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diff --git a/html/newaliases.1.html b/html/newaliases.1.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb99f16 --- /dev/null +++ b/html/newaliases.1.html @@ -0,0 +1,522 @@ +<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<html> <head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> +<title> Postfix manual - sendmail(1) </title> +</head> <body> <pre> +SENDMAIL(1) SENDMAIL(1) + +<b>NAME</b> + sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface + +<b>SYNOPSIS</b> + <b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>] + + <b>mailq</b> + <b>sendmail -bp</b> + + <b>newaliases</b> + <b>sendmail -I</b> + +<b>DESCRIPTION</b> + The Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to Sendmail com- + patibility interface. For the sake of compatibility with existing + applications, some Sendmail command-line options are recognized but + silently ignored. + + By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from standard input + until EOF or until it reads a line with only a <b>.</b> character, and + arranges for delivery. Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> relies on the <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> + command to create a queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory. + + Specific command aliases are provided for other common modes of opera- + tion: + + <b>mailq</b> List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue file ID, message + size, arrival time, sender, and the recipients that still need + to be delivered. If mail could not be delivered upon the last + attempt, the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID string is + followed by an optional status character: + + <b>*</b> The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the message is + selected for delivery. + + <b>!</b> The message is in the <b>hold</b> queue, i.e. no further deliv- + ery attempt will be made until the mail is taken off + hold. + + <b>#</b> The message is forced to expire. See the <a href="postsuper.1.html"><b>postsuper</b>(1)</a> + options <b>-e</b> or <b>-f</b>. + + This mode of operation is implemented by executing the + <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. + + <b>newaliases</b> + Initialize the alias database. If no input file is specified + (with the <b>-oA</b> option, see below), the program processes the + file(s) specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b> configuration parame- + ter. If no alias database type is specified, the program uses + the type specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b> configuration + parameter. This mode of operation is implemented by running the + <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command. + + Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias database update + becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix reload</b>" command to eliminate + this delay. + + These and other features can be selected by specifying the appropriate + combination of command-line options. Some features are controlled by + parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configuration file. + + The following options are recognized: + + <b>-Am</b> (ignored) + + <b>-Ac</b> (ignored) + Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file regardless of + whether or not a message is an initial submission. + + <b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i> + The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>. + + <b>-bd</b> Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is implemented by + executing the "<b>postfix start</b>" command. + + <b>-bh</b> (ignored) + + <b>-bH</b> (ignored) + Postfix has no persistent host status database. + + <b>-bi</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> command above. + + <b>-bl</b> Go into daemon mode. To accept only local connections as with + Sendmail's <b>-bl</b> option, specify "<b><a href="postconf.5.html#inet_interfaces">inet_interfaces</a> = loopback</b>" in + the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configuration file. + + <b>-bm</b> Read mail from standard input and arrange for delivery. This is + the default mode of operation. + + <b>-bp</b> List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above. + + <b>-bs</b> Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands from standard + input, and write responses to standard output. In stand-alone + SMTP server mode, mail relaying and other access controls are + disabled by default. To enable them, run the process as the + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user. + + This mode of operation is implemented by running the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a> + daemon. + + <b>-bv</b> Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send an email + report after verifying each recipient address. This is useful + for testing address rewriting and routing configurations. + + This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 and later. + + <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> + + <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i> + The path name of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of its parent + directory. This information is ignored with Postfix versions + before 2.3. + + With Postfix version 3.2 and later, a non-default directory must + be authorized in the default <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, through the alter- + nate_config_directories or <a href="postconf.5.html#multi_instance_directories">multi_instance_directories</a> parame- + ters. + + With all Postfix versions, you can specify a directory pathname + with the MAIL_CONFIG environment variable to override the loca- + tion of configuration files. + + <b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i> + Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME environment + variable, and is used only with messages that have no <b>From:</b> mes- + sage header. + + <b>-f</b> <i>sender</i> + Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where + delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, + the <b>Errors-To:</b> message header overrides the error return + address. + + <b>-G</b> Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial user submis- + sion. Either do not rewrite addresses at all, or update incom- + plete addresses with the domain information specified with + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a></b>. + + This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3. + + <b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored) + Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b> configuration parameter + instead. + + <b>-I</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> command above. + + <b>-i</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line + with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of input. + + <b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored) + The logging label. