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Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+.. _mozilla_projects_nss_tools_certutil:
+
+certutil
+========
+
+.. container::
+
+   | Name
+   |    certutil — Manage keys and certificate in the NSS database.
+   | Synopsis
+   |    certutil [options] `arguments <arguments>`__
+   | Description
+   |    The Certificate Database Tool, certutil, is a command-line utility that
+   |    can create and modify certificate and key database files. It can also
+   |    list, generate, modify, or delete certificates within the database, create
+   |    or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display
+   |    the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key
+   |    database.
+   |    The key and certificate management process generally begins with creating
+   |    keys in the key database, then generating and managing certificates in the
+   |    certificate database. This document discusses certificate and key database
+   |    management. For information security module database management, see the
+   |    modutil manpages.
+   | Options and Arguments
+   |    Running certutil always requires one (and only one) option to specify the
+   |    type of certificate operation. Each option may take arguments, anywhere
+   |    from none to multiple arguments. Run the command option and -H to see the
+   |    arguments available for each command option.
+   |    Options
+   |    Options specify an action and are uppercase.
+   |    -A
+   |            Add an existing certificate to a certificate database. The
+   |            certificate database should already exist; if one is not present,
+   |            this option will initialize one by default.
+   |    -B
+   |            Run a series of commands from the specified batch file. This
+   |            requires the -i argument.
+   |    -C
+   |            Create a new binary certificate file from a binary certificate
+   |            request file. Use the -i argument to specify the certificate
+   |            request file. If this argument is not used, certutil prompts for a
+   |            filename.
+   |    -D
+   |            Delete a certificate from the certificate database.
+   |    -E
+   |            Add an email certificate to the certificate database.
+   |    -F
+   |            Delete a private key from a key database. Specify the key to
+   |            delete with the -n argument. Specify the database from which to
+   |            delete the key with the -d argument. Use the -k argument to
+   |            specify explicitly whether to delete a DSA, RSA, or ECC key. If
+   |            you don't use the -k argument, the option looks for an RSA key
+   |            matching the specified nickname.
+   |            When you delete keys, be sure to also remove any certificates
+   |            associated with those keys from the certificate database, by using
+   |            -D. Some smart cards (for example, the Litronic card) do not let
+   |            you remove a public key you have generated. In such a case, only
+   |            the private key is deleted from the key pair. You can display the
+   |            public key with the command certutil -K -h tokenname.
+   |    -G
+   |            Generate a new public and private key pair within a key database.
+   |            The key database should already exist; if one is not present, this
+   |            option will initialize one by default. Some smart cards (for
+   |            example, the Litronic card) can store only one key pair. If you
+   |            create a new key pair for such a card, the previous pair is
+   |            overwritten.
+   |    -H
+   |            Display a list of the options and arguments used by the
+   |            Certificate Database Tool.
+   |    -K
+   |            List the key ID of keys in the key database. A key ID is the
+   |            modulus of the RSA key or the publicValue of the DSA key. IDs are
+   |            displayed in hexadecimal ("0x" is not shown).
+   |    -L
+   |            List all the certificates, or display information about a named
+   |            certificate, in a certificate database. Use the -h tokenname
+   |            argument to specify the certificate database on a particular
+   |            hardware or software token.
+   |    -M
+   |            Modify a certificate's trust attributes using the values of the -t
+   |            argument.
+   |    -N
+   |            Create new certificate and key databases.
+   |    -O
+   |            Print the certificate chain.
+   |    -R
+   |            Create a certificate request file that can be submitted to a
+   |            Certificate Authority (CA) for processing into a finished
+   |            certificate. Output defaults to standard out unless you use -o
+   |            output-file argument. Use the -a argument to specify ASCII output.
+   |    -S
+   |            Create an individual certificate and add it to a certificate
+   |            database.
+   |    -T
+   |            Reset the key database or token.
+   |    -U
+   |            List all available modules or print a single named module.
+   |    -V
+   |            Check the validity of a certificate and its attributes.
+   |    -W
+   |            Change the password to a key database.
+   |    --merge
+   |            Merge a source database into the target database. This is used to
+   |            merge legacy NSS databases (cert8.db and key3.db) into the newer
+   |            SQLite databases (cert9.db and key4.db).
