Adding upstream version 252.22.upstream/252.22upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 2207 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/nspawn/nspawn-oci.c b/src/nspawn/nspawn-oci.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8ed3f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nspawn/nspawn-oci.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2207 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include <linux/oom.h>
+#if HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include <seccomp.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cap-list.h"
+#include "cpu-set-util.h"
+#include "device-util.h"
+#include "devnum-util.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "format-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "json.h"
+#include "missing_sched.h"
+#include "nspawn-oci.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "rlimit-util.h"
+#if HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include "seccomp-util.h"
+#endif
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+/* TODO:
+ * OCI runtime tool implementation
+ * hooks
+ *
+ * Spec issues:
+ *
+ * How is RLIM_INFINITY supposed to be encoded?
+ * configured effective caps is bullshit, as execv() corrupts it anyway
+ * pipes bind mounted is *very* different from pipes newly created, comments regarding bind mount or not are bogus
+ * annotation values structured? or string?
+ * configurable file system namespace path, but then also root path? wtf?
+ * apply sysctl inside of the container? or outside?
+ * how is unlimited pids tasks limit to be encoded?
+ * what are the defaults for caps if not specified?
+ * what are the default uid/gid mappings if one is missing but the other set, or when user ns is on but no namespace configured
+ * the source field of "mounts" is really weird, as it cannot realistically be relative to the bundle, since we never know if that's what the fs wants
+ * spec contradicts itself on the mount "type" field, as the example uses "bind" as type, but it's not listed in /proc/filesystem, and is something made up by /bin/mount
+ * if type of mount is left out, what shall be assumed? "bind"?
+ * readonly mounts is entirely redundant?
+ * should escaping be applied when joining mount options with ","?
+ * devices cgroup support is bogus, "allow" and "deny" on the kernel level is about adding/removing entries, not about access
+ * spec needs to say that "rwm" devices cgroup combination can't be the empty string
+ * cgrouspv1 crap: kernel, kernelTCP, swappiness, disableOOMKiller, swap, devices, leafWeight
+ * general: it shouldn't leak lower level abstractions this obviously
+ * unmanagable cgroups stuff: realtimeRuntime/realtimePeriod
+ * needs to say what happense when some option is not specified, i.e. which defaults apply
+ * no architecture? no personality?
+ * seccomp example and logic is simply broken: there's no constant "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO".
+ * spec should say what to do with unknown props
+ * /bin/mount regarding NFS and FUSE required?
+ * what does terminal=false mean?
+ * sysctl inside or outside? allow-listing?
+ * swapiness typo -> swappiness
+ *
+ * Unsupported:
+ *
+ * apparmorProfile
+ * selinuxLabel + mountLabel
+ * hugepageLimits
+ * network
+ * rdma
+ * intelRdt
+ * swappiness, disableOOMKiller, kernel, kernelTCP, leafWeight (because it's dead, cgroupsv2 can't do it and hence systemd neither)
+ *
+ * Non-slice cgroup paths
+ * Propagation that is not slave + shared
+ * more than one uid/gid mapping, mappings with a container base != 0, or non-matching uid/gid mappings
+ * device cgroups access = false items that are not catchall
+ * device cgroups matches where minor is specified, but major isn't. similar where major is specified but char/block is not. also, any match that only has a type set that has less than "rwm" set. also, any entry that has none of rwm set.
+ *
+ */
+
+static int oci_unexpected(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                        "Unexpected OCI element '%s' of type '%s'.", name, json_variant_type_to_string(json_variant_type(v)));
+}
+
+static int oci_unsupported(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                        "Unsupported OCI element '%s' of type '%s'.", name, json_variant_type_to_string(json_variant_type(v)));
+}
+
+static int oci_terminal(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = userdata;
+
+        /* If not specified, or set to true, we'll default to either an interactive or a read-only
+         * console. If specified as false, we'll forcibly move to "pipe" mode though. */
+        s->console_mode = json_variant_boolean(v) ? _CONSOLE_MODE_INVALID : CONSOLE_PIPE;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_console_dimension(const char *name, JsonVariant *variant, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        unsigned *u = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(variant);
+        if (k == 0)
+                return json_log(variant, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "Console size field '%s' is too small.", strna(name));
+        if (k > USHRT_MAX) /* TIOCSWINSZ's struct winsize uses "unsigned short" for width and height */
+                return json_log(variant, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "Console size field '%s' is too large.", strna(name));
+
+        *u = (unsigned) k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_console_size(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "height", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_console_dimension, offsetof(Settings, console_height), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "width",  JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_console_dimension, offsetof(Settings, console_width),  JSON_MANDATORY },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        return json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, userdata);
+}
+
+static int oci_absolute_path(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        char **p = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        const char *n;
+
+        n = json_variant_string(v);
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(n))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Path in JSON field '%s' is not absolute: %s", strna(name), n);
+
+        return free_and_strdup_warn(p, n);
+}
+
+static int oci_env(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        char ***l = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                const char *n;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_string(e))
+                        return json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Environment array contains non-string.");
+
+                assert_se(n = json_variant_string(e));
+
+                if (!env_assignment_is_valid(n))
+                        return json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Environment assignment not valid: %s", n);
+
+                r = strv_extend(l, n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_args(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        char ***value = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        int r;
+
+        r = json_variant_strv(v, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, r, "Cannot parse arguments as list of strings: %m");
+
+        if (strv_isempty(l))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Argument list empty, refusing.");
+
+        if (isempty(l[0]))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Executable name is empty, refusing.");
+
+        return strv_free_and_replace(*value, l);
+}
+
+static int oci_rlimit_type(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        const char *z;
+        int t, *type = userdata;
+
+        assert_se(type);
+
+        z = startswith(json_variant_string(v), "RLIMIT_");
+        if (!z)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "rlimit entry's name does not begin with 'RLIMIT_', refusing: %s",
+                                json_variant_string(v));
+
+        t = rlimit_from_string(z);
+        if (t < 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, t,
+                                "rlimit name unknown: %s", json_variant_string(v));
+
+        *type = t;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_rlimit_value(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        rlim_t z, *value = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+
+        if (json_variant_is_negative(v))
+                z = RLIM_INFINITY;
+        else {
+                if (!json_variant_is_unsigned(v))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                        "rlimits limit not unsigned, refusing.");
+
+                z = (rlim_t) json_variant_unsigned(v);
+
+                if ((uint64_t) z != json_variant_unsigned(v))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "rlimits limit out of range, refusing.");
+        }
+
+        *value = z;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_rlimits(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+
+                struct rlimit_data {
+                        int type;
+                        rlim_t soft;
+                        rlim_t hard;
+                } data = {
+                        .type = -1,
+                        .soft = RLIM_INFINITY,
+                        .hard = RLIM_INFINITY,
+                };
+
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "soft", JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_rlimit_value, offsetof(struct rlimit_data, soft), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "hard", JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_rlimit_value, offsetof(struct rlimit_data, hard), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "type", JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_rlimit_type,  offsetof(struct rlimit_data, type), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                assert(data.type >= 0);
