path: root/docs/sudoers.ldap.man.in

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.TH "SUDOERS.LDAP" "@mansectform@" "January 16, 2023" "Sudo @PACKAGE_VERSION@" "File Formats Manual"
.nh
.if n .ad l
.SH "NAME"
\fBsudoers.ldap\fR
\- sudo LDAP configuration
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
In addition to the standard
\fIsudoers\fR
file,
\fBsudo\fR
may be configured
via LDAP.
This can be especially useful for synchronizing
\fIsudoers\fR
in a large, distributed environment.
.PP
Using LDAP for
\fIsudoers\fR
has several benefits:
.TP 3n
\fB\(bu\fR
\fBsudo\fR
no longer needs to read
\fIsudoers\fR
in its entirety.
When LDAP is used, there are only two or three LDAP queries per invocation.
This makes it especially fast and particularly usable in LDAP environments.
.TP 3n
\fB\(bu\fR
It is possible to specify per-entry options that override the global
default options.
\fI@sysconfdir@/sudoers\fR
only supports default options and limited options associated with
user/host/commands/aliases.
The syntax is complicated and can be difficult for users to understand.
Placing the options directly in the entry is more natural.
.TP 3n
\fB\(bu\fR
The
\fBvisudo\fR
program is no longer needed.
\fBvisudo\fR
provides locking and syntax checking of the
\fI@sysconfdir@/sudoers\fR
file.
Since LDAP updates are atomic, locking is no longer necessary.
Because syntax is checked when the data is inserted into LDAP, there
is no need for a specialized tool to check syntax.
.SS "SUDOers LDAP container"
The
\fIsudoers\fR
configuration is contained in the
\(oqou=SUDOers\(cq
LDAP container.
.PP
Sudo first looks for the
\(oqcn=defaults\(cq
entry in the SUDOers container.
If found, the multi-valued
\fIsudoOption\fR
attribute is parsed in the same manner as a global
\fIDefaults\fR
line in
\fI@sysconfdir@/sudoers\fR.
In the following example, the
\fRSSH_AUTH_SOCK\fR
variable will be preserved in the environment for all users.
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
dn: cn=defaults,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: sudoRole
cn: defaults
description: Default sudoOption's go here
sudoOption: env_keep+=SSH_AUTH_SOCK
.RE
.fi
.PP
The equivalent of a sudoer in LDAP is a
\fIsudoRole\fR.
It consists of the following attributes:
.TP 6n
\fBsudoUser\fR
A user name, user-ID (prefixed with
\(oq#\(cq),
Unix group name or ID (prefixed with
\(oq%\(cq
or
\(oq%#\(cq
respectively), user netgroup (prefixed with
\(oq+\(cq),
or non-Unix group name or ID (prefixed with
\(oq%:\(cq
or
\(oq%:#\(cq
respectively).
User netgroups are matched using the user and domain members only;
the host member is not used when matching.
Non-Unix group support is only available when an appropriate
\fIgroup_plugin\fR
is defined in the global
\fIdefaults\fR
\fIsudoRole\fR
object.
If a
\fIsudoUser\fR
entry is preceded by an exclamation point,
\(oq\&!\(cq,
and the entry matches, the
\fIsudoRole\fR
in which it resides will be ignored.
Negated
\fIsudoUser\fR
entries are only supported by version 1.9.9 or higher.
.TP 6n
\fBsudoHost\fR
A host name, IP address, IP network, or host netgroup (prefixed with a
\(oq+\(cq).
The special value
\fBALL\fR
will match any host.
Host netgroups are matched using the host (both qualified and unqualified)
and domain members only; the user member is not used when matching.
If a
\fIsudoHost\fR
entry is preceded by an exclamation point,
\(oq\&!\(cq,
and the entry matches, the
\fIsudoRole\fR
in which it resides will be ignored.
Negated
\fIsudoHost\fR
entries are only supported by version 1.8.18 or higher.
.TP 6n
\fBsudoCommand\fR
A fully-qualified Unix command name with optional command line arguments,
potentially including globbing characters (aka wild cards).
If a command name is preceded by an exclamation point,
\(oq\&!\(cq,
the user will be prohibited from running that command.
.sp
The built-in command
\(lqsudoedit\(rq
is used to permit a user to run
\fBsudo\fR
with the
\fB\-e\fR
option (or as
\fBsudoedit\fR).
It may take command line arguments just as a normal command does.
Unlike other commands,
\(lqsudoedit\(rq
is a built into
\fBsudo\fR
itself and must be specified in without a leading path.
.sp
The special value
\fBALL\fR
will match any command.
.sp
If a command name is prefixed with a SHA-2 digest, it will
only be allowed if the digest matches.
This may be useful in situations where the user invoking
\fBsudo\fR
has write access to the command or its parent directory.
The following digest formats are supported: sha224, sha256, sha384, and sha512.
The digest name must be followed by a colon
(\(oq:\&\(cq)
and then the actual digest, in either hex or base64 format.
For example, given the following value for sudoCommand:
.nf
.sp
.RS 10n
sha224:0GomF8mNN3wlDt1HD9XldjJ3SNgpFdbjO1+NsQ /bin/ls
.RE
.fi
.RS 6n
.sp
The user may only run
\fI/bin/ls\fR
if its sha224 digest matches the specified value.
Command digests are only supported by version 1.8.7 or higher.
.RE
.TP 6n
\fBsudoOption\fR
Identical in function to the global options described above, but
specific to the
\fIsudoRole\fR
in which it resides.
.TP 6n
\fBsudoRunAsUser\fR
A user name or user-ID (prefixed with
\(oq#\(cq)
that commands may be run as or a Unix group (prefixed with a
\(oq%\(cq)
or user netgroup (prefixed with a
\(oq+\(cq)
that contains a list of users that commands may be run as.
The special value
\fBALL\fR
will match any user.
