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+//! Futures
+//!
+//! This module contains a number of functions for working with `Future`s,
+//! including the `FutureExt` trait which adds methods to `Future` types.
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+use core::pin::Pin;
+
+use crate::fns::{inspect_fn, into_fn, ok_fn, InspectFn, IntoFn, OkFn};
+use crate::future::{assert_future, Either};
+use crate::never::Never;
+use crate::stream::assert_stream;
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use futures_core::future::{BoxFuture, LocalBoxFuture};
+use futures_core::{
+ future::Future,
+ stream::Stream,
+ task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+use pin_utils::pin_mut;
+
+// Combinators
+
+mod flatten;
+mod fuse;
+mod map;
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Future for the [`flatten`](super::FutureExt::flatten) method.
+ Flatten<F>(
+ flatten::Flatten<F, <F as Future>::Output>
+ ): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: F| flatten::Flatten::new(x)]
+ where F: Future
+);
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Stream for the [`flatten_stream`](FutureExt::flatten_stream) method.
+ FlattenStream<F>(
+ flatten::Flatten<F, <F as Future>::Output>
+ ): Debug + Sink + Stream + FusedStream + New[|x: F| flatten::Flatten::new(x)]
+ where F: Future
+);
+
+#[allow(unreachable_pub)] // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57411
+pub use fuse::Fuse;
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Future for the [`map`](super::FutureExt::map) method.
+ Map<Fut, F>(
+ map::Map<Fut, F>
+ ): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: Fut, f: F| map::Map::new(x, f)]
+);
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Stream for the [`into_stream`](FutureExt::into_stream) method.
+ IntoStream<F>(
+ crate::stream::Once<F>
+ ): Debug + Stream + FusedStream + New[|x: F| crate::stream::Once::new(x)]
+);
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Future for the [`map_into`](FutureExt::map_into) combinator.
+ MapInto<Fut, T>(
+ Map<Fut, IntoFn<T>>
+ ): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: Fut| Map::new(x, into_fn())]
+);
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Future for the [`then`](FutureExt::then) method.
+ Then<Fut1, Fut2, F>(
+ flatten::Flatten<Map<Fut1, F>, Fut2>
+ ): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: Fut1, y: F| flatten::Flatten::new(Map::new(x, y))]
+);
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Future for the [`inspect`](FutureExt::inspect) method.
+ Inspect<Fut, F>(
+ map::Map<Fut, InspectFn<F>>
+ ): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: Fut, f: F| map::Map::new(x, inspect_fn(f))]
+);
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Future for the [`never_error`](super::FutureExt::never_error) combinator.
+ NeverError<Fut>(
+ Map<Fut, OkFn<Never>>
+ ): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: Fut| Map::new(x, ok_fn())]
+);
+
+delegate_all!(
+ /// Future for the [`unit_error`](super::FutureExt::unit_error) combinator.
+ UnitError<Fut>(
+ Map<Fut, OkFn<()>>
+ ): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: Fut| Map::new(x, ok_fn())]
+);
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+mod catch_unwind;
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[allow(unreachable_pub)] // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57411
+pub use self::catch_unwind::CatchUnwind;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "channel")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "channel")))]
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+mod remote_handle;
+#[cfg(feature = "channel")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "channel")))]
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[allow(unreachable_pub)] // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57411
+pub use self::remote_handle::{Remote, RemoteHandle};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+mod shared;
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[allow(unreachable_pub)] // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57411
+pub use self::shared::{Shared, WeakShared};
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> FutureExt for T where T: Future {}
+
+/// An extension trait for `Future`s that provides a variety of convenient
+/// adapters.
+pub trait FutureExt: Future {
+ /// Map this future's output to a different type, returning a new future of
+ /// the resulting type.
+ ///
+ /// This function is similar to the `Option::map` or `Iterator::map` where
+ /// it will change the type of the underlying future. This is useful to
+ /// chain along a computation once a future has been resolved.
+ ///
+ /// Note that this function consumes the receiving future and returns a
+ /// wrapped version of it, similar to the existing `map` methods in the
+ /// standard library.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ ///
+ /// let future = async { 1 };
+ /// let new_future = future.map(|x| x + 3);
+ /// assert_eq!(new_future.await, 4);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn map<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Map<Self, F>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(Self::Output) -> U,
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<U, _>(Map::new(self, f))
+ }
+
+ /// Map this future's output to a different type, returning a new future of
+ /// the resulting type.