+                assert(data.type < _RLIMIT_MAX);
+
+                if (s->rlimit[data.type])
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "rlimits array contains duplicate entry, refusing.");
+
+                s->rlimit[data.type] = new(struct rlimit, 1);
+                if (!s->rlimit[data.type])
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                *s->rlimit[data.type] = (struct rlimit) {
+                        .rlim_cur = data.soft,
+                        .rlim_max = data.hard,
+                };
+
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_capability_array(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        uint64_t *mask = userdata, m = 0;
+        JsonVariant *e;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                const char *n;
+                int cap;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_string(e))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Entry in capabilities array is not a string.");
+
+                assert_se(n = json_variant_string(e));
+
+                cap = capability_from_name(n);
+                if (cap < 0)
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Unknown capability: %s", n);
+
+                m |= UINT64_C(1) << cap;
+        }
+
+        if (*mask == UINT64_MAX)
+                *mask = m;
+        else
+                *mask |= m;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_capabilities(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "effective",   JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY, oci_capability_array, offsetof(CapabilityQuintet, effective)   },
+                { "bounding",    JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY, oci_capability_array, offsetof(CapabilityQuintet, bounding)    },
+                { "inheritable", JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY, oci_capability_array, offsetof(CapabilityQuintet, inheritable) },
+                { "permitted",   JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY, oci_capability_array, offsetof(CapabilityQuintet, permitted)   },
+                { "ambient",     JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY, oci_capability_array, offsetof(CapabilityQuintet, ambient)     },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        int r;
+
+        r = json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &s->full_capabilities);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (s->full_capabilities.bounding != UINT64_MAX) {
+                s->capability = s->full_capabilities.bounding;
+                s->drop_capability = ~s->full_capabilities.bounding;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_oom_score_adj(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        int64_t k;
+
+        k = json_variant_integer(v);
+        if (k < OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN || k > OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "oomScoreAdj value out of range: %" PRIi64, k);
+
+        s->oom_score_adjust = (int) k;
+        s->oom_score_adjust_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_uid_gid(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        uid_t *uid = userdata, u;
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        assert(uid);
+        assert_cc(sizeof(uid_t) == sizeof(gid_t));
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        u = (uid_t) k;
+        if ((uint64_t) u != k)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "UID/GID out of range: %" PRIu64, k);
+
+        if (!uid_is_valid(u))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "UID/GID is not valid: " UID_FMT, u);
+
+        *uid = u;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_supplementary_gids(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                gid_t gid, *a;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_unsigned(e))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Supplementary GID entry is not a UID.");
+
+                r = oci_uid_gid(name, e, flags, &gid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                a = reallocarray(s->supplementary_gids, s->n_supplementary_gids + 1, sizeof(gid_t));
+                if (!a)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->supplementary_gids = a;
+                s->supplementary_gids[s->n_supplementary_gids++] = gid;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_user(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "uid",            JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_uid_gid,            offsetof(Settings, uid), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "gid",            JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_uid_gid,            offsetof(Settings, gid), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "additionalGids", JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_supplementary_gids, 0,                       0              },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        return json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, userdata);
+}
+
+static int oci_process(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "terminal",        JSON_VARIANT_BOOLEAN, oci_terminal,          0,                                     0               },
+                { "consoleSize",     JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT,  oci_console_size,      0,                                     0               },
+                { "cwd",             JSON_VARIANT_STRING,  oci_absolute_path,     offsetof(Settings, working_directory), 0               },
+                { "env",             JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,   oci_env,               offsetof(Settings, environment),       0               },
+                { "args",            JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,   oci_args,              offsetof(Settings, parameters),        0               },
+                { "rlimits",         JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,   oci_rlimits,           0,                                     0               },
+                { "apparmorProfile", JSON_VARIANT_STRING,  oci_unsupported,       0,                                     JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                { "capabilities",    JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT,  oci_capabilities,      0,                                     0               },
+                { "noNewPrivileges", JSON_VARIANT_BOOLEAN, json_dispatch_boolean, offsetof(Settings, no_new_privileges), 0               },
+                { "oomScoreAdj",     JSON_VARIANT_INTEGER, oci_oom_score_adj,     0,                                     0               },
+                { "selinuxLabel",    JSON_VARIANT_STRING,  oci_unsupported,       0,                                     JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                { "user",            JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT,  oci_user,              0,                                     0               },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        return json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, userdata);
+}
+
+static int oci_root(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "path",     JSON_VARIANT_STRING,  json_dispatch_string,  offsetof(Settings, root)      },
+                { "readonly", JSON_VARIANT_BOOLEAN, json_dispatch_boolean, offsetof(Settings, read_only) },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        r = json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (s->root && !path_is_absolute(s->root)) {
+                char *joined;
+
+                joined = path_join(s->bundle, s->root);
+                if (!joined)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                free_and_replace(s->root, joined);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_hostname(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        const char *n;
+
+        assert_se(n = json_variant_string(v));
+
+        if (!hostname_is_valid(n, 0))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Hostname string is not a valid hostname: %s", n);
+
+        return free_and_strdup_warn(&s->hostname, n);
+}
+
+static bool oci_exclude_mount(const char *path) {
+
+        /* Returns "true" for all mounts we insist to mount on our own, and hence ignore the OCI data. */
+
+        if (PATH_IN_SET(path,
+                        "/dev",
+                        "/dev/mqueue",
+                        "/dev/pts",
+                        "/dev/shm",
+                        "/proc",
+                        "/proc/acpi",
+                        "/proc/apm",
+                        "/proc/asound",
+                        "/proc/bus",
+                        "/proc/fs",
+                        "/proc/irq",
+                        "/proc/kallsyms",
+                        "/proc/kcore",
+                        "/proc/keys",
+                        "/proc/scsi",
+                        "/proc/sys",
+                        "/proc/sys/net",
+                        "/proc/sysrq-trigger",
+                        "/proc/timer_list",
+                        "/run",
+                        "/sys",
+                        "/sys",
+                        "/sys/fs/selinux",
+                        "/tmp"))
+                return true;
+
+        /* Similar, skip the whole /sys/fs/cgroups subtree */
+        if (path_startswith(path, "/sys/fs/cgroup"))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+typedef struct oci_mount_data {
+        char *destination;
+        char *source;
+        char *type;
+        char **options;
+} oci_mount_data;
+
+static void cleanup_oci_mount_data(oci_mount_data *data) {
+        free(data->destination);
+        free(data->source);