If a
\fIsudoRunAsUser\fR
entry is preceded by an exclamation point,
\(oq\&!\(cq,
and the entry matches, the
\fIsudoRole\fR
in which it resides will be ignored.
If
\fIsudoRunAsUser\fR
is specified but empty, it will match the invoking user.
If neither
\fIsudoRunAsUser\fR
nor
\fIsudoRunAsGroup\fR
are present, the value of the
\fIrunas_default\fR
\fIsudoOption\fR
is used (defaults to @runas_default@).
.sp
The
\fIsudoRunAsUser\fR
attribute is only available in
\fBsudo\fR
versions
1.7.0 and higher.
Older versions of
\fBsudo\fR
use the
\fIsudoRunAs\fR
attribute instead.
Negated
\fIsudoRunAsUser\fR
entries are only supported by version 1.8.26 or higher.
.TP 6n
\fBsudoRunAsGroup\fR
A Unix group or group-ID (prefixed with
\(oq#\(cq)
that commands may be run as.
The special value
\fBALL\fR
will match any group.
If a
\fIsudoRunAsGroup\fR
entry is preceded by an exclamation point,
\(oq\&!\(cq,
and the entry matches, the
\fIsudoRole\fR
in which it resides will be ignored.
.sp
The
\fIsudoRunAsGroup\fR
attribute is only available in
\fBsudo\fR
versions
1.7.0 and higher.
Negated
\fIsudoRunAsGroup\fR
entries are only supported by version 1.8.26 or higher.
.TP 6n
\fBsudoNotBefore\fR
A timestamp in the form
\(oqyyyymmddHHMMSSZ\(cq
that can be used to provide a start date/time for when the
\fIsudoRole\fR
will be valid.
If multiple
\fIsudoNotBefore\fR
entries are present, the earliest is used.
Timestamps must be in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC),
not the local timezone.
The minute and seconds portions are optional, but some LDAP servers
require that they be present (contrary to the RFC).
.sp
The
\fIsudoNotBefore\fR
attribute is only available in
\fBsudo\fR
versions 1.7.5 and higher and must be explicitly enabled via the
\fBSUDOERS_TIMED\fR
option in
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR.
.TP 6n
\fBsudoNotAfter\fR
A timestamp in the form
\(oqyyyymmddHHMMSSZ\(cq
that indicates an expiration date/time, after which the
\fIsudoRole\fR
will no longer be valid.
If multiple
\fIsudoNotAfter\fR
entries are present, the last one is used.
Timestamps must be in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC),
not the local timezone.
The minute and seconds portions are optional, but some LDAP servers
require that they be present (contrary to the RFC).
.sp
The
\fIsudoNotAfter\fR
attribute is only available in
\fBsudo\fR
versions
1.7.5 and higher and must be explicitly enabled via the
\fBSUDOERS_TIMED\fR
option in
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR.
.TP 6n
\fBsudoOrder\fR
The
\fIsudoRole\fR
entries retrieved from the LDAP directory have no inherent order.
The
\fIsudoOrder\fR
attribute is an integer (or floating point value for LDAP servers
that support it) that is used to sort the matching entries.
This allows LDAP-based sudoers entries to more closely mimic the behavior
of the sudoers file, where the order of the entries influences the result.
If multiple entries match, the entry with the highest
\fIsudoOrder\fR
attribute is chosen.
This corresponds to the
\(lqlast match\(rq
behavior of the sudoers file.
If the
\fIsudoOrder\fR
attribute is not present, a value of 0 is assumed.
.sp
The
\fIsudoOrder\fR
attribute is only available in
\fBsudo\fR
versions 1.7.5 and higher.
.PP
Each attribute listed above should contain a single value, but there
may be multiple instances of each attribute type.
A
\fIsudoRole\fR
must contain at least one
\fIsudoUser\fR,
\fIsudoHost\fR,
and
\fIsudoCommand\fR.
.PP
The following example allows users in group wheel to run any command
on any host via
\fBsudo\fR:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
dn: cn=%wheel,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: sudoRole
cn: %wheel
sudoUser: %wheel
sudoHost: ALL
sudoCommand: ALL
.RE
.fi
.SS "Anatomy of LDAP sudoers lookup"
When looking up a sudoer using LDAP there are only two or three
LDAP queries per invocation.
The first query is to parse the global options.
The second is to match against the user's name and the groups that
the user belongs to.
(The special
\fBALL\fR
tag is matched in this query too.)
If no match is returned for the user's name and groups, a third
query returns all entries containing user netgroups and other
non-Unix groups and checks to see if the user belongs to any of them.
.PP
If timed entries are enabled with the
\fBSUDOERS_TIMED\fR
configuration directive, the LDAP queries include a sub-filter that
limits retrieval to entries that satisfy the time constraints, if any.
.PP
If the
\fBNETGROUP_BASE\fR
configuration directive is present (see
\fIConfiguring ldap.conf\fR
below), queries are performed to determine
the list of netgroups the user belongs to before the sudoers query.
This makes it possible to include netgroups in the sudoers query
string in the same manner as Unix groups.
The third query mentioned above is not performed unless a group provider
plugin is also configured.
The actual LDAP queries performed by
\fBsudo\fR
are as follows:
.TP 5n
1.\&
Match all
\fInisNetgroup\fR
records with a
\fInisNetgroupTriple\fR
containing the user, host, and NIS domain.
The query will match
\fInisNetgroupTriple\fR
entries with either the short or long form of the host name or
no host name specified in the tuple.
If the NIS domain is set, the query will match only match entries
that include the domain or for which there is no domain present.
If the NIS domain is
\fInot\fR
set, a wildcard is used to match any domain name but be aware that the
NIS schema used by some LDAP servers may not support wild cards for
\fInisNetgroupTriple\fR.
.TP 5n
2.\&
Repeated queries are performed to find any nested
\fInisNetgroup\fR
records with a
\fImemberNisNetgroup\fR
entry that refers to an already-matched record.