+   |    --upgrade-merge
+   |            Upgrade an old database and merge it into a new database. This is
+   |            used to migrate legacy NSS databases (cert8.db and key3.db) into
+   |            the newer SQLite databases (cert9.db and key4.db).
+   |    Arguments
+   |    Option arguments modify an action and are lowercase.
+   |    -a
+   |            Use ASCII format or allow the use of ASCII format for input or
+   |            output. This formatting follows RFC 1113. For certificate
+   |            requests, ASCII output defaults to standard output unless
+   |            redirected.
+   |    -b validity-time
+   |            Specify a time at which a certificate is required to be valid. Use
+   |            when checking certificate validity with the -V option. The format
+   |            of the validity-time argument is YYMMDDHHMMSS[+HHMM|-HHMM|Z],
+   |            which allows offsets to be set relative to the validity end time.
+   |            Specifying seconds (SS) is optional. When specifying an explicit
+   |            time, use a Z at the end of the term, YYMMDDHHMMSSZ, to close it.
+   |            When specifying an offset time, use YYMMDDHHMMSS+HHMM or
+   |            YYMMDDHHMMSS-HHMM for adding or subtracting time, respectively.
+   |            If this option is not used, the validity check defaults to the
+   |            current system time.
+   |    -c issuer
+   |            Identify the certificate of the CA from which a new certificate
+   |            will derive its authenticity. Use the exact nickname or alias of
+   |            the CA certificate, or use the CA's email address. Bracket the
+   |            issuer string with quotation marks if it contains spaces.
+   |    -d [sql:]directory
+   |            Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key
+   |            database files.
+   |            certutil supports two types of databases: the legacy security
+   |            databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite
+   |            databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql:
+   |            is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in
+   |            the old format.
+   |    -e
+   |            Check a certificate's signature during the process of validating a
+   |            certificate.
+   |    -f password-file
+   |            Specify a file that will automatically supply the password to
+   |            include in a certificate or to access a certificate database. This
+   |            is a plain-text file containing one password. Be sure to prevent
+   |            unauthorized access to this file.
+   |    -g keysize
+   |            Set a key size to use when generating new public and private key
+   |            pairs. The minimum is 512 bits and the maximum is 8192 bits. The
+   |            default is 1024 bits. Any size between the minimum and maximum is
+   |            allowed.
+   |    -h tokenname
+   |            Specify the name of a token to use or act on. Unless specified
+   |            otherwise the default token is an internal slot (specifically,
+   |            internal slot 2). This slot can also be explicitly named with the
+   |            string "internal". An internal slots is a virtual slot maintained
+   |            in software, rather than a hardware device. Internal slot 2 is
+   |            used by key and certificate services. Internal slot 1 is used by
+   |            cryptographic services.
+   |    -i input_file
+   |            Pass an input file to the command. Depending on the command
+   |            option, an input file can be a specific certificate, a certificate
+   |            request file, or a batch file of commands.
+   |    -k rsa|dsa|ec|all
+   |            Specify the type of a key. The valid options are RSA, DSA, ECC, or
+   |            all. The default value is rsa. Specifying the type of key can
+   |            avoid mistakes caused by duplicate nicknames.
+   |    -k key-type-or-id
+   |            Specify the type or specific ID of a key. Giving a key type
+   |            generates a new key pair; giving the ID of an existing key reuses
+   |            that key pair (which is required to renew certificates).
+   |    -l
+   |            Display detailed information when validating a certificate with
+   |            the -V option.
+   |    -m serial-number
+   |            Assign a unique serial number to a certificate being created. This
+   |            operation should be performed by a CA. The default serial number
+   |            is 0 (zero). Serial numbers are limited to integers.
+   |    -n nickname
+   |            Specify the nickname of a certificate or key to list, create, add
+   |            to a database, modify, or validate. Bracket the nickname string
+   |            with quotation marks if it contains spaces.
+   |    -o output-file
+   |            Specify the output file name for new certificates or binary
+   |            certificate requests. Bracket the output-file string with
+   |            quotation marks if it contains spaces. If this argument is not
+   |            used the output destination defaults to standard output.
+   |    -P dbPrefix
+   |            Specify the prefix used on the certificate and key database file.