+        strv_free(data->options);
+        free(data->type);
+}
+
+static int oci_mounts(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "destination", JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_absolute_path,    offsetof(oci_mount_data, destination), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "source",      JSON_VARIANT_STRING, json_dispatch_string, offsetof(oci_mount_data, source),      0              },
+                        { "options",     JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  json_dispatch_strv,   offsetof(oci_mount_data, options),     0,             },
+                        { "type",        JSON_VARIANT_STRING, json_dispatch_string, offsetof(oci_mount_data, type),        0              },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *joined_options = NULL;
+                CustomMount *m;
+                _cleanup_(cleanup_oci_mount_data) oci_mount_data data = {};
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(data.destination))
+                        return json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Mount destination not an absolute path: %s", data.destination);
+
+                if (oci_exclude_mount(data.destination))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (data.options) {
+                        joined_options = strv_join(data.options, ",");
+                        if (!joined_options)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+
+                if (!data.type || streq(data.type, "bind")) {
+                        if (data.source && !path_is_absolute(data.source)) {
+                                char *joined;
+
+                                joined = path_join(s->bundle, data.source);
+                                if (!joined)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                free_and_replace(data.source, joined);
+                        }
+
+                        data.type = mfree(data.type);
+
+                        m = custom_mount_add(&s->custom_mounts, &s->n_custom_mounts, CUSTOM_MOUNT_BIND);
+                } else
+                        m = custom_mount_add(&s->custom_mounts, &s->n_custom_mounts, CUSTOM_MOUNT_ARBITRARY);
+                if (!m)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m->destination = TAKE_PTR(data.destination);
+                m->source = TAKE_PTR(data.source);
+                m->options = TAKE_PTR(joined_options);
+                m->type_argument = TAKE_PTR(data.type);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_namespace_type(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        unsigned long *nsflags = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        const char *n;
+
+        assert_se(n = json_variant_string(v));
+
+        /* We don't use namespace_flags_from_string() here, as the OCI spec uses slightly different names than the
+         * kernel here. */
+        if (streq(n, "pid"))
+                *nsflags = CLONE_NEWPID;
+        else if (streq(n, "network"))
+                *nsflags = CLONE_NEWNET;
+        else if (streq(n, "mount"))
+                *nsflags = CLONE_NEWNS;
+        else if (streq(n, "ipc"))
+                *nsflags = CLONE_NEWIPC;
+        else if (streq(n, "uts"))
+                *nsflags = CLONE_NEWUTS;
+        else if (streq(n, "user"))
+                *nsflags = CLONE_NEWUSER;
+        else if (streq(n, "cgroup"))
+                *nsflags = CLONE_NEWCGROUP;
+        else
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Unknown namespace type, refusing: %s", n);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_namespaces(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = userdata;
+        unsigned long n = 0;
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert_se(s);
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+
+                struct namespace_data {
+                        unsigned long type;
+                        char *path;
+                } data = {};
+
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "type", JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_namespace_type, offsetof(struct namespace_data, type), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "path", JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_absolute_path,  offsetof(struct namespace_data, path), 0              },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        free(data.path);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (data.path) {
+                        if (data.type != CLONE_NEWNET) {
+                                free(data.path);
+                                return json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                                "Specifying namespace path for non-network namespace is not supported.");
+                        }
+
+                        if (s->network_namespace_path) {
+                                free(data.path);
+                                return json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                                "Network namespace path specified more than once, refusing.");
+                        }
+
+                        free(s->network_namespace_path);
+                        s->network_namespace_path = data.path;
+                }
+
+                if (FLAGS_SET(n, data.type))
+                        return json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Duplicate namespace specification, refusing.");
+
+                n |= data.type;
+        }
+
+        if (!FLAGS_SET(n, CLONE_NEWNS))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                "Containers without a mount namespace aren't supported.");
+
+        s->private_network = FLAGS_SET(n, CLONE_NEWNET);
+        s->userns_mode = FLAGS_SET(n, CLONE_NEWUSER) ? USER_NAMESPACE_FIXED : USER_NAMESPACE_NO;
+        s->use_cgns = FLAGS_SET(n, CLONE_NEWCGROUP);
+
+        s->clone_ns_flags = n & (CLONE_NEWIPC|CLONE_NEWPID|CLONE_NEWUTS);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_uid_gid_range(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        uid_t *uid = userdata, u;
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        assert(uid);
+        assert_cc(sizeof(uid_t) == sizeof(gid_t));
+
+        /* This is very much like oci_uid_gid(), except the checks are a bit different, as this is a UID range rather
+         * than a specific UID, and hence UID_INVALID has no special significance. OTOH a range of zero makes no
+         * sense. */
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        u = (uid_t) k;
+        if ((uint64_t) u != k)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "UID/GID out of range: %" PRIu64, k);
+        if (u == 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "UID/GID range can't be zero.");
+
+        *uid = u;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_uid_gid_mappings(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        struct mapping_data {
+                uid_t host_id;
+                uid_t container_id;
+                uid_t range;
+        } data = {
+                .host_id = UID_INVALID,
+                .container_id = UID_INVALID,
+                .range = 0,
+        };
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "containerID", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_uid_gid,       offsetof(struct mapping_data, container_id), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "hostID",      JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_uid_gid,       offsetof(struct mapping_data, host_id),      JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "size",        JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_uid_gid_range, offsetof(struct mapping_data, range),        JSON_MANDATORY },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        if (json_variant_elements(v) == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (json_variant_elements(v) > 1)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                "UID/GID mappings with more than one entry are not supported.");
+
+        assert_se(e = json_variant_by_index(v, 0));
+
+        r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (data.host_id + data.range < data.host_id ||
+            data.container_id + data.range < data.container_id)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "UID/GID range goes beyond UID/GID validity range, refusing.");
+
+        if (data.container_id != 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                "UID/GID mappings with a non-zero container base are not supported.");
+
+        if (data.range < 0x10000)
+                json_log(v, flags|JSON_WARNING, 0,
+                         "UID/GID mapping with less than 65536 UID/GIDS set up, you are looking for trouble.");
+
+        if (s->uid_range != UID_INVALID &&
+            (s->uid_shift != data.host_id || s->uid_range != data.range))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                "Non-matching UID and GID mappings are not supported.");
+
+        s->uid_shift = data.host_id;
+        s->uid_range = data.range;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_device_type(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        mode_t *mode = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert_se(t = json_variant_string(v));
+
+        if (STR_IN_SET(t, "c", "u"))
+                *mode = (*mode & ~S_IFMT) | S_IFCHR;
+        else if (streq(t, "b"))
+                *mode = (*mode & ~S_IFMT) | S_IFBLK;
+        else if (streq(t, "p"))
+                *mode = (*mode & ~S_IFMT) | S_IFIFO;
+        else
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Unknown device type: %s", t);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_device_major(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        unsigned *u = userdata;
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        assert_se(u);