.PP
For sites with a large number of netgroups, using
\fBNETGROUP_BASE\fR
can significantly speed up
\fBsudo\fR's
execution time.
.SS "Differences between LDAP and non-LDAP sudoers"
One of the major differences between LDAP and file-based
\fIsudoers\fR
is that in LDAP,
\fBsudo\fR-specific
Aliases are not supported.
.PP
For the most part, there is little need for
\fBsudo\fR-specific
Aliases.
Unix groups, non-Unix groups (via the
\fIgroup_plugin\fR),
or user netgroups can be used in place of User_Aliases and Runas_Aliases.
Host netgroups can be used in place of Host_Aliases.
Since groups and netgroups can also be stored in LDAP there is no real need for
\fBsudo\fR-specific
aliases.
.PP
There are also some subtle differences in the way sudoers is handled
once in LDAP.
Probably the biggest is that according to the RFC, LDAP ordering
is arbitrary and you cannot expect that Attributes and Entries are
returned in any specific order.
.PP
The order in which different entries are applied can be controlled
using the
\fIsudoOrder\fR
attribute, but there is no way to guarantee the order of attributes
within a specific entry.
If there are conflicting command rules in an entry, the negative
takes precedence.
This is called paranoid behavior (not necessarily the most specific
match).
.PP
Here is an example:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
# /etc/sudoers:
# Allow all commands except shell
johnny  ALL=(root) ALL,!/bin/sh
# Always allows all commands because ALL is matched last
puddles ALL=(root) !/bin/sh,ALL

# LDAP equivalent of johnny
# Allows all commands except shell
dn: cn=role1,ou=Sudoers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: sudoRole
objectClass: top
cn: role1
sudoUser: johnny
sudoHost: ALL
sudoCommand: ALL
sudoCommand: !/bin/sh

# LDAP equivalent of puddles
# Notice that even though ALL comes last, it still behaves like
# role1 since the LDAP code assumes the more paranoid configuration
dn: cn=role2,ou=Sudoers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: sudoRole
objectClass: top
cn: role2
sudoUser: puddles
sudoHost: ALL
sudoCommand: !/bin/sh
sudoCommand: ALL
.RE
.fi
.SS "Converting between file-based and LDAP sudoers"
The
cvtsudoers(1)
utility can be used to convert between file-based and LDAP
\fIsudoers\fR.
However, there are features in the file-based sudoers that have
no equivalent in LDAP-based sudoers (and vice versa).
These cannot be converted automatically.
.PP
For example, a Cmnd_Alias in a
\fIsudoers\fR
file may be converted to a
\fIsudoRole\fR
that contains multiple commands.
Multiple users and/or groups may be assigned to the
\fIsudoRole\fR.
.PP
Also, host, user, runas, and command-based
\fIDefaults\fR
entries are not supported.
However, a
\fIsudoRole\fR
may contain one or more
\fIsudoOption\fR
attributes which can often serve the same purpose.
.PP
Consider the following
\fIsudoers\fR
lines:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
Cmnd_Alias PAGERS = /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg, /usr/bin/less
Defaults!PAGERS noexec
alice, bob ALL = ALL
.RE
.fi
.PP
In this example, alice and bob are allowed to run all commands, but
the commands listed in PAGERS will have the noexec flag set,
preventing shell escapes.
.PP
When converting this to LDAP, two sudoRole objects can be used:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
dn: cn=PAGERS,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: sudoRole
cn: PAGERS
sudoUser: alice
sudoUser: bob
sudoHost: ALL
sudoCommand: /usr/bin/more
sudoCommand: /usr/bin/pg
sudoCommand: /usr/bin/less
sudoOption: noexec
sudoOrder: 900

dn: cn=ADMINS,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: sudoRole
cn: ADMINS
sudoUser: alice
sudoUser: bob
sudoHost: ALL
sudoCommand: ALL
sudoOrder: 100
.RE
.fi
.PP
In the LDAP version, the sudoOrder attribute is used to guarantee
that the PAGERS sudoRole with
\fInoexec\fR
has precedence.
Unlike the
\fIsudoers\fR
version, the LDAP version requires that all users for whom the restriction
should apply be assigned to the PAGERS sudoRole.
Using a Unix group or netgroup in PAGERS rather than listing each
user would make this easier to maintain.
.PP
Per-user
\fIDefaults\fR
entries can be emulated by using one or more sudoOption attributes
in a sudoRole.
Consider the following
\fIsudoers\fR
lines:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
User_Alias ADMINS = john, sally
Defaults:ADMINS !authenticate
ADMINS ALL = (ALL:ALL) ALL
.RE
.fi
.PP
In this example, john and sally are allowed to run any command
as any user or group.
.PP
When converting this to LDAP, we can use a Unix group instead
of the User_Alias.
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
dn: cn=admins,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: sudoRole
cn: admins
sudoUser: %admin
sudoHost: ALL
sudoRunAsUser: ALL
sudoRunAsGroup: ALL
sudoCommand: ALL
sudoOption: !authenticate
.RE
.fi
.PP
This assumes that users john and sally are members of the
\(lqadmins\(rq
Unix group.
.SS "Sudoers schema"
In order to use
\fBsudo\fR's
LDAP support, the
\fBsudo\fR
schema must be
installed on your LDAP server.
In addition, be sure to index the
\fIsudoUser\fR
attribute.
.PP
The
\fBsudo\fR
distribution includes versions of the
\fBsudoers\fR
schema for multiple LDAP servers:
.TP 6n
\fIschema.OpenLDAP\fR
OpenLDAP slapd and
OpenBSD
ldapd
.TP 6n
\fIschema.olcSudo\fR
OpenLDAP slapd 2.3 and higher when on-line configuration is enabled
.TP 6n
\fIschema.iPlanet\fR
Netscape-derived servers such as the iPlanet, Oracle,
and 389 Directory Servers
.TP 6n
\fIschema.ActiveDirectory\fR
Microsoft Active Directory
.PP
The schema in OpenLDAP format is also included in the
\fIEXAMPLES\fR
section.