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b> configuration parameter + instead. + + <b>-m</b> (ignored) + Backwards compatibility. + + <b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure') + Delivery status notification control. Specify either a + comma-separated list with one or more of <b>failure</b> (send notifica- + tion when delivery fails), <b>delay</b> (send notification when deliv- + ery is delayed), or <b>success</b> (send notification when the message + is delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any notifications at + all). + + This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. + + <b>-n</b> (ignored) + Backwards compatibility. + + <b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i> + Non-default alias database. Specify <i>pathname</i> or <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>. + See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details. + + <b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored) + Set the named <i>option</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configuration + parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. + + <b>-o7</b> (ignored) + + <b>-o8</b> (ignored) + To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate MIME encap- + sulation and specify the appropriate <b>-B</b> command-line option. + + <b>-oi</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line + with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of input. + + <b>-om</b> (ignored) + The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. expansions. + + <b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored) + Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configuration parame- + ter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. + + <b>-r</b> <i>sender</i> + Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where + delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, + the <b>Errors-To:</b> message header overrides the error return + address. + + <b>-R</b> <i>return</i> + Delivery status notification control. Specify "hdrs" to return + only the header when a message bounces, "full" to return a full + copy (the default behavior). + + The <b>-R</b> option specifies an upper bound; Postfix will return only + the header, when a full copy would exceed the <a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> + setting. + + This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.10. + + <b>-q</b> Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is implemented by exe- + cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. + + Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently will result in + poor delivery performance of all other mail. + + <b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored) + The interval between queue runs. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> config- + uration parameter instead. + + <b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i> + Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the specified queue ID. + This option is implemented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> com- + mand, and is available with Postfix version 2.4 and later. + + <b>-qR</b><i>site</i> + Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is queued for the + named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only <i>site</i> names that are eligi- + ble for the "fast flush" service, and is implemented by execut- + ing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more information + about the "fast flush" service. + + <b>-qS</b><i>site</i> + This command is not implemented. Use the slower "<b>sendmail -q</b>" + command instead. + + <b>-t</b> Extract recipients from message headers. These are added to any + recipients specified on the command line. + + With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option requires that no + recipient addresses are specified on the command line. + + <b>-U</b> (ignored) + Initial user submission. + + <b>-V</b> <i>envid</i> + Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers that support + DSN. + + This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. + + <b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>) + Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope sender address + of the form <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>, each recipient <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i> + receives mail with a personalized envelope sender address. + + By default, the personalized envelope sender address is + <i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> charac- + ters are configurable with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configu- + ration parameter. + + <b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>) + As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as the VERP delimiter characters, + instead of the characters specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delim</a>-</b> + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">iters</a></b> configuration parameter. + + <b>-v</b> Send an email report of the first delivery attempt (Postfix ver- + sions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery always happens in the back- + ground. When multiple <b>-v</b> options are given, enable verbose log- + ging for debugging purposes. + + <b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored) + Log mailer traffic. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b> + configuration parameters instead. + +<b>SECURITY</b> + By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id. It is prepared + to handle message content from untrusted, possibly remote, users. + + However, like most Postfix programs, this program does not enforce a + security policy on its command-line arguments. Instead, it relies on + the UNIX system to enforce access policies based on the effective user + and group IDs of the process. Concretely, this means that running Post- + fix commands as root (from sudo or equivalent) on behalf of a non-root + user is likely to create privilege escalation opportunities. + + If an application runs any Postfix programs on behalf of users that do + not have normal shell access to Postfix commands, then that application + MUST restrict user-specified command-line arguments to avoid privilege + escalation. + + <b>o</b> Filter all command-line arguments, for example arguments that + contain a pathname or that specify a database access method. + These pathname checks must reject user-controlled symlinks or + hardlinks to sensitive files, and must not be vulnerable to TOC- + TOU race attacks. + + <b>o</b> Disable command options processing for all command arguments + that contain user-specified data. For example, the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a> + <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> command line MUST be structured as follows: + + <b>/path/to/sendmail</b> <i>system-arguments</i> <b>--</b> <i>user-arguments</i> + + Here, the "<b>--</b>" disables command option processing for all + <i>user-arguments</i> that follow. + + Without the "<b>--</b>", a malicious user could enable Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a> + <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> command options, by specifying an email address that + starts with "<b>-</b>". + +<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b> + Problems are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) or <a href="postlogd.8.html"><b>postlogd</b>(8)</a>, and to the standard + error stream. + +<b>ENVIRONMENT</b> + <b>MAIL_CONFIG</b> + Directory with Postfix configuration files. + + <b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter) + Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes. + + <b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter) + Enable debugging with an external command, as specified with the + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b> configuration parameter. + + <b>NAME</b> The sender full name. This is used only with messages that have + no <b>From:</b> message header. See also the <b>-F</b> option above. + +<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b> + The following <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant to this pro- + gram. The text below provides only a parameter summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>post-</b></a> + <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>conf</b>(5)</a> for more details including examples. + +<b>COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS</b> + Available with Postfix 2.9 and later: + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#sendmail_fix_line_endings">sendmail_fix_line_endings</a> (always)</b> + Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts email message + line endings from <CR><LF> into UNIX format (<LF>). + +<b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b> + The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples of how to troubleshoot a Postfix + system. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b> + The external command to execute when a Postfix daemon program is + invoked with the -D option. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b> + The increment in verbose logging level when a nexthop destina- + tion, remote client or server name or network address matches a + pattern given with the <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b> + Optional list of nexthop destination, remote client or server + name or network address patterns that, if matched, cause the + verbose logging level to increase by the amount specified in + $<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>. + +<b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b> + Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later: + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> + List of users who are authorized to flush the queue. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> + List of users who are authorized to view the queue. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> + List of users who are authorized to submit mail with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a> + <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> command (and with the privileged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper com- + mand). + +<b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b> + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b> + The maximal amount of original message text that is sent in a + non-delivery notification. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b> + The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child process. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b> + The delay between attempts to fork() a child process. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b> + The maximal number of Received: message headers that is allowed + in the primary message headers. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b> + The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue manager; + prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 1000s. + +<b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b> + The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation details for + the Postfix "fast flush" service. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b> + Optional list of destinations that are eligible for per-destina- + tion logfiles with mail that is queued to those destinations. + +<b>VERP CONTROLS</b> + The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation details of + Postfix support for variable envelope return path addresses. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b> + The two default VERP delimiter characters. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b> + The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter characters on + the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line and in SMTP commands. + +<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b> + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that are updated with + "<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>". + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + The location of all postfix administrative commands. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> con- + figuration files. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + The directory with Postfix support programs and daemon programs. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>, <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> + and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b> + The time after which the sender receives a copy of the message + headers of mail that is still queued. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#import_environment">import_environment</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + The list of environment variables that a privileged Postfix + process will import from a non-Postfix parent process, or + name=value environment overrides. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b> + The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue and most + Postfix daemon processes. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b> + Don't rewrite message headers from remote clients at all when + this parameter is empty; otherwise, rewrite message headers and + append the specified domain name to incomplete addresses. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b> + The syslog facility of Postfix logging. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> + A prefix that is prepended to the process name in syslog + records, so that, for example, "smtpd" becomes "prefix/smtpd". + + Postfix 3.2 and later: + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alternate_config_directories">alternate_config_directories</a> (empty)</b> + A list of non-default Postfix configuration directories that may + be specified with "-c <a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a>" on the command line (in + the case of <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a>, with the "-C" option), or via the + MAIL_CONFIG environment parameter. + + <b><a href="postconf.5.html#multi_instance_directories">multi_instance_directories</a> (empty)</b> + An optional list of non-default Postfix configuration directo- + ries; these directories belong to additional Postfix instances + that share the Postfix executable files and documentation with + the default Postfix instance, and that are started, stopped, + etc., together with the default Postfix instance. + +<b>FILES</b> + /var/spool/postfix, mail queue + /etc/postfix, configuration files + +<b>SEE ALSO</b> + <a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon + <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager + <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server + <a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service + <a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance + <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database + <a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility + <a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control + <a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control + <a href="postlogd.8.html">postlogd(8)</a>, Postfix logging + syslogd(8), system logging + +<b>README_FILES</b> + Use "<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#readme_directory">readme_directory</a></b>" or "<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#html_directory">html_directory</a></b>" to locate + this information. + <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto + <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto + <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto + +<b>LICENSE</b> + The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software. + +<b>AUTHOR(S)</b> + Wietse Venema + IBM T.J. Watson Research + P.O. Box 704 + Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA + + Wietse Venema + Google, Inc. + 111 8th Avenue + New York, NY 10011, USA + + SENDMAIL(1) +</pre> </body> </html> |