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        if (!DEVICE_MAJOR_VALID(k))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "Device major %" PRIu64 " out of range.", k);
+
+        *u = (unsigned) k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_device_minor(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        unsigned *u = userdata;
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        assert_se(u);
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        if (!DEVICE_MINOR_VALID(k))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "Device minor %" PRIu64 " out of range.", k);
+
+        *u = (unsigned) k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_device_file_mode(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        mode_t *mode = userdata, m;
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        assert(mode);
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        m = (mode_t) k;
+
+        if ((m & ~07777) != 0 || (uint64_t) m != k)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "fileMode out of range, refusing.");
+
+        *mode = (*mode & ~07777) | m;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_devices(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "type",     JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_device_type,      offsetof(DeviceNode, mode),  JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "path",     JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_absolute_path,    offsetof(DeviceNode, path),  JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "major",    JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_major,     offsetof(DeviceNode, major), 0              },
+                        { "minor",    JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_minor,     offsetof(DeviceNode, minor), 0              },
+                        { "fileMode", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_file_mode, offsetof(DeviceNode, mode),  0              },
+                        { "uid",      JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_uid_gid,          offsetof(DeviceNode, uid),   0              },
+                        { "gid",      JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_uid_gid,          offsetof(DeviceNode, gid),   0              },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                DeviceNode *node, *nodes;
+
+                nodes = reallocarray(s->extra_nodes, s->n_extra_nodes + 1, sizeof(DeviceNode));
+                if (!nodes)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->extra_nodes = nodes;
+
+                node = nodes + s->n_extra_nodes;
+                *node = (DeviceNode) {
+                        .uid = UID_INVALID,
+                        .gid = GID_INVALID,
+                        .major = UINT_MAX,
+                        .minor = UINT_MAX,
+                        .mode = 0644,
+                };
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, node);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail_element;
+
+                if (S_ISCHR(node->mode) || S_ISBLK(node->mode)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                        if (node->major == UINT_MAX || node->minor == UINT_MAX) {
+                                r = json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                             "Major/minor required when device node is device node");
+                                goto fail_element;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Suppress a couple of implicit device nodes */
+                        r = devname_from_devnum(node->mode, makedev(node->major, node->minor), &path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                json_log(e, flags|JSON_DEBUG, r, "Failed to resolve device node %u:%u, ignoring: %m", node->major, node->minor);
+                        else {
+                                if (PATH_IN_SET(path,
+                                                "/dev/null",
+                                                "/dev/zero",
+                                                "/dev/full",
+                                                "/dev/random",
+                                                "/dev/urandom",
+                                                "/dev/tty",
+                                                "/dev/net/tun",
+                                                "/dev/ptmx",
+                                                "/dev/pts/ptmx",
+                                                "/dev/console")) {
+
+                                        json_log(e, flags|JSON_DEBUG, 0, "Ignoring devices item for device '%s', as it is implicitly created anyway.", path);
+                                        free(node->path);
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                s->n_extra_nodes++;
+                continue;
+
+        fail_element:
+                free(node->path);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroups_path(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *slice = NULL, *backwards = NULL;
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        const char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert_se(p = json_variant_string(v));
+
+        r = cg_path_get_slice(p, &slice);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, r, "Couldn't derive slice unit name from path '%s': %m", p);
+
+        r = cg_slice_to_path(slice, &backwards);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, r, "Couldn't convert slice unit name '%s' back to path: %m", slice);
+
+        if (!path_equal(backwards, p))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Control group path '%s' does not refer to slice unit, refusing.", p);
+
+        free_and_replace(s->slice, slice);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_device_type(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        mode_t *mode = userdata;
+        const char *n;
+
+        assert_se(n = json_variant_string(v));
+
+        if (streq(n, "c"))
+                *mode = S_IFCHR;
+        else if (streq(n, "b"))
+                *mode = S_IFBLK;
+        else
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Control group device type unknown: %s", n);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+struct device_data {
+        bool allow;
+        bool r;
+        bool w;
+        bool m;
+        mode_t type;
+        unsigned major;
+        unsigned minor;
+};
+
+static int oci_cgroup_device_access(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        struct device_data *d = userdata;
+        bool r = false, w = false, m = false;
+        const char *s;
+        size_t i;
+
+        assert_se(s = json_variant_string(v));
+
+        for (i = 0; s[i]; i++)
+                if (s[i] == 'r')
+                        r = true;
+                else if (s[i] == 'w')
+                        w = true;
+                else if (s[i] == 'm')
+                        m = true;
+                else
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Unknown device access character '%c'.", s[i]);
+
+        d->r = r;
+        d->w = w;
+        d->m = m;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_devices(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ struct device_data *list = NULL;
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        size_t n_list = 0, i;
+        bool noop = false;
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+
+                struct device_data data = {
+                        .major = UINT_MAX,
+                        .minor = UINT_MAX,
+                }, *a;
+
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "allow",  JSON_VARIANT_BOOLEAN,  json_dispatch_boolean,    offsetof(struct device_data, allow), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "type",   JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_cgroup_device_type,   offsetof(struct device_data, type),  0              },
+                        { "major",  JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_major,         offsetof(struct device_data, major), 0              },
+                        { "minor",  JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_minor,         offsetof(struct device_data, minor), 0              },
+                        { "access", JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_cgroup_device_access, 0,                                   0              },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!data.allow) {
+                        /* The fact that OCI allows 'deny' entries makes really no sense, as 'allow'
+                         * vs. 'deny' for the devices cgroup controller is really not about allow-listing and
+                         * deny-listing but about adding and removing entries from the allow list. Since we
+                         * always start out with an empty allow list we hence ignore the whole thing, as
+                         * removing entries which don't exist make no sense. We'll log about this, since this
+                         * is really borked in the spec, with one exception: the entry that's supposed to
+                         * drop the kernel's default we ignore silently */
+
+                        if (!data.r || !data.w || !data.m || data.type != 0 || data.major != UINT_MAX || data.minor != UINT_MAX)
+                                json_log(v, flags|JSON_WARNING, 0, "Devices cgroup allow list with arbitrary 'allow' entries not supported, ignoring.");
+
+                        /* We ignore the 'deny' entry as for us that's implied */
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!data.r && !data.w && !data.m) {
+                        json_log(v, flags|LOG_WARNING, 0, "Device cgroup allow list entry with no effect found, ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (data.minor != UINT_MAX && data.major == UINT_MAX)