.SS "Configuring ldap.conf"
Sudo reads the
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR
file for LDAP-specific configuration.
Typically, this file is shared between different LDAP-aware clients.
As such, most of the settings are not
\fBsudo\fR-specific.
The
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR
file is parsed by
\fBsudo\fR
itself and may support options that differ from those described in the
system's
ldap.conf(@mansectform@)
manual.
The path to
\fIldap.conf\fR
may be overridden via the
\fIldap_conf\fR
plugin argument in
sudo.conf(@mansectform@).
.PP
On systems using the OpenLDAP libraries, default values specified in
\fI/etc/openldap/ldap.conf\fR
or the user's
\fI.ldaprc\fR
files are not used.
.PP
\fBsudo\fR
supports a variety of LDAP library implementations, including
OpenLDAP, Netscape-derived (also used by Solaris and HP-UX), and
IBM LDAP (aka Tivoli).
Some options are specific to certain LDAP implementations or have
implementation-specific behavior.
These differences are noted below where applicable.
.PP
Only those options explicitly listed in
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR
as being supported by
\fBsudo\fR
are honored.
Configuration options are listed below in upper case but are parsed
in a case-independent manner.
.PP
Lines beginning with a pound sign
(\(oq#\(cq)
are ignored.
Leading white space is removed from the beginning of lines.
.TP 6n
\fBBIND_TIMELIMIT\fR \fIseconds\fR
The
\fBBIND_TIMELIMIT\fR
parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, to wait while trying
to connect to an LDAP server.
If multiple
\fBURI\fRs
or
\fBHOST\fRs
are specified, this is the amount of time to wait before trying
the next one in the list.
.TP 6n
\fBBINDDN\fR \fIDN\fR
The
\fBBINDDN\fR
parameter specifies the identity, in the form of a Distinguished Name (DN),
to use when performing LDAP operations.
If not specified, LDAP operations are performed with an anonymous identity.
By default, most LDAP servers will allow anonymous access.
.TP 6n
\fBBINDPW\fR \fIsecret\fR
The
\fBBINDPW\fR
parameter specifies the password to use when performing LDAP operations.
This is typically used in conjunction with the
\fBBINDDN\fR
parameter.
The
\fIsecret\fR
may be a plaintext password or a base64-encoded string with a
\(lqbase64:\(rq
prefix.
For example:
.nf
.sp
.RS 10n
BINDPW base64:dGVzdA==
.RE
.fi
.RS 6n
.sp
If a plaintext password is used, it should be a simple string without quotes.
Plain text passwords may not include the comment character
(\(oq#\(cq)
and the escaping of special characters with a backslash
(\(oq\e\(cq)
is not supported.
.RE
.TP 6n
\fBDEREF\fR \fInever/searching/finding/always\fR
How alias dereferencing is to be performed when searching.
See the
ldap.conf(@mansectform@)
manual for a full description of this option.
.TP 6n
\fBHOST\fR \fIname[:port] ...\fR
If no
\fBURI\fR
is specified (see below), the
\fBHOST\fR
parameter specifies a white space-delimited list of LDAP servers to connect to.
Each host may include an optional
\fIport\fR
separated by a colon
(\(oq:\&\(cq).
The
\fBHOST\fR
parameter is deprecated in favor of the
\fBURI\fR
specification and is included for backward compatibility only.
.TP 6n
\fBKRB5_CCNAME\fR \fIfile name\fR
The path to the Kerberos 5 credential cache to use when authenticating
with the remote server.
.sp
This option is only relevant when using SASL authentication (see below).
.TP 6n
\fBLDAP_VERSION\fR \fInumber\fR
The version of the LDAP protocol to use when connecting to the server.
The default value is protocol version 3.
.TP 6n
\fBNETGROUP_BASE\fR \fIbase\fR
The base DN to use when performing LDAP netgroup queries.
Typically this is of the form
\(oqou=netgroup,dc=my-domain,dc=com\(cq
for the domain my-domain.com.
Multiple
\fBNETGROUP_BASE\fR
lines may be specified, in which case they are queried in the order specified.
.sp
This option can be used to query a user's netgroups directly via LDAP
which is usually faster than fetching every
\fIsudoRole\fR
object containing a
\fIsudoUser\fR
that begins with a
\(oq+\(cq
prefix.
The NIS schema used by some LDAP servers need a modification to
support querying the
\fInisNetgroup\fR
object by its
\fInisNetgroupTriple\fR
member.
OpenLDAP's
\fBslapd\fR
requires the following change to the
\fInisNetgroupTriple\fR
attribute:
.nf
.sp
.RS 10n
attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.1.1.1.14 NAME 'nisNetgroupTriple'
   DESC 'Netgroup triple'
   EQUALITY caseIgnoreIA5Match
   SUBSTR caseIgnoreIA5SubstringsMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )
.RE
.fi
.TP 6n
\fBNETGROUP_SEARCH_FILTER\fR \fIldap_filter\fR
An LDAP filter which is used to restrict the set of records returned
when performing an LDAP netgroup query.
Typically, this is of the form
\(oqattribute=value\(cq
or
\(oq(&(attribute=value)(attribute2=value2))\(cq.
The default search filter is:
\(oqobjectClass=nisNetgroup\(cq.
If
\fIldap_filter\fR
is omitted, no search filter will be used.
.sp
This option is only used when querying netgroups directly via LDAP.
.TP 6n
\fBNETWORK_TIMEOUT\fR \fIseconds\fR
An alias for
\fBBIND_TIMELIMIT\fR
provided for OpenLDAP compatibility.
.TP 6n
\fBPORT\fR \fIport_number\fR
If no
\fBURI\fR
is specified, the
\fBPORT\fR
parameter specifies the default port to connect to on the LDAP server if a
\fBHOST\fR
parameter does not specify the port itself.