+   |            This option is provided as a special case. Changing the names of
+   |            the certificate and key databases is not recommended.
+   |    -p phone
+   |            Specify a contact telephone number to include in new certificates
+   |            or certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks
+   |            if it contains spaces.
+   |    -q pqgfile
+   |            Read an alternate PQG value from the specified file when
+   |            generating DSA key pairs. If this argument is not used, certutil
+   |            generates its own PQG value. PQG files are created with a separate
+   |            DSA utility.
+   |    -q curve-name
+   |            Set the elliptic curve name to use when generating ECC key pairs.
+   |            A complete list of ECC curves is given in the help (-H).
+   |    -r
+   |            Display a certificate's binary DER encoding when listing
+   |            information about that certificate with the -L option.
+   |    -s subject
+   |            Identify a particular certificate owner for new certificates or
+   |            certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks if
+   |            it contains spaces. The subject identification format follows RFC
+   |            #1485.
+   |    -t trustargs
+   |            Specify the trust attributes to modify in an existing certificate
+   |            or to apply to a certificate when creating it or adding it to a
+   |            database. There are three available trust categories for each
+   |            certificate, expressed in the order SSL, email, object signing for
+   |            each trust setting. In each category position, use none, any, or
+   |            all of the attribute codes:
+   |               o p - Valid peer
+   |               o P - Trusted peer (implies p)
+   |               o c - Valid CA
+   |               o T - Trusted CA to issue client certificates (implies c)
+   |               o C - Trusted CA to issue server certificates (SSL only)
+   |                 (implies c)
+   |               o u - Certificate can be used for authentication or signing
+   |               o w - Send warning (use with other attributes to include a
+   |                 warning when the certificate is used in that context)
+   |            The attribute codes for the categories are separated by commas,
+   |            and the entire set of attributes enclosed by quotation marks. For
+   |            example:
+   |            -t "TCu,Cu,Tuw"
+   |            Use the -L option to see a list of the current certificates and
+   |            trust attributes in a certificate database.
+   |    -u certusage
+   |            Specify a usage context to apply when validating a certificate
+   |            with the -V option.
+   |            The contexts are the following:
+   |               o C (as an SSL client)
+   |               o V (as an SSL server)
+   |               o S (as an email signer)
+   |               o R (as an email recipient)
+   |               o O (as an OCSP status responder)
+   |               o J (as an object signer)
+   |    -v valid-months
+   |            Set the number of months a new certificate will be valid. The
+   |            validity period begins at the current system time unless an offset
+   |            is added or subtracted with the -w option. If this argument is not
+   |            used, the default validity period is three months. When this
+   |            argument is used, the default three-month period is automatically
+   |            added to any value given in the valid-month argument. For example,
+   |            using this option to set a value of 3 would cause 3 to be added to
+   |            the three-month default, creating a validity period of six months.
+   |            You can use negative values to reduce the default period. For
+   |            example, setting a value of -2 would subtract 2 from the default
+   |            and create a validity period of one month.
+   |    -w offset-months
+   |            Set an offset from the current system time, in months, for the
+   |            beginning of a certificate's validity period. Use when creating
+   |            the certificate or adding it to a database. Express the offset in
+   |            integers, using a minus sign (-) to indicate a negative offset. If
+   |            this argument is not used, the validity period begins at the
+   |            current system time. The length of the validity period is set with
+   |            the -v argument.
+   |    -X
+   |            Force the key and certificate database to open in read-write mode.
+   |            This is used with the -U and -L command options.
+   |    -x
+   |            Use certutil to generate the signature for a certificate being
+   |            created or added to a database, rather than obtaining a signature
+   |            from a separate CA.
+   |    -y exp
+   |            Set an alternate exponent value to use in generating a new RSA
+   |            public key for the database, instead of the default value of
+   |            65537. The available alternate values are 3 and 17.
+   |    -z noise-file
+   |            Read a seed value from the specified file to generate a new
+   |            private and public key pair. This argument makes it possible to
+   |            use hardware-generated seed values or manually create a value from
+   |            the keyboard. The minimum file size is 20 bytes.
+   |    -0 SSO_password
+   |            Set a site security officer password on a token.