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                        "Device cgroup allow list entries with minors but no majors not supported.");
+
+                if (data.major != UINT_MAX && data.type == 0)
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                        "Device cgroup allow list entries with majors but no device node type not supported.");
+
+                if (data.type == 0) {
+                        if (data.r && data.w && data.m) /* a catchall allow list entry means we are looking at a noop */
+                                noop = true;
+                        else
+                                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                                "Device cgroup allow list entries with no type not supported.");
+                }
+
+                a = reallocarray(list, n_list + 1, sizeof(struct device_data));
+                if (!a)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                list = a;
+                list[n_list++] = data;
+        }
+
+        if (noop)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(s->properties, 'r', "sv");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "s", "DeviceAllow");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(s->properties, 'v', "a(ss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(s->properties, 'a', "(ss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_list; i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *pattern = NULL;
+                char access[4];
+                size_t n = 0;
+
+                if (list[i].minor == UINT_MAX) {
+                        const char *t;
+
+                        if (list[i].type == S_IFBLK)
+                                t = "block";
+                        else {
+                                assert(list[i].type == S_IFCHR);
+                                t = "char";
+                        }
+
+                        if (list[i].major == UINT_MAX) {
+                                pattern = strjoin(t, "-*");
+                                if (!pattern)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                        } else {
+                                if (asprintf(&pattern, "%s-%u", t, list[i].major) < 0)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                } else {
+                        assert(list[i].major != UINT_MAX); /* If a minor is specified, then a major also needs to be specified */
+
+                        r = device_path_make_major_minor(list[i].type, makedev(list[i].major, list[i].minor), &pattern);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+
+                if (list[i].r)
+                        access[n++] = 'r';
+                if (list[i].w)
+                        access[n++] = 'w';
+                if (list[i].m)
+                        access[n++] = 'm';
+                access[n] = 0;
+
+                assert(n > 0);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(ss)", pattern, access);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(s->properties);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(s->properties);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(s->properties);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_memory_limit(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        uint64_t *m = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        if (json_variant_is_negative(v)) {
+                *m = UINT64_MAX;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!json_variant_is_unsigned(v))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "Memory limit is not an unsigned integer");
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        if (k >= UINT64_MAX)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "Memory limit too large: %" PRIu64, k);
+
+        *m = (uint64_t) k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_memory(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        struct memory_data {
+                uint64_t limit;
+                uint64_t reservation;
+                uint64_t swap;
+        } data = {
+                .limit = UINT64_MAX,
+                .reservation = UINT64_MAX,
+                .swap = UINT64_MAX,
+        };
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "limit",            JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_cgroup_memory_limit, offsetof(struct memory_data, limit),       0               },
+                { "reservation",      JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_cgroup_memory_limit, offsetof(struct memory_data, reservation), 0               },
+                { "swap",             JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_cgroup_memory_limit, offsetof(struct memory_data, swap),        0               },
+                { "kernel",           JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_unsupported,         0,                                         JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                { "kernelTCP",        JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_unsupported,         0,                                         JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                { "swapiness",        JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_unsupported,         0,                                         JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                { "disableOOMKiller", JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, oci_unsupported,         0,                                         JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        Settings *s = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        r = json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (data.swap != UINT64_MAX) {
+                if (data.limit == UINT64_MAX)
+                        json_log(v, flags|LOG_WARNING, 0, "swap limit without memory limit is not supported, ignoring.");
+                else if (data.swap < data.limit)
+                        json_log(v, flags|LOG_WARNING, 0, "swap limit is below memory limit, ignoring.");
+                else {
+                        r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "MemorySwapMax", "t", data.swap - data.limit);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (data.limit != UINT64_MAX) {
+                r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "MemoryMax", "t", data.limit);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (data.reservation != UINT64_MAX) {
+                r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "MemoryLow", "t", data.reservation);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+struct cpu_data {
+        uint64_t shares;
+        uint64_t quota;
+        uint64_t period;
+        CPUSet cpu_set;
+};
+
+static int oci_cgroup_cpu_shares(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        uint64_t *u = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        if (k < CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_MIN || k > CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_MAX)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "shares value out of range.");
+
+        *u = (uint64_t) k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_cpu_quota(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        uint64_t *u = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        if (k <= 0 || k >= UINT64_MAX)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "period/quota value out of range.");
+
+        *u = (uint64_t) k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_cpu_cpus(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        struct cpu_data *data = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        CPUSet set;
+        const char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert_se(n = json_variant_string(v));
+
+        r = parse_cpu_set(n, &set);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, r, "Failed to parse CPU set specification: %s", n);
+
+        cpu_set_reset(&data->cpu_set);
+        data->cpu_set = set;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_cpu(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "shares",          JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_cgroup_cpu_shares, offsetof(struct cpu_data, shares), 0 },
+                { "quota",           JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_cgroup_cpu_quota,  offsetof(struct cpu_data, quota),  0 },
+                { "period",          JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_cgroup_cpu_quota,  offsetof(struct cpu_data, period), 0 },
+                { "realtimeRuntime", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_unsupported,       0,                                 0 },
+                { "realtimePeriod",  JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_unsupported,       0,                                 0 },
+                { "cpus",            JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_cgroup_cpu_cpus,   0,                                 0 },
+                { "mems",            JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_unsupported,       0,                                 0 },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        struct cpu_data data = {
+                .shares = UINT64_MAX,
+                .quota = UINT64_MAX,
+                .period = UINT64_MAX,
+        };
+
+        Settings *s = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        r = json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                cpu_set_reset(&data.cpu_set);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        cpu_set_reset(&s->cpu_set);
+        s->cpu_set = data.cpu_set;
+
+        if (data.shares != UINT64_MAX) {
+                r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "CPUShares", "t", data.shares);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (data.quota != UINT64_MAX && data.period != UINT64_MAX) {