If no
\fBPORT\fR
parameter is used, the default is port 389 for LDAP and port 636 for LDAP
over TLS (SSL).
The
\fBPORT\fR
parameter is deprecated in favor of the
\fBURI\fR
specification and is included for backward compatibility only.
.TP 6n
\fBROOTBINDDN\fR \fIDN\fR
The
\fBROOTBINDDN\fR
parameter specifies the identity, in the form of a Distinguished Name (DN),
to use when performing privileged LDAP operations, such as
\fIsudoers\fR
queries.
The password corresponding to the identity should be stored in the
or the path specified by the
\fIldap_secret\fR
plugin argument in
sudo.conf(@mansectform@),
which defaults to
\fI@ldap_secret@\fR.
If no
\fBROOTBINDDN\fR
is specified, the
\fBBINDDN\fR
identity is used (if any).
.TP 6n
\fBROOTUSE_SASL\fR \fIon/true/yes/off/false/no\fR
Enable
\fBROOTUSE_SASL\fR
to enable SASL authentication when connecting
to an LDAP server from a privileged process, such as
\fBsudo\fR.
.TP 6n
\fBSASL_AUTH_ID\fR \fIidentity\fR
The SASL user name to use when connecting to the LDAP server.
By default,
\fBsudo\fR
will use an anonymous connection.
.sp
This option is only relevant when using SASL authentication.
.TP 6n
\fBSASL_MECH\fR \fImechanisms\fR
A white space-delimited list of SASL authentication mechanisms to use.
By default,
\fBsudo\fR
will use
\fRGSSAPI\fR
authentication.
.TP 6n
\fBSASL_SECPROPS\fR \fInone/properties\fR
SASL security properties or
\fInone\fR
for no properties.
See the SASL programmer's manual for details.
.sp
This option is only relevant when using SASL authentication.
.TP 6n
\fBSSL\fR \fIon/true/yes/off/false/no\fR
If the
\fBSSL\fR
parameter is set to
\fIon\fR,
\fItrue\fR,
or
\fIyes\fR
TLS (SSL) encryption is always used when communicating with the LDAP server.
Typically, this involves connecting to the server on port 636 (ldaps).
.TP 6n
\fBSSL\fR \fIstart_tls\fR
If the
\fBSSL\fR
parameter is set to
\fIstart_tls\fR,
the LDAP server connection is initiated normally and TLS encryption is
begun before the bind credentials are sent.
This has the advantage of not requiring a dedicated port for encrypted
communications.
This parameter is only supported by LDAP servers that honor the
\fIstart_tls\fR
extension, such as the OpenLDAP and IBM Tivoli Directory servers.
.TP 6n
\fBSUDOERS_BASE\fR \fIbase\fR
The base DN to use when performing
\fBsudo\fR
LDAP queries.
Typically this is of the form
\(oqou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com\(cq
for the domain my-domain.com.
Multiple
\fBSUDOERS_BASE\fR
lines may be specified, in which case they are queried in the order specified.
.TP 6n
\fBSUDOERS_DEBUG\fR \fIdebug_level\fR
This sets the debug level for
\fBsudo\fR
LDAP queries.
Debugging information is printed to the standard error.
A value of 1 results in a moderate amount of debugging information.
A value of 2 shows the results of the matches themselves.
This parameter should not be set in a production environment as the
extra information is likely to confuse users.
.sp
The
\fBSUDOERS_DEBUG\fR
parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
The same information is now logged via the
\fBsudo\fR
debugging framework using the
\(lqldap\(rq
subsystem at priorities
\fIdiag\fR
and
\fIinfo\fR
for
\fIdebug_level\fR
values 1 and 2 respectively.
See the
sudo.conf(@mansectform@)
manual for details on how to configure
\fBsudo\fR
debugging.
.TP 6n
\fBSUDOERS_SEARCH_FILTER\fR \fIldap_filter\fR
An LDAP filter which is used to restrict the set of records returned
when performing a
\fBsudo\fR
LDAP query.
Typically, this is of the
form
\(oqattribute=value\(cq
or
\(oq(&(attribute=value)(attribute2=value2))\(cq.
The default search filter is:
\(oqobjectClass=sudoRole\(cq.
If
\fIldap_filter\fR
is omitted, no search filter will be used.
.TP 6n
\fBSUDOERS_TIMED\fR \fIon/true/yes/off/false/no\fR
Whether or not to evaluate the
\fIsudoNotBefore\fR
and
\fIsudoNotAfter\fR
attributes that implement time-dependent sudoers entries.
.TP 6n
\fBTIMELIMIT\fR \fIseconds\fR
The
\fBTIMELIMIT\fR
parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, to wait for a
response to an LDAP query.
.TP 6n
\fBTIMEOUT\fR \fIseconds\fR
The
\fBTIMEOUT\fR
parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, to wait for a
response from the various LDAP APIs.
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_CACERT\fR \fIfile name\fR
An alias for
\fBTLS_CACERTFILE\fR
for OpenLDAP compatibility.
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_CACERTFILE\fR \fIfile name\fR
The path to a certificate authority bundle which contains the certificates
for all the Certificate Authorities the client knows to be valid, e.g.,
\fI/etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem\fR.
.sp
This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries.
Netscape-derived LDAP libraries use the same certificate
database for CA and client certificates (see
\fBTLS_CERT\fR).
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_CACERTDIR\fR \fIdirectory\fR
Similar to
\fBTLS_CACERTFILE\fR
but instead of a file, it is a directory containing individual
Certificate Authority certificates, e.g.,
\fI/etc/ssl/certs\fR.
The directory specified by
\fBTLS_CACERTDIR\fR
is checked after
\fBTLS_CACERTFILE\fR.
.sp
This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries.