+ ///
+ /// This function is equivalent to calling `map(Into::into)` but allows naming
+ /// the return type.
+ fn map_into<U>(self) -> MapInto<Self, U>
+ where
+ Self::Output: Into<U>,
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<U, _>(MapInto::new(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Chain on a computation for when a future finished, passing the result of
+ /// the future to the provided closure `f`.
+ ///
+ /// The returned value of the closure must implement the `Future` trait
+ /// and can represent some more work to be done before the composed future
+ /// is finished.
+ ///
+ /// The closure `f` is only run *after* successful completion of the `self`
+ /// future.
+ ///
+ /// Note that this function consumes the receiving future and returns a
+ /// wrapped version of it.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ ///
+ /// let future_of_1 = async { 1 };
+ /// let future_of_4 = future_of_1.then(|x| async move { x + 3 });
+ /// assert_eq!(future_of_4.await, 4);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn then<Fut, F>(self, f: F) -> Then<Self, Fut, F>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(Self::Output) -> Fut,
+ Fut: Future,
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Fut::Output, _>(Then::new(self, f))
+ }
+
+ /// Wrap this future in an `Either` future, making it the left-hand variant
+ /// of that `Either`.
+ ///
+ /// This can be used in combination with the `right_future` method to write `if`
+ /// statements that evaluate to different futures in different branches.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ ///
+ /// let x = 6;
+ /// let future = if x < 10 {
+ /// async { true }.left_future()
+ /// } else {
+ /// async { false }.right_future()
+ /// };
+ ///
+ /// assert_eq!(future.await, true);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn left_future<B>(self) -> Either<Self, B>
+ where
+ B: Future<Output = Self::Output>,
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Either::Left(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Wrap this future in an `Either` future, making it the right-hand variant
+ /// of that `Either`.
+ ///
+ /// This can be used in combination with the `left_future` method to write `if`
+ /// statements that evaluate to different futures in different branches.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ ///
+ /// let x = 6;
+ /// let future = if x > 10 {
+ /// async { true }.left_future()
+ /// } else {
+ /// async { false }.right_future()
+ /// };
+ ///
+ /// assert_eq!(future.await, false);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn right_future<A>(self) -> Either<A, Self>
+ where
+ A: Future<Output = Self::Output>,
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Either::Right(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Convert this future into a single element stream.
+ ///
+ /// The returned stream contains single success if this future resolves to
+ /// success or single error if this future resolves into error.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ /// use futures::stream::StreamExt;
+ ///
+ /// let future = async { 17 };
+ /// let stream = future.into_stream();
+ /// let collected: Vec<_> = stream.collect().await;
+ /// assert_eq!(collected, vec![17]);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn into_stream(self) -> IntoStream<Self>
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_stream::<Self::Output, _>(IntoStream::new(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Flatten the execution of this future when the output of this
+ /// future is itself another future.
+ ///
+ /// This can be useful when combining futures together to flatten the
+ /// computation out the final result.
+ ///
+ /// This method is roughly equivalent to `self.then(|x| x)`.
+ ///
+ /// Note that this function consumes the receiving future and returns a
+ /// wrapped version of it.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ ///
+ /// let nested_future = async { async { 1 } };
+ /// let future = nested_future.flatten();
+ /// assert_eq!(future.await, 1);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn flatten(self) -> Flatten<Self>
+ where
+ Self::Output: Future,
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ let f = Flatten::new(self);
+ assert_future::<<<Self as Future>::Output as Future>::Output, _>(f)
+ }
+
+ /// Flatten the execution of this future when the successful result of this
+ /// future is a stream.
+ ///
+ /// This can be useful when stream initialization is deferred, and it is
+ /// convenient to work with that stream as if stream was available at the
+ /// call site.