+                r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "CPUQuotaPerSecUSec", "t", (uint64_t) (data.quota * USEC_PER_SEC / data.period));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        } else if ((data.quota != UINT64_MAX) != (data.period != UINT64_MAX))
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                "CPU quota and period not used together.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_block_io_weight(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        uint64_t k;
+        int r;
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        if (k < CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MIN || k > CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MAX)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "Block I/O weight out of range.");
+
+        r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "BlockIOWeight", "t", (uint64_t) k);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_block_io_weight_device(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                struct device_data {
+                        unsigned major;
+                        unsigned minor;
+                        uint64_t weight;
+                } data = {
+                        .major = UINT_MAX,
+                        .minor = UINT_MAX,
+                        .weight = UINT64_MAX,
+                };
+
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] =  {
+                        { "major",      JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_major,     offsetof(struct device_data, major),  JSON_MANDATORY  },
+                        { "minor",      JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_minor,     offsetof(struct device_data, minor),  JSON_MANDATORY  },
+                        { "weight",     JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, json_dispatch_uint64, offsetof(struct device_data, weight), 0               },
+                        { "leafWeight", JSON_VARIANT_INTEGER,  oci_unsupported,      0,                                    JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (data.weight == UINT64_MAX)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (data.weight < CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MIN || data.weight > CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MAX)
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                        "Block I/O device weight out of range.");
+
+                r = device_path_make_major_minor(S_IFBLK, makedev(data.major, data.minor), &path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return json_log(v, flags, r, "Failed to build device path: %m");
+
+                r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "BlockIODeviceWeight", "a(st)", 1, path, (uint64_t) data.weight);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_block_io_throttle(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        const char *pname;
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        pname = streq(name, "throttleReadBpsDevice")  ? "IOReadBandwidthMax" :
+                streq(name, "throttleWriteBpsDevice") ? "IOWriteBandwidthMax" :
+                streq(name, "throttleReadIOPSDevice") ? "IOReadIOPSMax" :
+                                                        "IOWriteIOPSMax";
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                struct device_data {
+                        unsigned major;
+                        unsigned minor;
+                        uint64_t rate;
+                } data = {
+                        .major = UINT_MAX,
+                        .minor = UINT_MAX,
+                };
+
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "major", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_major,     offsetof(struct device_data, major), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "minor", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_device_minor,     offsetof(struct device_data, minor), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "rate",  JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, json_dispatch_uint64, offsetof(struct device_data, rate),  JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &data);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (data.rate >= UINT64_MAX)
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                        "Block I/O device rate out of range.");
+
+                r = device_path_make_major_minor(S_IFBLK, makedev(data.major, data.minor), &path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return json_log(v, flags, r, "Failed to build device path: %m");
+
+                r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", pname, "a(st)", 1, path, (uint64_t) data.rate);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_block_io(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "weight",                  JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_cgroup_block_io_weight,        0, 0               },
+                { "leafWeight",              JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_unsupported,                   0, JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                { "weightDevice",            JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_cgroup_block_io_weight_device, 0, 0               },
+                { "throttleReadBpsDevice",   JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_cgroup_block_io_throttle,      0, 0               },
+                { "throttleWriteBpsDevice",  JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_cgroup_block_io_throttle,      0, 0               },
+                { "throttleReadIOPSDevice",  JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_cgroup_block_io_throttle,      0, 0               },
+                { "throttleWriteIOPSDevice", JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_cgroup_block_io_throttle,      0, 0               },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        return json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, userdata);
+}
+
+static int oci_cgroup_pids(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "limit", JSON_VARIANT_NUMBER, json_dispatch_variant, 0, JSON_MANDATORY },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *k = NULL;
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        uint64_t m;
+        int r;
+
+        r = json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &k);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (json_variant_is_negative(k))
+                m = UINT64_MAX;
+        else {
+                if (!json_variant_is_unsigned(k))
+                        return json_log(k, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "pids limit not unsigned integer, refusing.");
+
+                m = (uint64_t) json_variant_unsigned(k);
+
+                if ((uint64_t) m != json_variant_unsigned(k))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "pids limit out of range, refusing.");
+        }
+
+        r = settings_allocate_properties(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(s->properties, "(sv)", "TasksMax", "t", m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_resources(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "devices",        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_cgroup_devices,  0, 0 },
+                { "memory",         JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_cgroup_memory,   0, 0 },
+                { "cpu",            JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_cgroup_cpu,      0, 0 },
+                { "blockIO",        JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_cgroup_block_io, 0, 0 },
+                { "hugepageLimits", JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_unsupported,     0, 0 },
+                { "network",        JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_unsupported,     0, 0 },
+                { "pids",           JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_cgroup_pids,     0, 0 },
+                { "rdma",           JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_unsupported,     0, 0 },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        return json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, userdata);
+}
+
+static bool sysctl_key_valid(const char *s) {
+        bool dot = true;
+
+        /* Note that we are a bit stricter here than in systemd-sysctl, as that inherited semantics from the old sysctl
+         * tool, which were really weird (as it swaps / and . in both ways) */
+
+        if (isempty(s))
+                return false;
+
+        for (; *s; s++) {
+
+                if (*s <= ' ' || *s >= 127)
+                        return false;
+                if (*s == '/')
+                        return false;
+                if (*s == '.') {
+
+                        if (dot) /* Don't allow two dots next to each other (or at the beginning) */
+                                return false;
+
+                        dot = true;
+                } else
+                        dot = false;
+        }
+
+        if (dot) /* don't allow a dot at the end */
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static int oci_sysctl(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *w;
+        const char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT_FOREACH(k, w, v) {
+                const char *m;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_string(w))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "sysctl parameter is not a string, refusing.");
+
+                assert_se(m = json_variant_string(w));
+
+                if (!sysctl_key_valid(k))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "sysctl key invalid, refusing: %s", k);
+