+   |    -1 \| --keyUsage keyword,keyword
+   |            Set a Netscape Certificate Type Extension in the certificate.
+   |            There are several available keywords:
+   |               o digital signature
+   |               o nonRepudiation
+   |               o keyEncipherment
+   |               o dataEncipherment
+   |               o keyAgreement
+   |               o certSigning
+   |               o crlSigning
+   |               o critical
+   |    -2
+   |            Add a basic constraint extension to a certificate that is being
+   |            created or added to a database. This extension supports the
+   |            certificate chain verification process. certutil prompts for the
+   |            certificate constraint extension to select.
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    -3
+   |            Add an authority key ID extension to a certificate that is being
+   |            created or added to a database. This extension supports the
+   |            identification of a particular certificate, from among multiple
+   |            certificates associated with one subject name, as the correct
+   |            issuer of a certificate. The Certificate Database Tool will prompt
+   |            you to select the authority key ID extension.
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    -4
+   |            Add a CRL distribution point extension to a certificate that is
+   |            being created or added to a database. This extension identifies
+   |            the URL of a certificate's associated certificate revocation list
+   |            (CRL). certutil prompts for the URL.
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    -5 \| --nsCertType keyword,keyword
+   |            Add a Netscape certificate type extension to a certificate that is
+   |            being created or added to the database. There are several
+   |            available keywords:
+   |               o sslClient
+   |               o sslServer
+   |               o smime
+   |               o objectSigning
+   |               o sslCA
+   |               o smimeCA
+   |               o objectSigningCA
+   |               o critical
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    -6 \| --extKeyUsage keyword,keyword
+   |            Add an extended key usage extension to a certificate that is being
+   |            created or added to the database. Several keywords are available:
+   |               o serverAuth
+   |               o clientAuth
+   |               o codeSigning
+   |               o emailProtection
+   |               o timeStamp
+   |               o ocspResponder
+   |               o stepUp
+   |               o critical
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    -7 emailAddrs
+   |            Add a comma-separated list of email addresses to the subject
+   |            alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request
+   |            that is being created or added to the database. Subject
+   |            alternative name extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of
+   |            RFC 3280.
+   |    -8 dns-names
+   |            Add a comma-separated list of DNS names to the subject alternative
+   |            name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is
+   |            being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name
+   |            extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of RFC 3280.
+   |    --extAIA
+   |            Add the Authority Information Access extension to the certificate.
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    --extSIA
+   |            Add the Subject Information Access extension to the certificate.
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    --extCP
+   |            Add the Certificate Policies extension to the certificate. X.509
+   |            certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    --extPM
+   |            Add the Policy Mappings extension to the certificate. X.509
+   |            certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    --extPC
+   |            Add the Policy Constraints extension to the certificate. X.509
+   |            certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    --extIA
+   |            Add the Inhibit Any Policy Access extension to the certificate.
+   |            X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    --extSKID
+   |            Add the Subject Key ID extension to the certificate. X.509
+   |            certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
+   |    --source-dir certdir
+   |            Identify the certificate database directory to upgrade.
+   |    --source-prefix certdir
+   |            Give the prefix of the certificate and key databases to upgrade.
+   |    --upgrade-id uniqueID
+   |            Give the unique ID of the database to upgrade.
+   |    --upgrade-token-name name
+   |            Set the name of the token to use while it is being upgraded.
+   |    -@ pwfile
+   |            Give the name of a password file to use for the database being
+   |            upgraded.
+   | Usage and Examples
+   |    Most of the command options in the examples listed here have more
+   |    arguments available. The arguments included in these examples are the most
+   |    common ones or are used to illustrate a specific scenario. Use the -H
+   |    option to show the complete list of arguments for each command option.
+   |    Creating New Security Databases
+   |    Certificates, keys, and security modules related to managing certificates
+   |    are stored in three related databases:
+   |      o cert8.db or cert9.db
+   |      o key3.db or key4.db
+   |      o secmod.db or pkcs11.txt
+   |    These databases must be created before certificates or keys can be
+   |    generated.
+   |  certutil -N -d [sql:]directory
+   |    Creating a Certificate Request
+   |    A certificate request contains most or all of the information that is used
+   |    to generate the final certificate. This request is submitted separately to
+   |    a certificate authority and is then approved by some mechanism
+   |    (automatically or by human review). Once the request is approved, then the
+   |    certificate is generated.