+ ///
+ /// Note that this function consumes this future and returns a wrapped
+ /// version of it.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ /// use futures::stream::{self, StreamExt};
+ ///
+ /// let stream_items = vec![17, 18, 19];
+ /// let future_of_a_stream = async { stream::iter(stream_items) };
+ ///
+ /// let stream = future_of_a_stream.flatten_stream();
+ /// let list: Vec<_> = stream.collect().await;
+ /// assert_eq!(list, vec![17, 18, 19]);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn flatten_stream(self) -> FlattenStream<Self>
+ where
+ Self::Output: Stream,
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_stream::<<Self::Output as Stream>::Item, _>(FlattenStream::new(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Fuse a future such that `poll` will never again be called once it has
+ /// completed. This method can be used to turn any `Future` into a
+ /// `FusedFuture`.
+ ///
+ /// Normally, once a future has returned `Poll::Ready` from `poll`,
+ /// any further calls could exhibit bad behavior such as blocking
+ /// forever, panicking, never returning, etc. If it is known that `poll`
+ /// may be called too often then this method can be used to ensure that it
+ /// has defined semantics.
+ ///
+ /// If a `fuse`d future is `poll`ed after having returned `Poll::Ready`
+ /// previously, it will return `Poll::Pending`, from `poll` again (and will
+ /// continue to do so for all future calls to `poll`).
+ ///
+ /// This combinator will drop the underlying future as soon as it has been
+ /// completed to ensure resources are reclaimed as soon as possible.
+ fn fuse(self) -> Fuse<Self>
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ let f = Fuse::new(self);
+ assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(f)
+ }
+
+ /// Do something with the output of a future before passing it on.
+ ///
+ /// When using futures, you'll often chain several of them together. While
+ /// working on such code, you might want to check out what's happening at
+ /// various parts in the pipeline, without consuming the intermediate
+ /// value. To do that, insert a call to `inspect`.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ ///
+ /// let future = async { 1 };
+ /// let new_future = future.inspect(|&x| println!("about to resolve: {}", x));
+ /// assert_eq!(new_future.await, 1);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ fn inspect<F>(self, f: F) -> Inspect<Self, F>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(&Self::Output),
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Inspect::new(self, f))
+ }
+
+ /// Catches unwinding panics while polling the future.
+ ///
+ /// In general, panics within a future can propagate all the way out to the
+ /// task level. This combinator makes it possible to halt unwinding within
+ /// the future itself. It's most commonly used within task executors. It's
+ /// not recommended to use this for error handling.
+ ///
+ /// Note that this method requires the `UnwindSafe` bound from the standard
+ /// library. This isn't always applied automatically, and the standard
+ /// library provides an `AssertUnwindSafe` wrapper type to apply it
+ /// after-the fact. To assist using this method, the `Future` trait is also
+ /// implemented for `AssertUnwindSafe<F>` where `F` implements `Future`.
+ ///
+ /// This method is only available when the `std` feature of this
+ /// library is activated, and it is activated by default.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::{self, FutureExt, Ready};
+ ///
+ /// let future = future::ready(2);
+ /// assert!(future.catch_unwind().await.is_ok());
+ ///
+ /// let future = future::lazy(|_| -> Ready<i32> {
+ /// unimplemented!()
+ /// });
+ /// assert!(future.catch_unwind().await.is_err());
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+ fn catch_unwind(self) -> CatchUnwind<Self>
+ where
+ Self: Sized + ::std::panic::UnwindSafe,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Result<Self::Output, Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>>, _>(CatchUnwind::new(
+ self,
+ ))
+ }
+
+ /// Create a cloneable handle to this future where all handles will resolve
+ /// to the same result.
+ ///
+ /// The `shared` combinator method provides a method to convert any future
+ /// into a cloneable future. It enables a future to be polled by multiple
+ /// threads.
+ ///
+ /// This method is only available when the `std` feature of this
+ /// library is activated, and it is activated by default.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ ///
+ /// let future = async { 6 };
+ /// let shared1 = future.shared();
+ /// let shared2 = shared1.clone();
+ ///
+ /// assert_eq!(6, shared1.await);
+ /// assert_eq!(6, shared2.await);
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// // Note, unlike most examples this is written in the context of a
+ /// // synchronous function to better illustrate the cross-thread aspect of
+ /// // the `shared` combinator.