+                r = strv_extend_strv(&s->sysctl, STRV_MAKE(k, m), false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#if HAVE_SECCOMP
+static int oci_seccomp_action_from_string(const char *name, uint32_t *ret) {
+
+        static const struct {
+                const char *name;
+                uint32_t action;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW",         SCMP_ACT_ALLOW        },
+                { "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO",         SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPERM) }, /* the OCI spec doesn't document the error, but it appears EPERM is supposed to be used */
+                { "SCMP_ACT_KILL",          SCMP_ACT_KILL         },
+#ifdef SCMP_ACT_KILL_PROCESS
+                { "SCMP_ACT_KILL_PROCESS",  SCMP_ACT_KILL_PROCESS },
+#endif
+#ifdef SCMP_ACT_KILL_THREAD
+                { "SCMP_ACT_KILL_THREAD",   SCMP_ACT_KILL_THREAD  },
+#endif
+#ifdef SCMP_ACT_LOG
+                { "SCMP_ACT_LOG",           SCMP_ACT_LOG          },
+#endif
+                { "SCMP_ACT_TRAP",          SCMP_ACT_TRAP         },
+
+                /* We don't support SCMP_ACT_TRACE because that requires a tracer, and that doesn't really make sense
+                 * here */
+        };
+
+        size_t i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++)
+                if (streq_ptr(name, table[i].name)) {
+                        *ret = table[i].action;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int oci_seccomp_arch_from_string(const char *name, uint32_t *ret) {
+
+        static const struct {
+                const char *name;
+                uint32_t arch;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_AARCH64",     SCMP_ARCH_AARCH64     },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_ARM",         SCMP_ARCH_ARM         },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_MIPS",        SCMP_ARCH_MIPS        },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_MIPS64",      SCMP_ARCH_MIPS64      },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_MIPS64N32",   SCMP_ARCH_MIPS64N32   },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL",      SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL      },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL64",    SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL64    },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL64N32", SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL64N32 },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_NATIVE",      SCMP_ARCH_NATIVE      },
+#ifdef SCMP_ARCH_PARISC
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_PARISC",      SCMP_ARCH_PARISC      },
+#endif
+#ifdef SCMP_ARCH_PARISC64
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_PARISC64",    SCMP_ARCH_PARISC64    },
+#endif
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_PPC",         SCMP_ARCH_PPC         },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_PPC64",       SCMP_ARCH_PPC64       },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_PPC64LE",     SCMP_ARCH_PPC64LE     },
+#ifdef SCMP_ARCH_RISCV64
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_RISCV64",     SCMP_ARCH_RISCV64     },
+#endif
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_S390",        SCMP_ARCH_S390        },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_S390X",       SCMP_ARCH_S390X       },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_X32",         SCMP_ARCH_X32         },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_X86",         SCMP_ARCH_X86         },
+                { "SCMP_ARCH_X86_64",      SCMP_ARCH_X86_64      },
+        };
+
+        size_t i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++)
+                if (streq_ptr(table[i].name, name)) {
+                        *ret = table[i].arch;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int oci_seccomp_compare_from_string(const char *name, enum scmp_compare *ret) {
+
+        static const struct {
+                const char *name;
+                enum scmp_compare op;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "SCMP_CMP_NE",        SCMP_CMP_NE        },
+                { "SCMP_CMP_LT",        SCMP_CMP_LT        },
+                { "SCMP_CMP_LE",        SCMP_CMP_LE        },
+                { "SCMP_CMP_EQ",        SCMP_CMP_EQ        },
+                { "SCMP_CMP_GE",        SCMP_CMP_GE        },
+                { "SCMP_CMP_GT",        SCMP_CMP_GT        },
+                { "SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ", SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ },
+        };
+
+        size_t i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++)
+                if (streq_ptr(table[i].name, name)) {
+                        *ret = table[i].op;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int oci_seccomp_archs(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        scmp_filter_ctx *sc = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                uint32_t a;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_string(e))
+                        return json_log(e, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Architecture entry is not a string");
+
+                r = oci_seccomp_arch_from_string(json_variant_string(e), &a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return json_log(e, flags, r, "Unknown architecture: %s", json_variant_string(e));
+
+                r = seccomp_arch_add(sc, a);
+                if (r == -EEXIST)
+                        continue;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return json_log(e, flags, r, "Failed to add architecture to seccomp filter: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+struct syscall_rule {
+        char **names;
+        uint32_t action;
+        struct scmp_arg_cmp *arguments;
+        size_t n_arguments;
+};
+
+static void syscall_rule_free(struct syscall_rule *rule) {
+        assert(rule);
+
+        strv_free(rule->names);
+        free(rule->arguments);
+};
+
+static int oci_seccomp_action(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        uint32_t *action = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        int r;
+
+        r = oci_seccomp_action_from_string(json_variant_string(v), action);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, r, "Unknown system call action '%s': %m", json_variant_string(v));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_seccomp_op(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        enum scmp_compare *op = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        int r;
+
+        r = oci_seccomp_compare_from_string(json_variant_string(v), op);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return json_log(v, flags, r, "Unknown seccomp operator '%s': %m", json_variant_string(v));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_seccomp_args(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        struct syscall_rule *rule = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                static const struct JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "index",    JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, json_dispatch_uint32, offsetof(struct scmp_arg_cmp, arg),     JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "value",    JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, json_dispatch_uint64, offsetof(struct scmp_arg_cmp, datum_a), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "valueTwo", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, json_dispatch_uint64, offsetof(struct scmp_arg_cmp, datum_b), 0              },
+                        { "op",       JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_seccomp_op,       offsetof(struct scmp_arg_cmp, op),      JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        {},
+                };
+
+                struct scmp_arg_cmp *a, *p;
+                int expected;
+
+                a = reallocarray(rule->arguments, rule->n_arguments + 1, sizeof(struct syscall_rule));
+                if (!a)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                rule->arguments = a;
+                p = rule->arguments + rule->n_arguments;
+
+                *p = (struct scmp_arg_cmp) {
+                        .arg = 0,
+                        .datum_a = 0,
+                        .datum_b = 0,
+                        .op = 0,
+                };
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                expected = p->op == SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ ? 4 : 3;
+                if (r != expected)
+                        json_log(e, flags|JSON_WARNING, 0, "Wrong number of system call arguments for JSON data data, ignoring.");
+
+                /* Note that we are a bit sloppy here and do not insist that SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ gets two datum values,
+                 * and the other only one. That's because buildah for example by default calls things with
+                 * SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ but only one argument. We use 0 when the value is not specified. */
+
+                rule->n_arguments++;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_seccomp_syscalls(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        scmp_filter_ctx *sc = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "names",  JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  json_dispatch_strv, offsetof(struct syscall_rule, names),  JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "action", JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_seccomp_action, offsetof(struct syscall_rule, action), JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "args",   JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_seccomp_args,   0,                                     0              },
+                        {}
+                };
+                struct syscall_rule rule = {