+   |  $ certutil -R -k key-type-or-id [-q pqgfile|curve-name] -g key-size -s subject [-h tokenname]
+     -d [sql:]directory [-p phone] [-o output-file] [-a]
+   |    The -R command options requires four arguments:
+   |      o -k to specify either the key type to generate or, when renewing a
+   |        certificate, the existing key pair to use
+   |      o -g to set the keysize of the key to generate
+   |      o -s to set the subject name of the certificate
+   |      o -d to give the security database directory
+   |    The new certificate request can be output in ASCII format (-a) or can be
+   |    written to a specified file (-o).
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil -R -k ec -q nistb409 -g 512 -s "CN=John Smith,O=Example Corp,L=Mountain
+     View,ST=California,C=US" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -p 650-555-0123 -a -o cert.cer
+   |  Generating key.  This may take a few moments...
+   |  Certificate request generated by Netscape
+   |  Phone: 650-555-0123
+   |  Common Name: John Smith
+   |  Email: (not ed)
+   |  Organization: Example Corp
+   |  State: California
+   |  Country: US
+   |  -----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
+   |  MIIBIDCBywIBADBmMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTEW
+   |  MBQGA1UEBxMNTW91bnRhaW4gVmlldzEVMBMGA1UEChMMRXhhbXBsZSBDb3JwMRMw
+   |  EQYDVQQDEwpKb2huIFNtaXRoMFwwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADSwAwSAJBAMVUpDOZ
+   |  KmHnOx7reP8Cc0Lk+fFWEuYIDX9W5K/BioQOKvEjXyQZhit9aThzBVMoSf1Y1S8J
+   |  CzdUbCg1+IbnXaECAwEAAaAAMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA0EAryqZvpYrUtQ486Ny
+   |  qmtyQNjIi1F8c1Z+TL4uFYlMg8z6LG/J/u1E5t1QqB5e9Q4+BhRbrQjRR1JZx3tB
+   |  1hP9Gg==
+   |  -----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
+   |    Creating a Certificate
+   |    A valid certificate must be issued by a trusted CA. This can be done by
+   |    specifying a CA certificate (-c) that is stored in the certificate
+   |    database. If a CA key pair is not available, you can create a self-signed
+   |    certificate using the -x argument with the -S command option.
+   |  $ certutil -S -k rsa|dsa|ec -n certname -s subject [-c issuer \|-x] -t trustargs -d
+     [sql:]directory [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] [-p phone] [-1] [-2]
+     [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names] [--extAIA] [--extSIA]
+     [--extCP] [--extPM] [--extPC] [--extIA] [--extSKID]
+   |    The series of numbers and --ext\* options set certificate extensions that
+   |    can be added to the certificate when it is generated by the CA.
+   |    For example, this creates a self-signed certificate:
+   |  $ certutil -S -s "CN=Example CA" -n my-ca-cert -x -t "C,C,C" -1 -2 -5 -m 3650
+   |    From there, new certificates can reference the self-signed certificate:
+   |  $ certutil -S -s "CN=My Server Cert" -n my-server-cert -c "my-ca-cert" -t "u,u,u" -1 -5 -6 -8
+     -m 730
+   |    Generating a Certificate from a Certificate Request
+   |    When a certificate request is created, a certificate can be generated by
+   |    using the request and then referencing a certificate authority signing
+   |    certificate (the issuer specified in the -c argument). The issuing
+   |    certificate must be in the certificate database in the specified
+   |    directory.
+   |  certutil -C -c issuer -i cert-request-file -o output-file [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months]
+     [-w offset-months] -d [sql:]directory [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7
+     emailAddress] [-8 dns-names]
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil -C -c "my-ca-cert" -i /home/certs/cert.req -o cert.cer -m 010 -v 12 -w 1 -d
+     sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -1 nonRepudiation,dataEncipherment -5 sslClient -6 clientAuth -7
+     jsmith@example.com
+   |    Generating Key Pairs
+   |    Key pairs are generated automatically with a certificate request or
+   |    certificate, but they can also be generated independently using the -G
+   |    command option.