+ ///
+ /// # futures::executor::block_on(async {
+ /// use futures::future::FutureExt;
+ /// use futures::executor::block_on;
+ /// use std::thread;
+ ///
+ /// let future = async { 6 };
+ /// let shared1 = future.shared();
+ /// let shared2 = shared1.clone();
+ /// let join_handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+ /// assert_eq!(6, block_on(shared2));
+ /// });
+ /// assert_eq!(6, shared1.await);
+ /// join_handle.join().unwrap();
+ /// # });
+ /// ```
+ #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+ fn shared(self) -> Shared<Self>
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ Self::Output: Clone,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Shared::new(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Turn this future into a future that yields `()` on completion and sends
+ /// its output to another future on a separate task.
+ ///
+ /// This can be used with spawning executors to easily retrieve the result
+ /// of a future executing on a separate task or thread.
+ ///
+ /// This method is only available when the `std` feature of this
+ /// library is activated, and it is activated by default.
+ #[cfg(feature = "channel")]
+ #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "channel")))]
+ #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+ fn remote_handle(self) -> (Remote<Self>, RemoteHandle<Self::Output>)
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ let (wrapped, handle) = remote_handle::remote_handle(self);
+ (assert_future::<(), _>(wrapped), handle)
+ }
+
+ /// Wrap the future in a Box, pinning it.
+ ///
+ /// This method is only available when the `std` or `alloc` feature of this
+ /// library is activated, and it is activated by default.
+ #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+ fn boxed<'a>(self) -> BoxFuture<'a, Self::Output>
+ where
+ Self: Sized + Send + 'a,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Box::pin(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Wrap the future in a Box, pinning it.
+ ///
+ /// Similar to `boxed`, but without the `Send` requirement.
+ ///
+ /// This method is only available when the `std` or `alloc` feature of this
+ /// library is activated, and it is activated by default.
+ #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+ fn boxed_local<'a>(self) -> LocalBoxFuture<'a, Self::Output>
+ where
+ Self: Sized + 'a,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Box::pin(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Turns a [`Future<Output = T>`](Future) into a
+ /// [`TryFuture<Ok = T, Error = ()`>](futures_core::future::TryFuture).
+ fn unit_error(self) -> UnitError<Self>
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Result<Self::Output, ()>, _>(UnitError::new(self))
+ }
+
+ /// Turns a [`Future<Output = T>`](Future) into a
+ /// [`TryFuture<Ok = T, Error = Never`>](futures_core::future::TryFuture).
+ fn never_error(self) -> NeverError<Self>
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ assert_future::<Result<Self::Output, Never>, _>(NeverError::new(self))
+ }
+
+ /// A convenience for calling `Future::poll` on `Unpin` future types.
+ fn poll_unpin(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output>
+ where
+ Self: Unpin,
+ {
+ Pin::new(self).poll(cx)
+ }
+
+ /// Evaluates and consumes the future, returning the resulting output if
+ /// the future is ready after the first call to `Future::poll`.
+ ///
+ /// If `poll` instead returns `Poll::Pending`, `None` is returned.
+ ///
+ /// This method is useful in cases where immediacy is more important than
+ /// waiting for a result. It is also convenient for quickly obtaining
+ /// the value of a future that is known to always resolve immediately.
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use futures::prelude::*;
+ /// use futures::{future::ready, future::pending};
+ /// let future_ready = ready("foobar");
+ /// let future_pending = pending::<&'static str>();
+ ///
+ /// assert_eq!(future_ready.now_or_never(), Some("foobar"));
+ /// assert_eq!(future_pending.now_or_never(), None);
+ /// ```
+ ///
+ /// In cases where it is absolutely known that a future should always
+ /// resolve immediately and never return `Poll::Pending`, this method can
+ /// be combined with `expect()`:
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use futures::{prelude::*, future::ready};
+ /// let future_ready = ready("foobar");
+ ///
+ /// assert_eq!(future_ready.now_or_never().expect("Future not ready"), "foobar");
+ /// ```
+ fn now_or_never(self) -> Option<Self::Output>
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ let noop_waker = crate::task::noop_waker();
+ let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&noop_waker);
+
+ let this = self;
+ pin_mut!(this);
+ match this.poll(&mut cx) {
+ Poll::Ready(x) => Some(x),
+ _ => None,
+ }
+ }
+}