+impl EngineWrapper for NaiveWrapper {
+    type Engine = naive::Naive;
+
+    fn standard() -> Self::Engine {
+        naive::Naive::new(
+            &STANDARD,
+            naive::NaiveConfig {
+                encode_padding: true,
+                decode_allow_trailing_bits: false,
+                decode_padding_mode: DecodePaddingMode::RequireCanonical,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn standard_unpadded() -> Self::Engine {
+        naive::Naive::new(
+            &STANDARD,
+            naive::NaiveConfig {
+                encode_padding: false,
+                decode_allow_trailing_bits: false,
+                decode_padding_mode: DecodePaddingMode::RequireNone,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn standard_with_pad_mode(
+        encode_pad: bool,
+        decode_pad_mode: DecodePaddingMode,
+    ) -> Self::Engine {
+        naive::Naive::new(
+            &STANDARD,
+            naive::NaiveConfig {
+                encode_padding: false,
+                decode_allow_trailing_bits: false,
+                decode_padding_mode: decode_pad_mode,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn standard_allow_trailing_bits() -> Self::Engine {
+        naive::Naive::new(
+            &STANDARD,
+            naive::NaiveConfig {
+                encode_padding: true,
+                decode_allow_trailing_bits: true,
+                decode_padding_mode: DecodePaddingMode::RequireCanonical,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn random<R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self::Engine {
+        let alphabet = random_alphabet(rng);
+
+        Self::random_alphabet(rng, alphabet)
+    }
+
+    fn random_alphabet<R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R, alphabet: &Alphabet) -> Self::Engine {
+        let mode = rng.gen();
+
+        let config = naive::NaiveConfig {
+            encode_padding: match mode {
+                DecodePaddingMode::Indifferent => rng.gen(),
+                DecodePaddingMode::RequireCanonical => true,
+                DecodePaddingMode::RequireNone => false,
+            },
+            decode_allow_trailing_bits: rng.gen(),
+            decode_padding_mode: mode,
+        };
+
+        naive::Naive::new(alphabet, config)
+    }
+}
+
+fn seeded_rng() -> impl rand::Rng {
+    rngs::SmallRng::from_entropy()
+}
+
+fn all_pad_modes() -> Vec<DecodePaddingMode> {
+    vec![
+        DecodePaddingMode::Indifferent,
+        DecodePaddingMode::RequireCanonical,
+        DecodePaddingMode::RequireNone,
+    ]
+}
+
+fn assert_all_suffixes_ok<E: Engine>(engine: E, suffixes: Vec<&str>) {
+    for num_prefix_quads in 0..256 {
+        for &suffix in suffixes.iter() {
+            let mut encoded = "AAAA".repeat(num_prefix_quads);
+            encoded.push_str(suffix);
+
+            let res = &engine.decode(&encoded);
+            assert!(res.is_ok());
+        }
+    }
+}