+   |  certutil -G -d [sql:]directory \| -h tokenname -k key-type -g key-size [-y exponent-value] -q
+     pqgfile|curve-name
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil -G -h lunasa -k ec -g 256 -q sect193r2
+   |    Listing Certificates
+   |    The -L command option lists all of the certificates listed in the
+   |    certificate database. The path to the directory (-d) is required.
+   |  $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
+   |  Certificate Nickname                                         Trust Attributes
+   |                                                               SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI
+   |  CA Administrator of Instance pki-ca1's Example Domain ID     u,u,u
+   |  TPS Administrator's Example Domain ID                        u,u,u
+   |  Google Internet Authority                                    ,,
+   |  Certificate Authority - Example Domain                       CT,C,C
+   |    Using additional arguments with -L can return and print the information
+   |    for a single, specific certificate. For example, the -n argument passes
+   |    the certificate name, while the -a argument prints the certificate in
+   |    ASCII format:
+   |  $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -a -n "Certificate Authority - Example Domain"
+   |  -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+   |  MIIDmTCCAoGgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA5MRcwFQYDVQQKEw5FeGFt
+   |  cGxlIERvbWFpbjEeMBwGA1UEAxMVQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUgQXV0aG9yaXR5MB4XDTEw
+   |  MDQyOTIxNTY1OFoXDTEyMDQxODIxNTY1OFowOTEXMBUGA1UEChMORXhhbXBsZSBE
+   |  b21haW4xHjAcBgNVBAMTFUNlcnRpZmljYXRlIEF1dGhvcml0eTCCASIwDQYJKoZI
+   |  hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAO/bqUli2KwqXFKmMMG93KN1SANzNTXA/Vlf
+   |  Tmrih3hQgjvR1ktIY9aG6cB7DSKWmtHp/+p4PUCMqL4ZrSGt901qxkePyZ2dYmM2
+   |  RnelK+SEUIPiUtoZaDhNdiYsE/yuDE8vQWj0vHCVL0w72qFUcSQ/WZT7FCrnUIUI
+   |  udeWnoPSUn70gLhcj/lvxl7K9BHyD4Sq5CzktwYtFWLiiwV+ZY/Fl6JgbGaQyQB2
+   |  bP4iRMfloGqsxGuB1evWVDF1haGpFDSPgMnEPSLg3/3dXn+HDJbZ29EU8/xKzQEb
+   |  3V0AHKbu80zGllLEt2Zx/WDIrgJEN9yMfgKFpcmL+BvIRsmh0VsCAwEAAaOBqzCB
+   |  qDAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBQATgxHQyRUfKIZtdp55bZlFr+tFzAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTAD
+   |  AQH/MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBxjAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUAE4MR0MkVHyiGbXaeeW2ZRa/
+   |  rRcwRQYIKwYBBQUHAQEEOTA3MDUGCCsGAQUFBzABhilodHRwOi8vbG9jYWxob3N0
+   |  LmxvY2FsZG9tYWluOjkxODAvY2Evb2NzcDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAi8Gk
+   |  L3XO43u7/TDOeEsWPmq+jZsDZ3GZ85Ajt3KROLWeKVZZZa2E2Hnsvf2uXbk5amKe
+   |  lRxdSeRH9g85pv4KY7Z8xZ71NrI3+K3uwmnqkc6t0hhYb1mw/gx8OAAoluQx3biX
+   |  JBDxjI73Cf7XUopplHBjjiwyGIJUO8BEZJ5L+TF4P38MJz1snLtzZpEAX5bl0U76
+   |  bfu/tZFWBbE8YAWYtkCtMcalBPj6jn2WD3M01kGozW4mmbvsj1cRB9HnsGsqyHCu
+   |  U0ujlL1H/RWcjn607+CTeKH9jLMUqCIqPJNOa+kq/6F7NhNRRiuzASIbZc30BZ5a
+   |  nI7q5n1USM3eWQlVXw==
+   |  -----END CERTIFICATE-----
+   |    Listing Keys
+   |    Keys are the original material used to encrypt certificate data. The keys
+   |    generated for certificates are stored separately, in the key database.
+   |    To list all keys in the database, use the -K command option and the
+   |    (required) -d argument to give the path to the directory.
