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diff --git a/Documentation/security/keys/trusted-encrypted.rst b/Documentation/security/keys/trusted-encrypted.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bc9db8ec --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/security/keys/trusted-encrypted.rst @@ -0,0 +1,428 @@ +========================== +Trusted and Encrypted Keys +========================== + +Trusted and Encrypted Keys are two new key types added to the existing kernel +key ring service. Both of these new types are variable length symmetric keys, +and in both cases all keys are created in the kernel, and user space sees, +stores, and loads only encrypted blobs. Trusted Keys require the availability +of a Trust Source for greater security, while Encrypted Keys can be used on any +system. All user level blobs, are displayed and loaded in hex ASCII for +convenience, and are integrity verified. + + +Trust Source +============ + +A trust source provides the source of security for Trusted Keys. This +section lists currently supported trust sources, along with their security +considerations. Whether or not a trust source is sufficiently safe depends +on the strength and correctness of its implementation, as well as the threat +environment for a specific use case. Since the kernel doesn't know what the +environment is, and there is no metric of trust, it is dependent on the +consumer of the Trusted Keys to determine if the trust source is sufficiently +safe. + + * Root of trust for storage + + (1) TPM (Trusted Platform Module: hardware device) + + Rooted to Storage Root Key (SRK) which never leaves the TPM that + provides crypto operation to establish root of trust for storage. + + (2) TEE (Trusted Execution Environment: OP-TEE based on Arm TrustZone) + + Rooted to Hardware Unique Key (HUK) which is generally burnt in on-chip + fuses and is accessible to TEE only. + + (3) CAAM (Cryptographic Acceleration and Assurance Module: IP on NXP SoCs) + + When High Assurance Boot (HAB) is enabled and the CAAM is in secure + mode, trust is rooted to the OTPMK, a never-disclosed 256-bit key + randomly generated and fused into each SoC at manufacturing time. + Otherwise, a common fixed test key is used instead. + + * Execution isolation + + (1) TPM + + Fixed set of operations running in isolated execution environment. + + (2) TEE + + Customizable set of operations running in isolated execution + environment verified via Secure/Trusted boot process. + + (3) CAAM + + Fixed set of operations running in isolated execution environment. + + * Optional binding to platform integrity state + + (1) TPM + + Keys can be optionally sealed to specified PCR (integrity measurement) + values, and only unsealed by the TPM, if PCRs and blob integrity + verifications match. A loaded Trusted Key can be updated with new + (future) PCR values, so keys are easily migrated to new PCR values, + such as when the kernel and initramfs are updated. The same key can + have many saved blobs under different PCR values, so multiple boots are + easily supported. + + (2) TEE + + Relies on Secure/Trusted boot process for platform integrity. It can + be extended with TEE based measured boot process. + + (3) CAAM + + Relies on the High Assurance Boot (HAB) mechanism of NXP SoCs + for platform integrity. + + * Interfaces and APIs + + (1) TPM + + TPMs have well-documented, standardized interfaces and APIs. + + (2) TEE + + TEEs have well-documented, standardized client interface and APIs. For + more details refer to ``Documentation/staging/tee.rst``. + + (3) CAAM + + Interface is specific to silicon vendor. + + * Threat model + + The strength and appropriateness of a particular trust source for a given + purpose must be assessed when using them to protect security-relevant data. + + +Key Generation +============== + +Trusted Keys +------------ + +New keys are created from random numbers. They are encrypted/decrypted using +a child key in the storage key hierarchy. Encryption and decryption of the +child key must be protected by a strong access control policy within