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<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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<title> Postfix manual - virtual(8) </title>
</head> <body> <pre>
VIRTUAL(8) VIRTUAL(8)
<b>NAME</b>
virtual - Postfix virtual domain mail delivery agent
<b>SYNOPSIS</b>
<b>virtual</b> [generic Postfix daemon options]
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
The <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent is designed for virtual mail hosting ser-
vices. Originally based on the Postfix <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery agent, this
agent looks up recipients with map lookups of their full recipient
address, instead of using hard-coded unix password file lookups of the
address local part only.
This delivery agent only delivers mail. Other features such as mail
forwarding, out-of-office notifications, etc., must be configured via
virtual_alias maps or via similar lookup mechanisms.
<b>MAILBOX LOCATION</b>
The mailbox location is controlled by the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_base">virtual_mailbox_base</a></b> and <b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_maps">vir</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_maps">tual_mailbox_maps</a></b> configuration parameters (see below). The <b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_maps">vir-</b>
<b>tual_mailbox_maps</a></b> table is indexed by the recipient address as
described under TABLE SEARCH ORDER below.
The mailbox pathname is constructed as follows:
<b>$<a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_base">virtual_mailbox_base</a>/$virtual_mailbox_maps(</b><i>recipient</i><b>)</b>
where <i>recipient</i> is the full recipient address.
<b>UNIX MAILBOX FORMAT</b>
When the mailbox location does not end in <b>/</b>, the message is delivered
in UNIX mailbox format. This format stores multiple messages in one
textfile.
The <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent prepends a "<b>From</b> <i>sender time</i><b>_</b><i>stamp</i>" enve-
lope header to each message, prepends a <b>Delivered-To:</b> message header
with the envelope recipient address, prepends an <b>X-Original-To:</b> header
with the recipient address as given to Postfix, prepends a <b>Return-Path:</b>
message header with the envelope sender address, prepends a > character
to lines beginning with "<b>From</b> ", and appends an empty line.
The mailbox is locked for exclusive access while delivery is in
progress. In case of problems, an attempt is made to truncate the mail-
box to its original length.
<b>QMAIL MAILDIR FORMAT</b>
When the mailbox location ends in <b>/</b>, the message is delivered in qmail
<b>maildir</b> format. This format stores one message per file.
The <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent prepends a <b>Delivered-To:</b> message header
with the final envelope recipient address, prepends an <b>X-Original-To:</b>
header with the recipient address as given to Postfix, and prepends a
<b>Return-Path:</b> message header with the envelope sender address.
By definition, <b>maildir</b> format does not require application-level file
locking during mail delivery or retrieval.
<b>MAILBOX OWNERSHIP</b>
Mailbox ownership is controlled by the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_uid_maps">virtual_uid_maps</a></b> and <b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_gid_maps">vir</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_gid_maps">tual_gid_maps</a></b> lookup tables, which are indexed with the full recipient
address. Each table provides a string with the numerical user and group
ID, respectively.
The <b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_minimum_uid">virtual_minimum_uid</a></b> parameter imposes a lower bound on numerical
user ID values that may be specified in any <b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_uid_maps">virtual_uid_maps</a></b>.
<b>CASE FOLDING</b>
All delivery decisions are made using the full recipient address,
folded to lower case. See also the next section for a few exceptions
with optional address extensions.
<b>TABLE SEARCH ORDER</b>
Normally, a lookup table is specified as a text file that serves as
input to the <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> command. The result, an indexed file in <b>dbm</b> or
<b>db</b> format, is used for fast searching by the mail system.
The search order is as follows. The search stops upon the first suc-
cessful lookup.
<b>o</b> When the recipient has an optional address extension the
<i>user+extension@domain.tld</i> address is looked up first.
With Postfix versions before 2.1, the optional address extension
is always ignored.
<b>o</b> The <i>user@domain.tld</i> address, without address extension, is
looked up next.
<b>o</b> Finally, the recipient <i>@domain</i> is looked up.
When the table is provided via other means such as NIS, LDAP or SQL,
the same lookups are done as for ordinary indexed files.