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_CERT\fR \fIfile name\fR
The path to a file containing the client certificate which can
be used to authenticate the client to the LDAP server.
The certificate type depends on the LDAP libraries used.
.PP
.RS 6n
.PD 0
.TP 6n
OpenLDAP:
\(oqtls_cert /etc/ssl/client_cert.pem\(cq
.PD
.TP 6n
Netscape-derived:
\(oqtls_cert /var/ldap/cert7.db\(cq
.TP 6n
IBM LDAP:
Unused, the key database specified by
\fBTLS_KEY\fR
contains both keys and certificates.
.PP
When using Netscape-derived libraries, this file may also contain
Certificate Authority certificates.
.RE
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_CHECKPEER\fR \fIon/true/yes/off/false/no\fR
If enabled,
\fBTLS_CHECKPEER\fR
will cause the LDAP server's TLS certificated to be verified.
If the server's TLS certificate cannot be verified (usually because it
is signed by an unknown certificate authority),
\fBsudo\fR
will be unable to connect to it.
If
\fBTLS_CHECKPEER\fR
is disabled, no check is made.
Disabling this check creates an opportunity for man-in-the-middle
attacks since the server's identity will not be authenticated.
If possible, the CA's certificate should be installed locally so it can
be verified.
.sp
This option is not supported by the IBM LDAP libraries.
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_KEY\fR \fIfile name\fR
The path to a file containing the private key which matches the
certificate specified by
\fBTLS_CERT\fR.
The private key must not be password-protected.
The key type depends on the LDAP libraries used.
.PP
.RS 6n
.PD 0
.TP 6n
OpenLDAP:
\(oqtls_key /etc/ssl/client_key.pem\(cq
.PD
.TP 6n
Netscape-derived:
\(oqtls_key /var/ldap/key3.db\(cq
.TP 6n
IBM LDAP:
\(oqtls_key /usr/ldap/ldapkey.kdb\(cq
.PP
When using IBM LDAP libraries, this file may also contain
Certificate Authority and client certificates and may be encrypted.
.RE
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_CIPHERS\fR \fIcipher list\fR
The
\fBTLS_CIPHERS\fR
parameter allows the administer to restrict which encryption algorithms
may be used for TLS (SSL) connections.
See the OpenLDAP or IBM Tivoli Directory Server manual for a list of valid
ciphers.
.sp
This option is not supported by Netscape-derived libraries.
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_KEYPW\fR \fIsecret\fR
The
\fBTLS_KEYPW\fR
contains the password used to decrypt the key database on clients
using the IBM LDAP library.
The
\fIsecret\fR
may be a plaintext password or a base64-encoded string with a
\(lqbase64:\(rq
prefix.
For example:
.nf
.sp
.RS 10n
TLS_KEYPW base64:dGVzdA==
.RE
.fi
.RS 6n
.sp
If a plaintext password is used, it should be a simple string without quotes.
Plain text passwords may not include the comment character
(\(oq#\(cq)
and the escaping of special characters with a backslash
(\(oq\e\(cq)
is not supported.
If this option is used,
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR
must not be world-readable to avoid exposing the password.
Alternately, a
\fIstash file\fR
can be used to store the password in encrypted form (see below).
.sp
If no
\fBTLS_KEYPW\fR
is specified, a
\fIstash file\fR
will be used if it exists.
The
\fIstash file\fR
must have the same path as the file specified by
\fBTLS_KEY\fR,
but use a
\(oq.sth\(cq
file extension instead of
\(oq.kdb\(cq,
for example
\(oqldapkey.sth\(cq.
The default
\(oqldapkey.kdb\(cq
that ships with the IBM Tivoli Directory Server is encrypted with the password
\(oqssl_password\(cq.
The
\fIgsk8capicmd\fR
utility can be used to manage the key database and create a
\fIstash file\fR.
.sp
This option is only supported by the IBM LDAP libraries.
.RE
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_REQCERT\fR \fIlevel\fR
The
\fBTLS_REQCERT\fR
parameter controls how the LDAP server's TLS certificated will be
verified (if at all).
If the server's TLS certificate cannot be verified (usually because it
is signed by an unknown certificate authority),
\fBsudo\fR
will be unable to connect to it.
The following
\fIlevel\fR
values are supported:
.RS 10n
.TP 6n
never
.br
The server certificate will not be requested or checked.
.TP 6n
allow
.br
The server certificate will be requested.
A missing or invalid certificate is ignored and not considered an error.
.TP 6n
try
The server certificate will be requested.
A missing certificate is ignored but an invalid certificate will
result in a connection error.
.TP 6n
demand | \fIhard\fR
The server certificate will be requested.
A missing or invalid certificate will result in a connection error.
This is the default behavior.
.RE
.RS 6n
.sp
This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries.
Other LDAP libraries only support the
\fBTLS_CHECKPEER\fR
parameter.
.RE
.TP 6n
\fBTLS_RANDFILE\fR \fIfile name\fR
The
\fBTLS_RANDFILE\fR
parameter specifies the path to an entropy source for systems that lack
a random device.
It is generally used in conjunction with
\fIprngd\fR
or
\fIegd\fR.
.sp
This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries.
.TP 6n
\fBURI\fR \fIldap[s]://[hostname[:port]] ...\fR
Specifies a white space-delimited list of one or more URIs describing
the LDAP server(s) to connect to.
The
\fIprotocol\fR
may be either
\fIldap\fR
\fIldaps\fR,
the latter being for servers that support TLS (SSL) encryption.
If no
\fIport\fR
is specified, the default is port 389 for
\(oqldap://\(cq
or port 636 for
\(oqldaps://\(cq.
If no
\fIhostname\fR
is specified,
\fBsudo\fR
will connect to
\fIlocalhost\fR.
Multiple
\fBURI\fR
lines are treated identically to a
\fBURI\fR
line containing multiple entries.
Only systems using the OpenSSL libraries support the mixing of
\(oqldap://\(cq
and
\(oqldaps://\(cq
URIs.