the +trust source. The random number generator in use differs according to the +selected trust source: + + * TPM: hardware device based RNG + + Keys are generated within the TPM. Strength of random numbers may vary + from one device manufacturer to another. + + * TEE: OP-TEE based on Arm TrustZone based RNG + + RNG is customizable as per platform needs. It can either be direct output + from platform specific hardware RNG or a software based Fortuna CSPRNG + which can be seeded via multiple entropy sources. + + * CAAM: Kernel RNG + + The normal kernel random number generator is used. To seed it from the + CAAM HWRNG, enable CRYPTO_DEV_FSL_CAAM_RNG_API and ensure the device + is probed. + +Users may override this by specifying ``trusted.rng=kernel`` on the kernel +command-line to override the used RNG with the kernel's random number pool. + +Encrypted Keys +-------------- + +Encrypted keys do not depend on a trust source, and are faster, as they use AES +for encryption/decryption. New keys are created either from kernel-generated +random numbers or user-provided decrypted data, and are encrypted/decrypted +using a specified ‘master’ key. The ‘master’ key can either be a trusted-key or +user-key type. The main disadvantage of encrypted keys is that if they are not +rooted in a trusted key, they are only as secure as the user key encrypting +them. The master user key should therefore be loaded in as secure a way as +possible, preferably early in boot. + + +Usage +===== + +Trusted Keys usage: TPM +----------------------- + +TPM 1.2: By default, trusted keys are sealed under the SRK, which has the +default authorization value (20 bytes of 0s). This can be set at takeownership +time with the TrouSerS utility: "tpm_takeownership -u -z". + +TPM 2.0: The user must first create a storage key and make it persistent, so the +key is available after reboot. This can be done using the following commands. + +With the IBM TSS 2 stack:: + + #> tsscreateprimary -hi o -st + Handle 80000000 + #> tssevictcontrol -hi o -ho 80000000 -hp 81000001 + +Or with the Intel TSS 2 stack:: + + #> tpm2_createprimary --hierarchy o -G rsa2048 -c key.ctxt + [...] + #> tpm2_evictcontrol -c key.ctxt 0x81000001 + persistentHandle: 0x81000001 + +Usage:: + + keyctl add trusted name "new keylen [options]" ring + keyctl add trusted name "load hex_blob [pcrlock=pcrnum]" ring + keyctl update key "update [options]" + keyctl print keyid + + options: + keyhandle= ascii hex value of sealing key + TPM 1.2: default 0x40000000 (SRK) + TPM 2.0: no default; must be passed every time + keyauth= ascii hex auth for sealing key default 0x00...i + (40 ascii zeros) + blobauth= ascii hex auth for sealed data default 0x00... + (40 ascii zeros) + pcrinfo= ascii hex of PCR_INFO or PCR_INFO_LONG (no default) + pcrlock= pcr number to be extended to "lock" blob + migratable= 0|1 indicating permission to reseal to new PCR values, + default 1 (resealing allowed) + hash= hash algorithm name as a string. For TPM 1.x the only + allowed value is sha1. For TPM 2.x the allowed values + are sha1, sha256, sha384, sha512 and sm3-256. + policydigest= digest for the authorization policy. must be calculated + with the same hash algorithm as specified by the 'hash=' + option. + policyhandle= handle to an authorization policy session that defines the + same policy and with the same hash algorithm as was used to + seal the key. + +"keyctl print" returns an ascii hex copy of the sealed key, which is in standard +TPM_STORED_DATA format. The key length for new keys are always in bytes. +Trusted Keys can be 32 - 128 bytes (256 - 1024 bits), the upper limit is to fit +within the 2048 bit SRK (RSA) keylength, with all necessary structure/padding. + +Trusted Keys usage: TEE +----------------------- + +Usage:: + + keyctl add trusted name "new keylen" ring + keyctl add trusted name "load hex_blob" ring + keyctl print keyid + +"keyctl print" returns an ASCII hex copy of the sealed key, which is in format +specific to TEE device implementation. The key length for new keys is always +in bytes. Trusted Keys can be 32 - 128 bytes (256 - 1024 bits). + +Trusted Keys usage: CAAM +------------------------ + +Usage:: + + keyctl add trusted name "new keylen" ring + keyctl add trusted name "load hex_blob" ring + keyctl print keyid + +"keyctl print" returns an ASCII hex copy of the sealed key, which is in a +CAAM-specific format. The key length for new keys is always in bytes. +Trusted Keys can be 32 - 128 bytes (256 - 1024 bits). + +Encrypted Keys usage +-------------------- + +The decrypted portion of encrypted keys can contain either a simple symmetric +key or a more complex structure. The format of the more complex structure is +application specific, which is identified by 'format'. + +Usage:: + + keyctl add encrypted name "new [format] key-type:master-key-name keylen" + ring + keyctl add encrypted name "new [format] key-type:master-key-name keylen + decrypted-data" ring + keyctl add encrypted name "load hex_blob" ring + keyctl update keyid "update key-type:master-key-name" + +Where:: + + format:= 'default | ecryptfs | enc32' + key-type:= 'trusted' | 'user' + +Examples of trusted and encrypted key usage +------------------------------------------- + +Create and save a trusted key named "kmk" of length 32 bytes. + +Note: When using a TPM 2.0 with a persistent key with handle 0x81000001, +append 'keyhandle=0x81000001' to statements between quotes, such as +"new 32 keyhandle=0x81000001". + +:: + + $ keyctl add trusted kmk "new 32" @u + 440502848 + + $ keyctl show + Session Keyring + -3 --alswrv 500 500 keyring: _ses + 97833714 --alswrv 500 -1 \_ keyring: _uid.500 + 440502848 --alswrv 500 500 \_ trusted: kmk + + $ keyctl print 440502848 + 0101000000000000000001005d01b7e3f4a6be5709930f3b70a743cbb42e0cc95e18e915 + 3f60da455bbf1144ad12e4f92b452f966929f6105fd29ca28e4d4d5a031d068478bacb0b + 27351119f822911b0a11ba3d3498ba6a32e50dac7f32894dd890eb9ad578e4e292c83722 + a52e56a097e6a68b3f56f7a52ece0cdccba1eb62cad7d817f6dc58898b3ac15f36026fec + d568bd4a706cb60bb37be6d8f1240661199d640b66fb0fe3b079f97f450b9ef9c22c6d5d + dd379f0facd1cd020281dfa3c70ba21a3fa6fc2471dc6d13ecf8298b946f65345faa5ef0 + f1f8fff03ad0acb083725535636addb08d73dedb9832da198081e5deae84bfaf0409c22b + e4a8aea2b607ec96931e6f4d4fe563ba + + $ keyctl pipe 440502848 > kmk.blob + +Load a trusted key from the saved blob:: + + $ keyctl add trusted kmk "load `cat kmk.blob`" @u + 268728824 + + $ keyctl print 268728824 + 0101000000000000000001005d01b7e3f4a6be5709930f3b70a743cbb42e0cc95e18e915 + 3f60da455bbf1144ad12e4f92b452f966929f6105fd29ca28e4d4d5a031d068478bacb0b + 27351119f822911b0a11ba3d3498ba6a32e50dac7f32894dd890eb9ad578e4e292c83722 + a52e56a097e6a68b3f56f7a52ece0cdccba1eb62cad7d817f6dc58898b3ac15f36026fec + d568bd4a706cb60bb37be6d8f1240661199d640b66fb0fe3b079f97f450b9ef9c22c6d5d + dd379f0facd1cd020281dfa3c70ba21a3fa6fc2471dc6d13ecf8298b946f65345faa5ef0 + f1f8fff03ad0acb083725535636addb08d73dedb9832da198081e5deae84bfaf0409c22b + e4a8aea2b607ec96931e6f4d4fe563ba + +Reseal (TPM specific) a trusted key under new PCR values:: + + $ keyctl update 268728824 "update pcrinfo=`cat pcr.blob`" + $ keyctl print 268728824 + 010100000000002c0002800093c35a09b70fff26e7a98ae786c641e678ec6ffb6b46d805 + 77c8a6377aed9d3219c6dfec4b23ffe3000001005d37d472ac8a44023fbb3d18583a4f73 + d3a076c0858f6f1dcaa39ea0f119911ff03f5406df4f7f27f41da8d7194f45c9f4e00f2e + df449f266253aa3f52e55c53de147773e00f0f9aca86c64d94c95382265968c354c5eab4 + 9638c5ae99c89de1e0997242edfb0b501744e11ff9762dfd951cffd93227cc513384e7e6 + e782c29435c7ec2edafaa2f4c1fe6e7a781b59549ff5296371b42133777dcc5b8b971610 + 94bc67ede19e43ddb9dc2baacad374a36feaf0314d700af0a65c164b7082401740e489c9 + 7ef6a24defe4846104209bf0c3eced7fa1a672ed5b125fc9d8cd88b476a658a4434644ef + df8ae9a178e9f83ba9f08d10fa47e4226b98b0702f06b3b8 + + +The initial consumer of trusted keys is EVM, which at boot time needs a high +quality symmetric key for HMAC protection of file metadata. The use of a +trusted key provides strong guarantees that the EVM key has not been +compromised by a user level problem, and when sealed to a platform integrity +state, protects against boot and offline attacks. Create and save an +encrypted key "evm" using the above trusted key "kmk": + +option 1: omitting 'format':: + + $ keyctl add encrypted evm "new trusted:kmk 32" @u + 159771175 + +option 2: explicitly defining 'format' as 'default':: + + $ keyctl add encrypted evm "new default trusted:kmk 32" @u + 159771175 + + $ keyctl print 159771175 + default trusted:kmk 32 2375725ad57798846a9bbd240de8906f006e66c03af53b1b3 + 82dbbc55be2a44616e4959430436dc4f2a7a9659aa60bb4652aeb2120f149ed197c564e0 + 24717c64 5972dcb82ab2dde83376d82b2e3c09ffc + + $ keyctl pipe 159771175 > evm.blob + +Load an encrypted key "evm" from saved blob:: + + $ keyctl add encrypted evm "load `cat evm.blob`" @u + 831684262 + + $ keyctl print 831684262 + default trusted:kmk 32 2375725ad57798846a9bbd240de8906f006e66c03af53b1b3 + 82dbbc55be2a44616e4959430436dc4f2a7a9659aa60bb4652aeb2120f149ed197c564e0 + 24717c64 5972dcb82ab2dde83376d82b2e3c09ffc + +Instantiate an encrypted key "evm" using user-provided decrypted data:: + + $ evmkey=$(dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1 count=32 | xxd -c32 -p) + $ keyctl add encrypted evm "new default user:kmk 32 $evmkey" @u + 794890253 + + $ keyctl print 794890253 + default user:kmk 32 2375725ad57798846a9bbd240de8906f006e66c03af53b1b382d + bbc55be2a44616e4959430436dc4f2a7a9659aa60bb4652aeb2120f149ed197c564e0247 + 17c64 5972dcb82ab2dde83376d82b2e3c09ffc + +Other uses for trusted and encrypted keys, such as for disk and file encryption +are anticipated. In particular the new format 'ecryptfs' has been defined +in order to use encrypted keys to mount an eCryptfs filesystem. More details +about the usage can be found in the file +``Documentation/security/keys/ecryptfs.rst``. + +Another new format 'enc32' has been defined in order to support encrypted keys +with payload size of 32 bytes. This will initially be used for nvdimm security +but may expand to other usages that require 32 bytes payload. + + +TPM 2.0 ASN.1 Key Format +------------------------ + +The TPM 2.0 ASN.1 key format is designed to be easily recognisable, +even in binary form (fixing a problem we had with the TPM 1.2 ASN.1 +format) and to be extensible for additions like importable keys and +policy:: + + TPMKey ::= SEQUENCE { + type OBJECT IDENTIFIER + emptyAuth [0] EXPLICIT BOOLEAN OPTIONAL + parent INTEGER + pubkey OCTET STRING + privkey OCTET STRING + } + +type is what distinguishes the key even in binary form since the OID +is provided by the TCG to be unique and thus forms a recognizable +binary pattern at offset 3 in the key. The OIDs currently made +available are:: + + 2.23.133.10.1.3 TPM Loadable key. This is an asymmetric key (Usually + RSA2048 or Elliptic Curve) which can be imported by a + TPM2_Load() operation. + + 2.23.133.10.1.4 TPM Importable Key. This is an asymmetric key (Usually + RSA2048 or Elliptic Curve) which can be imported by a + TPM2_Import() operation. + + 2.23.133.10.1.5 TPM Sealed Data. This is a set of data (up to 128 + bytes) which is sealed by the TPM. It usually + represents a symmetric key and must be unsealed before + use. + +The trusted key code only uses the TPM Sealed Data OID. + +emptyAuth is true if the key has well known authorization "". If it +is false or not present, the key requires an explicit authorization +phrase. This is used by most user space consumers to decide whether +to prompt for a password. + +parent represents the parent key handle, either in the 0x81 MSO space, +like 0x81000001 for the RSA primary storage key. Userspace programmes +also support specifying the primary handle in the 0x40 MSO space. If +this happens the Elliptic Curve variant of the primary key using the +TCG defined template will be generated on the fly into a volatile +object and used as the parent. The current kernel code only supports +the 0x81 MSO form. + +pubkey is the binary representation of TPM2B_PRIVATE excluding the +initial TPM2B header, which can be reconstructed from the ASN.1 octet +string length. + +privkey is the binary representation of TPM2B_PUBLIC excluding the +initial TPM2B header which can be reconstructed from the ASN.1 octed +string length. |