Alternatively, a table can be provided as a regular-expression map
where patterns are given as regular expressions. In that case, only the
full recipient address is given to the regular-expression map.
<b>SECURITY</b>
The <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent is not security sensitive, provided that
the lookup tables with recipient user/group ID information are ade-
quately protected. This program is not designed to run chrooted.
The <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent disallows regular expression substitution
of $1 etc. in regular expression lookup tables, because that would open
a security hole.
The <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent will silently ignore requests to use the
<a href="proxymap.8.html"><b>proxymap</b>(8)</a> server. Instead it will open the table directly. Before
Postfix version 2.2, the virtual delivery agent will terminate with a
fatal error.
<b>STANDARDS</b>
<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822">RFC 822</a> (ARPA Internet Text Messages)
<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b>
Mail bounces when the recipient has no mailbox or when the recipient is
over disk quota. In all other problem cases, mail for an existing
recipient is deferred and a warning is logged.
Problems and transactions are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) or <a href="postlogd.8.html"><b>postlogd</b>(8)</a>.
Corrupted message files are marked so that the queue manager can move
them to the <b>corrupt</b> queue afterwards.
Depending on the setting of the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#notify_classes">notify_classes</a></b> parameter, the postmas-
ter is notified of bounces and of other trouble.
<b>BUGS</b>
This delivery agent supports address extensions in email addresses and
in lookup table keys, but does not propagate address extension informa-
tion to the result of table lookup.
Postfix should have lookup tables that can return multiple result
attributes. In order to avoid the inconvenience of maintaining three
tables, use an LDAP or MYSQL database.
<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b>
Changes to <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> are picked up automatically, as <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> processes
run for only a limited amount of time. Use the command "<b>postfix reload</b>"
to speed up a change.
The text below provides only a parameter summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for
more details including examples.
<b>MAILBOX DELIVERY CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_base">virtual_mailbox_base</a> (empty)</b>
A prefix that the <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent prepends to all
pathname results from $<a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_maps">virtual_mailbox_maps</a> table lookups.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_maps">virtual_mailbox_maps</a> (empty)</b>
Optional lookup tables with all valid addresses in the domains
that match $<a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_domains">virtual_mailbox_domains</a>.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_minimum_uid">virtual_minimum_uid</a> (100)</b>
The minimum user ID value that the <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent
accepts as a result from $<a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_uid_maps">virtual_uid_maps</a> table lookup.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_uid_maps">virtual_uid_maps</a> (empty)</b>
Lookup tables with the per-recipient user ID that the <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a>
delivery agent uses while writing to the recipient's mailbox.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_gid_maps">virtual_gid_maps</a> (empty)</b>
Lookup tables with the per-recipient group ID for <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a>
mailbox delivery.
Available in Postfix version 2.0 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_domains">virtual_mailbox_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_maps">virtual_mailbox_maps</a>)</b>
Postfix is the final destination for the specified list of
domains; mail is delivered via the $<a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_transport">virtual_transport</a> mail
delivery transport.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_transport">virtual_transport</a> (virtual)</b>
The default mail delivery transport and next-hop destination for
final delivery to domains listed with $<a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_domains">virtual_mailbox_domains</a>.
Available in Postfix version 2.5.3 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#strict_mailbox_ownership">strict_mailbox_ownership</a> (yes)</b>
Defer delivery when a mailbox file is not owned by its recipi-
ent.
<b>LOCKING CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_lock">virtual_mailbox_lock</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
How to lock a UNIX-style <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> mailbox before attempting
delivery.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#deliver_lock_attempts">deliver_lock_attempts</a> (20)</b>
The maximal number of attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on a
mailbox file or <a href="bounce.8.html"><b>bounce</b>(8)</a> logfile.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#deliver_lock_delay">deliver_lock_delay</a> (1s)</b>
The time between attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on a
mailbox file or <a href="bounce.8.html"><b>bounce</b>(8)</a> logfile.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#stale_lock_time">stale_lock_time</a> (500s)</b>
The time after which a stale exclusive mailbox lockfile is
removed.
