Adding upstream version 110.0.1.upstream/110.0.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+# Refactor I/O driver
+
+Describes changes to the I/O driver for the Tokio 0.3 release.
+
+## Goals
+
+* Support `async fn` on I/O types with `&self`.
+* Refine the `Registration` API.
+
+### Non-goals
+
+* Implement `AsyncRead` / `AsyncWrite` for `&TcpStream` or other reference type.
+
+## Overview
+
+Currently, I/O types require `&mut self` for `async` functions. The reason for
+this is the task's waker is stored in the I/O resource's internal state
+(`ScheduledIo`) instead of in the future returned by the `async` function.
+Because of this limitation, I/O types limit the number of wakers to one per
+direction (a direction is either read-related events or write-related events).
+
+Moving the waker from the internal I/O resource's state to the operation's
+future enables multiple wakers to be registered per operation. The "intrusive
+wake list" strategy used by `Notify` applies to this case, though there are some
+concerns unique to the I/O driver.
+
+## Reworking the `Registration` type
+
+While `Registration` is made private (per #2728), it remains in Tokio as an
+implementation detail backing I/O resources such as `TcpStream`. The API of
+`Registration` is updated to support waiting for an arbitrary interest set with
+`&self`. This supports concurrent waiters with a different readiness interest.
+
+```rust
+struct Registration { ... }
+
+// TODO: naming
+struct ReadyEvent {
+    tick: u32,
+    ready: mio::Ready,
+}
+
+impl Registration {
+    /// `interest` must be a super set of **all** interest sets specified in
+    /// the other methods. This is the interest set passed to `mio`.
+    pub fn new<T>(io: &T, interest: mio::Ready) -> io::Result<Registration>
+        where T: mio::Evented;
+
+    /// Awaits for any readiness event included in `interest`. Returns a
+    /// `ReadyEvent` representing the received readiness event.
+    async fn readiness(&self, interest: mio::Ready) -> io::Result<ReadyEvent>;
+
+    /// Clears resource level readiness represented by the specified `ReadyEvent`
+    async fn clear_readiness(&self, ready_event: ReadyEvent);
+```
+
+A new registration is created for a `T: mio::Evented` and a `interest`. This
+creates a `ScheduledIo` entry with the I/O driver and registers the resource
+with `mio`.
+
+Because Tokio uses **edge-triggered** notifications, the I/O driver only
+receives readiness from the OS once the ready state **changes**. The I/O driver
+must track each resource's known readiness state. This helps prevent syscalls
+when the process knows the syscall should return with `EWOULDBLOCK`.
+
+A call to `readiness()` checks if the currently known resource readiness
+overlaps with `interest`. If it does, then the `readiness()` immediately
+returns. If it does not, then the task waits until the I/O driver receives a
+readiness event.
+
+The pseudocode to perform a TCP read is as follows.
+
+```rust
+async fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+    loop {
+        // Await readiness
+        let event = self.readiness(interest).await?;
+
+        match self.mio_socket.read(buf) {
+            Ok(v) => return Ok(v),
+            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == WouldBlock => {
+                self.clear_readiness(event);
+            }
+            Err(e) => return Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Reworking the `ScheduledIo` type
+
+The `ScheduledIo` type is switched to use an intrusive waker linked list. Each
+entry in the linked list includes the `interest` set passed to `readiness()`.
+
+```rust
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct ScheduledIo {
+    /// Resource's known state packed with other state that must be
+    /// atomically updated.
+    readiness: AtomicUsize,
+
+    /// Tracks tasks waiting on the resource
+    waiters: Mutex<Waiters>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Waiters {
+    // List of intrusive waiters.
+    list: LinkedList<Waiter>,
+
+    /// Waiter used by `AsyncRead` implementations.
+    reader: Option<Waker>,
+
+    /// Waiter used by `AsyncWrite` implementations.
+    writer: Option<Waker>,
+}
+
+// This struct is contained by the **future** returned by `readiness()`.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Waiter {
+    /// Intrusive linked-list pointers
+    pointers: linked_list::Pointers<Waiter>,
+
+    /// Waker for task waiting on I/O resource
+    waiter: Option<Waker>,
+
+    /// Readiness events being waited on. This is
+    /// the value passed to `readiness()`
+    interest: mio::Ready,
+
+    /// Should not be `Unpin`.
+    _p: PhantomPinned,
+}
+```
+
+When an I/O event is received from `mio`, the associated resources' readiness is
+updated and the waiter list is iterated. All waiters with `interest` that
+overlap the received readiness event are notified. Any waiter with an `interest`
+that does not overlap the readiness event remains in the list.