Both the Netscape-derived and IBM LDAP libraries used on most commercial
versions of Unix are only capable of supporting one or the other.
.TP 6n
\fBUSE_SASL\fR \fIon/true/yes/off/false/no\fR
Enable
\fBUSE_SASL\fR
for LDAP servers that support SASL authentication.
.TP 6n
\fBROOTSASL_AUTH_ID\fR \fIidentity\fR
The SASL user name to use when
\fBROOTUSE_SASL\fR
is enabled.
.PP
See the
\fIldap.conf\fR
entry in the
\fIEXAMPLES\fR
section.
.SS "Configuring nsswitch.conf"
Unless it is disabled at build time,
\fBsudo\fR
consults the Name Service Switch file,
\fI@nsswitch_conf@\fR,
to specify the
\fIsudoers\fR
search order.
Sudo looks for a line beginning with
\fIsudoers\fR:
and uses this to determine the search order.
By default,
\fBsudo\fR
does not stop searching after the first match and later matches take
precedence over earlier ones (unless
\(oq[SUCCESS=return]\(cq
is used, see below).
The following sources are recognized:
.PP
.RS 4n
.PD 0
.TP 7n
files
read sudoers from
\fI@sysconfdir@/sudoers\fR
.TP 7n
ldap
read sudoers from LDAP
.RE
.PD
.PP
In addition, a subset of
\fInsswitch.conf\fR-style
action statements is supported, specifically
\(oq[SUCCESS=return]\(cq
and
\(oq[NOTFOUND=return]\(cq.
These will unconditionally terminate the search if the user was either
found
\(oq[SUCCESS=return]\(cq
or not found
\(oq[NOTFOUND=return]\(cq
in the immediately preceding source.
Other action statements tokens are not supported, nor is test
negation with
\(oq\&!\(cq.
.PP
To consult LDAP first followed by the local sudoers file (if it
exists), use:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers: ldap files
.RE
.fi
.PP
To consult LDAP only when no match is found in the local sudoers
file (if it exists), use:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers: files [SUCCESS=return] ldap
.RE
.fi
.PP
The local
\fIsudoers\fR
file can be ignored completely by using:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers: ldap
.RE
.fi
.PP
If the
\fI@nsswitch_conf@\fR
file is not present or there is no sudoers line, the following
default is assumed:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers: files
.RE
.fi
.PP
The
\fI@nsswitch_conf@\fR
file is supported even when the underlying operating system does not
support it, except on AIX (see below).
.SS "Configuring netsvc.conf"
On AIX systems, the
\fI@netsvc_conf@\fR
file is consulted instead of
\fI@nsswitch_conf@\fR.
\fBsudo\fR
simply treats
\fInetsvc.conf\fR
as a variant of
\fInsswitch.conf\fR;
information in the previous section unrelated to the file format
itself still applies.
.PP
To consult LDAP first followed by the local sudoers file (if it
exists), use:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers = ldap, files
.RE
.fi
.PP
The local
\fIsudoers\fR
file can be ignored completely by using:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers = ldap
.RE
.fi
.PP
To treat LDAP as authoritative and only use the local sudoers file
if the user is not present in LDAP, use:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers = ldap = auth, files
.RE
.fi
.PP
In the above example, the
\fIauth\fR
qualifier only affects user lookups; both LDAP and
\fIsudoers\fR
will be queried for
\fIDefaults\fR
entries.
.PP
If the
\fI@netsvc_conf@\fR
file is not present or there is no sudoers line, the following
default is assumed:
.nf
.sp
.RS 4n
sudoers = files
.RE
.fi
.SS "Integration with sssd"
On systems with the
\fISystem Security Services Daemon\fR
(SSSD) and where
\fBsudo\fR
has been built with SSSD support,
it is possible to use SSSD to cache LDAP
\fIsudoers\fR
rules.
To use SSSD as the
\fIsudoers\fR
source, you should use
\fIsss\fR
instead of
\fIldap\fR
for the sudoers entry in
\fI@nsswitch_conf@\fR.
The
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR
file is not used by the SSSD
\fBsudo\fR
back end.
See
sssd-sudo(@mansectform@)
for more information on configuring
\fBsudo\fR
to work with SSSD.
.SH "FILES"
.TP 26n
\fI@ldap_conf@\fR
LDAP configuration file
.TP 26n
\fI@nsswitch_conf@\fR
determines sudoers source order
.TP 26n
\fI@netsvc_conf@\fR
determines sudoers source order on AIX
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.SS "Example ldap.conf"