+   |  $ certutil -K -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
+   |  certutil: Checking token "NSS Certificate DB" in slot "NSS User Private Key and Certificate
+     Services                  "
+   |  < 0> rsa      455a6673bde9375c2887ec8bf8016b3f9f35861d   Thawte Freemail Member's Thawte
+     Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID
+   |  < 1> rsa      40defeeb522ade11090eacebaaf1196a172127df   Example Domain Administrator Cert
+   |  < 2> rsa      1d0b06f44f6c03842f7d4f4a1dc78b3bcd1b85a5   John Smith user cert
+   |    There are ways to narrow the keys listed in the search results:
+   |      o To return a specific key, use the -n name argument with the name of
+   |        the key.
+   |      o If there are multiple security devices loaded, then the -h tokenname
+   |        argument can search a specific token or all tokens.
+   |      o If there are multiple key types available, then the -k key-type
+   |        argument can search a specific type of key, like RSA, DSA, or ECC.
+   |    Listing Security Modules
+   |    The devices that can be used to store certificates -- both internal
+   |    databases and external devices like smart cards -- are recognized and used
+   |    by loading security modules. The -U command option lists all of the
+   |    security modules listed in the secmod.db database. The path to the
+   |    directory (-d) is required.
+   |  $ certutil -U -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
+   |      slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services
+   |     token: NSS Certificate DB
+   |      slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services
+   |     token: NSS Generic Crypto Services
+   |    Adding Certificates to the Database
+   |    Existing certificates or certificate requests can be added manually to the
+   |    certificate database, even if they were generated elsewhere. This uses the
+   |    -A command option.
+   |  certutil -A -n certname -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-a] [-i input-file]
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil -A -n "CN=My SSL Certificate" -t "u,u,u" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i
+     /home/example-certs/cert.cer
+   |    A related command option, -E, is used specifically to add email
+   |    certificates to the certificate database. The -E command has the same
+   |    arguments as the -A command. The trust arguments for certificates have the
+   |    format SSL,S/MIME,Code-signing, so the middle trust settings relate most
+   |    to email certificates (though the others can be set). For example:
+   |  $ certutil -E -n "CN=John Smith Email Cert" -t ",Pu," -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i
+     /home/example-certs/email.cer
+   |    Deleting Certificates to the Database
+   |    Certificates can be deleted from a database using the -D option. The only
+   |    required options are to give the security database directory and to
+   |    identify the certificate nickname.
+   |  certutil -D -d [sql:]directory -n "nickname"
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil -D -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -n "my-ssl-cert"
+   |    Validating Certificates
+   |    A certificate contains an expiration date in itself, and expired
+   |    certificates are easily rejected. However, certificates can also be
+   |    revoked before they hit their expiration date. Checking whether a
+   |    certificate has been revoked requires validating the certificate.
+   |    Validation can also be used to ensure that the certificate is only used
+   |    for the purposes it was initially issued for. Validation is carried out by
+   |    the -V command option.
+   |  certutil -V -n certificate-name [-b time] [-e] [-u cert-usage] -d [sql:]directory
+   |    For example, to validate an email certificate:
+   |  $ certutil -V -n "John Smith's Email Cert" -e -u S,R -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
+   |    Modifying Certificate Trust Settings
+   |    The trust settings (which relate to the operations that a certificate is
+   |    allowed to be used for) can be changed after a certificate is created or
+   |    added to the database. This is especially useful for CA certificates, but
+   |    it can be performed for any type of certificate.
+   |  certutil -M -n certificate-name -t trust-args -d [sql:]directory
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil -M -n "My CA Certificate" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -t "CTu,CTu,CTu"
+   |    Printing the Certificate Chain
+   |    Certificates can be issued in chains because every certificate authority
+   |    itself has a certificate; when a CA issues a certificate, it essentially
+   |    stamps that certificate with its own fingerprint. The -O prints the full
+   |    chain of a certificate, going from the initial CA (the root CA) through
+   |    ever intermediary CA to the actual certificate. For example, for an email
+   |    certificate with two CAs in the chain:
+   |  $ certutil -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -O -n "jsmith@example.com"
+   |  "Builtin Object Token:Thawte Personal Freemail CA" [E=personal-freemail@thawte.com,CN=Thawte
+     Personal Freemail CA,OU=Certification Services Division,O=Thawte Consulting,L=Cape
+     Town,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA]
+   |    "Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA - Thawte Consulting" [CN=Thawte Personal Freemail
+     Issuing CA,O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd.,C=ZA]
+   |      "(null)" [E=jsmith@example.com,CN=Thawte Freemail Member]
+   |    Resetting a Token
+   |    The device which stores certificates -- both external hardware devices and
+   |    internal software databases -- can be blanked and reused. This operation
+   |    is performed on the device which stores the data, not directly on the
+   |    security databases, so the location must be referenced through the token
+   |    name (-h) as well as any directory path. If there is no external token
+   |    used, the default value is internal.