+
+## Cancel interest on drop
+
+The future returned by `readiness()` uses an intrusive linked list to store the
+waker with `ScheduledIo`. Because `readiness()` can be called concurrently, many
+wakers may be stored simultaneously in the list. If the `readiness()` future is
+dropped early, it is essential that the waker is removed from the list. This
+prevents leaking memory.
+
+## Race condition
+
+Consider how many tasks may concurrently attempt I/O operations. This, combined
+with how Tokio uses edge-triggered events, can result in a race condition. Let's
+revisit the TCP read function:
+
+```rust
+async fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+    loop {
+        // Await readiness
+        let event = self.readiness(interest).await?;
+
+        match self.mio_socket.read(buf) {
+            Ok(v) => return Ok(v),
+            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == WouldBlock => {
+                self.clear_readiness(event);
+            }
+            Err(e) => return Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+If care is not taken, if between `mio_socket.read(buf)` returning and
+`clear_readiness(event)` is called, a readiness event arrives, the `read()`
+function could deadlock. This happens because the readiness event is received,
+`clear_readiness()` unsets the readiness event, and on the next iteration,
+`readiness().await` will block forever as a new readiness event is not received.
+
+The current I/O driver handles this condition by always registering the task's
+waker before performing the operation. This is not ideal as it will result in
+unnecessary task notification.
+
+Instead, we will use a strategy to prevent clearing readiness if an "unseen"
+readiness event has been received. The I/O driver will maintain a "tick" value.
+Every time the `mio` `poll()` function is called, the tick is incremented. Each
+readiness event has an associated tick. When the I/O driver sets the resource's
+readiness, the driver's tick is packed into the atomic `usize`.
+
+The `ScheduledIo` readiness `AtomicUsize` is structured as:
+
+```
+| reserved | generation |  driver tick | readinesss |
+|----------+------------+--------------+------------|
+|   1 bit  |   7 bits   +    8 bits    +   16 bits  |
+```
+
+The `reserved` and `generation` components exist today.
+
+The `readiness()` function returns a `ReadyEvent` value. This value includes the
+`tick` component read with the resource's readiness value. When
+`clear_readiness()` is called, the `ReadyEvent` is provided. Readiness is only
+cleared if the current `tick` matches the `tick` included in the `ReadyEvent`.
+If the tick values do not match, the call to `readiness()` on the next iteration
+will not block and the new `tick` is included in the new `ReadyToken.`
+
+TODO
+
+## Implementing `AsyncRead` / `AsyncWrite`
+
+The `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` traits use a "poll" based API. This means that
+it is not possible to use an intrusive linked list to track the waker.
+Additionally, there is no future associated with the operation which means it is
+not possible to cancel interest in the readiness events.
+
+To implement `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite`, `ScheduledIo` includes dedicated
+waker values for the read direction and the write direction. These values are
+used to store the waker. Specific `interest` is not tracked for `AsyncRead` and
+`AsyncWrite` implementations. It is assumed that only events of interest are:
+
+* Read ready
+* Read closed
+* Write ready
+* Write closed
+
+Note that "read closed" and "write closed" are only available with Mio 0.7. With
+Mio 0.6, things were a bit messy.
+
+It is only possible to implement `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` for resource types
+themselves and not for `&Resource`. Implementing the traits for `&Resource`
+would permit concurrent operations to the resource. Because only a single waker
+is stored per direction, any concurrent usage would result in deadlocks. An
+alternate implementation would call for a `Vec<Waker>` but this would result in
+memory leaks.
+
+## Enabling reads and writes for `&TcpStream`
+
+Instead of implementing `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` for `&TcpStream`, a new
+function is added to `TcpStream`.
+
+```rust
+impl TcpStream {
+    /// Naming TBD
+    fn by_ref(&self) -> TcpStreamRef<'_>;
+}
+
+struct TcpStreamRef<'a> {
+    stream: &'a TcpStream,
+
+    // `Waiter` is the node in the intrusive waiter linked-list
+    read_waiter: Waiter,
+    write_waiter: Waiter,
+}
+```
+
+Now, `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` can be implemented on `TcpStreamRef<'a>`. When
+the `TcpStreamRef` is dropped, all associated waker resources are cleaned up.
+
+### Removing all the `split()` functions
+
+With `TcpStream::by_ref()`, `TcpStream::split()` is no longer needed. Instead,
+it is possible to do something as follows.
+
+```rust
+let rd = my_stream.by_ref();
+let wr = my_stream.by_ref();
+
+select! {
+    // use `rd` and `wr` in separate branches.
+}
+```
+
+It is also possible to store a `TcpStream` in an `Arc`.
+
+```rust
+let arc_stream = Arc::new(my_tcp_stream);
+let n = arc_stream.by_ref().read(buf).await?;
+```