.nf
.RS 2n
# Either specify one or more URIs or one or more host:port pairs.
# If neither is specified sudo will default to localhost, port 389.
#
#host          ldapserver
#host          ldapserver1 ldapserver2:390
#
# Default port if host is specified without one, defaults to 389.
#port          389
#
# URI will override the host and port settings.
uri            ldap://ldapserver
#uri            ldaps://secureldapserver
#uri            ldaps://secureldapserver ldap://ldapserver
#
# The amount of time, in seconds, to wait while trying to connect to
# an LDAP server.
bind_timelimit 30
#
# The amount of time, in seconds, to wait while performing an LDAP query.
timelimit 30
#
# Must be set or sudo will ignore LDAP; may be specified multiple times.
sudoers_base   ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
#
# verbose sudoers matching from ldap
#sudoers_debug 2
#
# Enable support for time-based entries in sudoers.
#sudoers_timed yes
#
# optional proxy credentials
#binddn        <who to search as>
#bindpw        <password>
#rootbinddn    <who to search as, uses /etc/ldap.secret for bindpw>
#
# LDAP protocol version, defaults to 3
#ldap_version 3
#
# Define if you want to use an encrypted LDAP connection.
# Typically, you must also set the port to 636 (ldaps).
#ssl on
#
# Define if you want to use port 389 and switch to
# encryption before the bind credentials are sent.
# Only supported by LDAP servers that support the start_tls
# extension such as OpenLDAP.
#ssl start_tls
#
# Additional TLS options follow that allow tweaking of the
# SSL/TLS connection.
#
#tls_checkpeer yes # verify server SSL certificate
#tls_checkpeer no  # ignore server SSL certificate
#
# If you enable tls_checkpeer, specify either tls_cacertfile
# or tls_cacertdir.  Only supported when using OpenLDAP.
#
#tls_cacertfile /etc/certs/trusted_signers.pem
#tls_cacertdir  /etc/certs
#
# For systems that don't have /dev/random
# use this along with PRNGD or EGD.pl to seed the
# random number pool to generate cryptographic session keys.
# Only supported when using OpenLDAP.
#
#tls_randfile /etc/egd-pool
#
# You may restrict which ciphers are used.  Consult your SSL
# documentation for which options go here.
# Only supported when using OpenLDAP.
#
#tls_ciphers <cipher-list>
#
# Sudo can provide a client certificate when communicating to
# the LDAP server.
# Tips:
#   * Enable both lines at the same time.
#   * Do not password protect the key file.
#   * Ensure the keyfile is only readable by root.
#
# For OpenLDAP:
#tls_cert /etc/certs/client_cert.pem
#tls_key  /etc/certs/client_key.pem
#
# For Netscape-derived LDAP, tls_cert and tls_key may specify either
# a directory, in which case the files in the directory must have the
# default names (e.g., cert8.db and key4.db), or the path to the cert
# and key files themselves.  However, a bug in version 5.0 of the LDAP
# SDK will prevent specific file names from working.  For this reason
# it is suggested that tls_cert and tls_key be set to a directory,
# not a file name.
#
# The certificate database specified by tls_cert may contain CA certs
# and/or the client's cert.  If the client's cert is included, tls_key
# should be specified as well.
# For backward compatibility, "sslpath" may be used in place of tls_cert.
#tls_cert /var/ldap
#tls_key /var/ldap
#
# If using SASL authentication for LDAP (OpenSSL)
# use_sasl yes
# sasl_auth_id <SASL user name>
# rootuse_sasl yes
# rootsasl_auth_id <SASL user name for root access>
# sasl_secprops none
# krb5_ccname /etc/.ldapcache
.RE
.fi
.SS "Sudoers schema for OpenLDAP"
The following schema, in OpenLDAP format, is included with
\fBsudo\fR
source and binary distributions as
\fIschema.OpenLDAP\fR.
Simply copy
it to the schema directory (e.g.,
\fI/etc/openldap/schema\fR),
add the proper
\fIinclude\fR
line in
\fIslapd.conf\fR
and restart
\fBslapd\fR.
Sites using the optional on-line configuration supported by OpenLDAP 2.3
and higher should apply the
\fIschema.olcSudo\fR
file instead.
.nf
.sp
.RS 2n
attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.1
   NAME 'sudoUser'
   DESC 'User(s) who may  run sudo'
   EQUALITY caseExactMatch
   SUBSTR caseExactSubstringsMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.2
   NAME 'sudoHost'
   DESC 'Host(s) who may run sudo'
   EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
   SUBSTR caseExactIA5SubstringsMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.3
   NAME 'sudoCommand'
   DESC 'Command(s) to be executed by sudo'
   EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.4
   NAME 'sudoRunAs'
   DESC 'User(s) impersonated by sudo'
   EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.5
   NAME 'sudoOption'
   DESC 'Options(s) followed by sudo'
   EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.6
   NAME 'sudoRunAsUser'
   DESC 'User(s) impersonated by sudo'
   EQUALITY caseExactMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.7
   NAME 'sudoRunAsGroup'
   DESC 'Group(s) impersonated by sudo'
   EQUALITY caseExactMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.8
   NAME 'sudoNotBefore'
   DESC 'Start of time interval for which the entry is valid'
   EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch
   ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.9
   NAME 'sudoNotAfter'
   DESC 'End of time interval for which the entry is valid'
   EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch
   ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.10
   NAME 'sudoOrder'
   DESC 'an integer to order the sudoRole entries'
   EQUALITY integerMatch
   ORDERING integerOrderingMatch
   SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 )

objectclass ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.2.1 NAME 'sudoRole' SUP top STRUCTURAL
   DESC 'Sudoer Entries'
   MUST ( cn )
   MAY ( sudoUser $ sudoHost $ sudoCommand $ sudoRunAs $ sudoRunAsUser $
         sudoRunAsGroup $ sudoOption $ sudoNotBefore $ sudoNotAfter $
         sudoOrder $ description )
   )
.RE
.fi
.SH "SEE ALSO"
cvtsudoers(1),
ldap.conf(@mansectform@),
sssd-sudo(@mansectform@),
sudo.conf(@mansectform@),
sudoers(@mansectform@)
.SH "AUTHORS"
Many people have worked on
\fBsudo\fR
over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by:
.sp
.RS 6n
Todd C. Miller
.RE
.PP
See the CONTRIBUTORS.md file in the
\fBsudo\fR
distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/about/contributors/) for an
exhaustive list of people who have contributed to
\fBsudo\fR.
.SH "CAVEATS"
There are differences in the way that LDAP-based
\fIsudoers\fR
is parsed compared to file-based
\fIsudoers\fR.
See the
\fIDifferences between LDAP and non-LDAP sudoers\fR
section for more information.
.SH "BUGS"
If you believe you have found a bug in
\fBsudo\fR,
you can submit a bug report at https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/
.SH "SUPPORT"
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list,
see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or
search the archives.
.SH "DISCLAIMER"
\fBsudo\fR
is provided
\(lqAS IS\(rq
and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited
to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose are disclaimed.
See the LICENSE.md file distributed with
\fBsudo\fR
or https://www.sudo.ws/about/license/ for complete details.