+   |  certutil -T -d [sql:]directory -h token-name -0 security-officer-password
+   |    Many networks have dedicated personnel who handle changes to security
+   |    tokens (the security officer). This person must supply the password to
+   |    access the specified token. For example:
+   |  $ certutil -T -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -h nethsm -0 secret
+   |    Upgrading or Merging the Security Databases
+   |    Many networks or applications may be using older BerkeleyDB versions of
+   |    the certificate database (cert8.db). Databases can be upgraded to the new
+   |    SQLite version of the database (cert9.db) using the --upgrade-merge
+   |    command option or existing databases can be merged with the new cert9.db
+   |    databases using the ---merge command.
+   |    The --upgrade-merge command must give information about the original
+   |    database and then use the standard arguments (like -d) to give the
+   |    information about the new databases. The command also requires information
+   |    that the tool uses for the process to upgrade and write over the original
+   |    database.
+   |  certutil --upgrade-merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory
+     --source-prefix dbprefix --upgrade-id id --upgrade-token-name name [-@ password-file]
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil --upgrade-merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/
+     --source-prefix serverapp- --upgrade-id 1 --upgrade-token-name internal
+   |    The --merge command only requires information about the location of the
+   |    original database; since it doesn't change the format of the database, it
+   |    can write over information without performing interim step.
+   |  certutil --merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix
+     dbprefix [-@ password-file]
+   |    For example:
+   |  $ certutil --merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix
+     serverapp-
+   |    Running certutil Commands from a Batch File
+   |    A series of commands can be run sequentially from a text file with the -B
+   |    command option. The only argument for this specifies the input file.
+   |  $ certutil -B -i /path/to/batch-file
+   | NSS Database Types
+   |    NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information.
+   |    The last versions of these legacy databases are:
+   |      o cert8.db for certificates
+   |      o key3.db for keys
+   |      o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information
+   |    BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from
+   |    being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some
+   |    flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent
+   |    database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the
+   |    access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly
+   |    shared security database.
+   |    In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases
+   |    rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and
+   |    performance:
+   |      o cert9.db for certificates
+   |      o key4.db for keys
+   |      o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained
+   |        in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory
+   |    Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the
+   |    shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy
+   |    format is included for backward compatibility.
+   |    By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given
+   |    security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite
+   |    databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the
+   |    given security directory. For example:
+   |  $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
+   |    To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the
+   |    NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql:
+   |  export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"
+   |    This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change
+   |    permanent.
+   |    Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can
+   |    be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to
+   |    configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:
+   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto
+   |    For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see
+   |    the NSS project wiki:
+   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB
+   | See Also
+   |    pk12util (1)
+   |    modutil (1)
+   |    certutil has arguments or operations that use features defined in several
+   |    IETF RFCs.
+   |      o `http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280 <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5280>`__
+   |      o `http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1113 <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1113>`__
+   |      o `http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1485 <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1485>`__
+   |    The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to
+   |    configure applications to use it.
+   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto
+   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB
+   | Additional Resources
+   |    For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
+   |    out the NSS project wiki at
+   |   
+     [1]\ `http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/ <https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/>`__.
+     The NSS site relates
+   |    directly to NSS code changes and releases.
+   |    Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto
+   |    IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki
+   | Authors
+   |    The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
+   |    Hat, and Sun.
+   |    Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey
+   |    <dlackey@redhat.com>.
+   | Copyright
+   |    (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.
+   | References
+   |    Visible links
+   |    1.
+     `http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/ <https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/>`__
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