<b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_mailbox_limit">virtual_mailbox_limit</a> (51200000)</b>
The maximal size in bytes of an individual <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> mailbox or
maildir file, or zero (no limit).
Implemented in the <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a> daemon:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_destination_concurrency_limit">virtual_destination_concurrency_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">default_destination_concur</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_concurrency_limit">rency_limit</a>)</b>
The maximal number of parallel deliveries to the same destina-
tion via the virtual message delivery transport.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_destination_recipient_limit">virtual_destination_recipient_limit</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">default_destination_recipi</a>-</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_destination_recipient_limit">ent_limit</a>)</b>
The maximal number of recipients per message for the virtual
message delivery transport.
<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b>
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> con-
figuration files.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_timeout">daemon_timeout</a> (18000s)</b>
How much time a Postfix daemon process may take to handle a
request before it is terminated by a built-in watchdog timer.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_logging_resolution_limit">delay_logging_resolution_limit</a> (2)</b>
The maximal number of digits after the decimal point when log-
ging sub-second delay values.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#ipc_timeout">ipc_timeout</a> (3600s)</b>
The time limit for sending or receiving information over an
internal communication channel.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#max_idle">max_idle</a> (100s)</b>
The maximum amount of time that an idle Postfix daemon process
waits for an incoming connection before terminating voluntarily.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#max_use">max_use</a> (100)</b>
The maximal number of incoming connections that a Postfix daemon
process will service before terminating voluntarily.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#process_id">process_id</a> (read-only)</b>
The process ID of a Postfix command or daemon process.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#process_name">process_name</a> (read-only)</b>
The process name of a Postfix command or daemon process.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b>
The syslog facility of Postfix logging.
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b>
A prefix that is prepended to the process name in syslog
records, so that, for example, "smtpd" becomes "prefix/smtpd".
Available in Postfix version 3.0 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_delivery_status_filter">virtual_delivery_status_filter</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#default_delivery_status_filter">default_delivery_status_filter</a>)</b>
Optional filter for the <a href="virtual.8.html"><b>virtual</b>(8)</a> delivery agent to change the
delivery status code or explanatory text of successful or unsuc-
cessful deliveries.
Available in Postfix version 3.3 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#enable_original_recipient">enable_original_recipient</a> (yes)</b>
Enable support for the original recipient address after an
address is rewritten to a different address (for example with
aliasing or with canonical mapping).
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#service_name">service_name</a> (read-only)</b>
The <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> service name of a Postfix daemon process.
Available in Postfix 3.5 and later:
<b><a href="postconf.5.html#info_log_address_format">info_log_address_format</a> (external)</b>
The email address form that will be used in non-debug logging
(info, warning, etc.).
<b>SEE ALSO</b>
<a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager
<a href="bounce.8.html">bounce(8)</a>, delivery status reports
<a href="postconf.5.html">postconf(5)</a>, configuration parameters
<a href="postlogd.8.html">postlogd(8)</a>, Postfix logging
syslogd(8), system logging
<b>README_FILES</b>
Use "<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#readme_directory">readme_directory</a></b>" or
"<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#html_directory">html_directory</a></b>" to locate this information.
<a href="VIRTUAL_README.html">VIRTUAL_README</a>, domain hosting howto
<b>LICENSE</b>
The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.
<b>HISTORY</b>
This delivery agent was originally based on the Postfix local delivery
agent. Modifications mainly consisted of removing code that either was
not applicable or that was not safe in this context: aliases,
~user/.forward files, delivery to "|command" or to /file/name.
The <b>Delivered-To:</b> message header appears in the <b>qmail</b> system by Daniel
Bernstein.
The <b>maildir</b> structure appears in the <b>qmail</b> system by Daniel Bernstein.
<b>AUTHOR(S)</b>
Wietse Venema
IBM T.J. Watson Research
P.O. Box 704
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
Wietse Venema
Google, Inc.
111 8th Avenue
New York, NY 10011, USA
Andrew McNamara
andrewm@connect.com.au
connect.com.au Pty. Ltd.
Level 3, 213 Miller St
North Sydney 2060, NSW, Australia
VIRTUAL(8)
</pre> </body> </html>
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