+                        .action = UINT32_MAX,
+                };
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, &rule);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail_rule;
+
+                if (strv_isempty(rule.names)) {
+                        json_log(e, flags, 0, "System call name list is empty.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail_rule;
+                }
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, rule.names) {
+                        int nr;
+
+                        nr = seccomp_syscall_resolve_name(*i);
+                        if (nr == __NR_SCMP_ERROR) {
+                                log_debug("Unknown syscall %s, skipping.", *i);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add_array(sc, rule.action, nr, rule.n_arguments, rule.arguments);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail_rule;
+                }
+
+                syscall_rule_free(&rule);
+                continue;
+
+        fail_rule:
+                syscall_rule_free(&rule);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int oci_seccomp(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+#if HAVE_SECCOMP
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "defaultAction", JSON_VARIANT_STRING, NULL,                 0, JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "architectures", JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_seccomp_archs,    0, 0              },
+                { "syscalls",      JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_seccomp_syscalls, 0, 0              },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(seccomp_releasep) scmp_filter_ctx sc = NULL;
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *def;
+        uint32_t d;
+        int r;
+
+        def = json_variant_by_key(v, "defaultAction");
+        if (!def)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "defaultAction element missing.");
+
+        if (!json_variant_is_string(def))
+                return json_log(def, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "defaultAction is not a string.");
+
+        r = oci_seccomp_action_from_string(json_variant_string(def), &d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return json_log(def, flags, r, "Unknown default action: %s", json_variant_string(def));
+
+        sc = seccomp_init(d);
+        if (!sc)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENOMEM), "Couldn't allocate seccomp object.");
+
+        r = json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, sc);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        seccomp_release(s->seccomp);
+        s->seccomp = TAKE_PTR(sc);
+        return 0;
+#else
+        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP), "libseccomp support not enabled, can't parse seccomp object.");
+#endif
+}
+
+static int oci_rootfs_propagation(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        const char *s;
+
+        s = json_variant_string(v);
+
+        if (streq(s, "shared"))
+                return 0;
+
+        json_log(v, flags|JSON_DEBUG, 0, "Ignoring rootfsPropagation setting '%s'.", s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_masked_paths(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *destination = NULL;
+                CustomMount *m;
+                const char *p;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_string(e))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Path is not a string, refusing.");
+
+                assert_se(p = json_variant_string(e));
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(p))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Path is not absolute, refusing: %s", p);
+
+                if (oci_exclude_mount(p))
+                        continue;
+
+                destination = strdup(p);
+                if (!destination)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m = custom_mount_add(&s->custom_mounts, &s->n_custom_mounts, CUSTOM_MOUNT_INACCESSIBLE);
+                if (!m)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m->destination = TAKE_PTR(destination);
+
+                /* The spec doesn't say this, but apparently pre-existing implementations are lenient towards
+                 * non-existing paths to mask. Let's hence be too. */
+                m->graceful = true;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_readonly_paths(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *source = NULL, *destination = NULL;
+                CustomMount *m;
+                const char *p;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_string(e))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Path is not a string, refusing.");
+
+                assert_se(p = json_variant_string(e));
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(p))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Path is not absolute, refusing: %s", p);
+
+                if (oci_exclude_mount(p))
+                        continue;
+
+                source = strjoin("+", p);
+                if (!source)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                destination = strdup(p);
+                if (!destination)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m = custom_mount_add(&s->custom_mounts, &s->n_custom_mounts, CUSTOM_MOUNT_BIND);
+                if (!m)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m->source = TAKE_PTR(source);
+                m->destination = TAKE_PTR(destination);
+                m->read_only = true;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_linux(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "namespaces",        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_namespaces,         0, 0               },
+                { "uidMappings",       JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_uid_gid_mappings,   0, 0               },
+                { "gidMappings",       JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_uid_gid_mappings,   0, 0               },
+                { "devices",           JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_devices,            0, 0               },
+                { "cgroupsPath",       JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_cgroups_path,       0, 0               },
+                { "resources",         JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_resources,          0, 0               },
+                { "intelRdt",          JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_unsupported,        0, JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                { "sysctl",            JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_sysctl,             0, 0               },
+                { "seccomp",           JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_seccomp,            0, 0               },
+                { "rootfsPropagation", JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_rootfs_propagation, 0, 0               },
+                { "maskedPaths",       JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_masked_paths,       0, 0               },
+                { "readonlyPaths",     JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_readonly_paths,     0, 0               },
+                { "mountLabel",        JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_unsupported,        0, JSON_PERMISSIVE },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        return json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, userdata);
+}
+
+static int oci_hook_timeout(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        usec_t *u = userdata;
+        uint64_t k;
+
+        k = json_variant_unsigned(v);
+        if (k == 0 || k > (UINT64_MAX-1)/USEC_PER_SEC)
+                return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ERANGE),
+                                "Hook timeout value out of range.");
+
+        *u = k * USEC_PER_SEC;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_hooks_array(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        Settings *s = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+        JsonVariant *e;
+        int r;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(e, v) {
+
+                static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                        { "path",    JSON_VARIANT_STRING,   oci_absolute_path, offsetof(OciHook, path),    JSON_MANDATORY },
+                        { "args",    JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_args,          offsetof(OciHook, args),    0              },
+                        { "env",     JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,    oci_env,           offsetof(OciHook, env),     0              },
+                        { "timeout", JSON_VARIANT_UNSIGNED, oci_hook_timeout,  offsetof(OciHook, timeout), 0              },
+                        {}
+                };
+
+                OciHook *a, **array, *new_item;
+                size_t *n_array;
+
+                if (streq(name, "prestart")) {
+                        array = &s->oci_hooks_prestart;
+                        n_array = &s->n_oci_hooks_prestart;
+                } else if (streq(name, "poststart")) {
+                        array = &s->oci_hooks_poststart;
+                        n_array = &s->n_oci_hooks_poststart;
+                } else {
+                        assert(streq(name, "poststop"));
+                        array = &s->oci_hooks_poststop;
+                        n_array = &s->n_oci_hooks_poststop;
+                }
+
+                a = reallocarray(*array, *n_array + 1, sizeof(OciHook));
+                if (!a)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                *array = a;
+                new_item = a + *n_array;
+
+                *new_item = (OciHook) {
+                        .timeout = USEC_INFINITY,
+                };
+
+                r = json_dispatch(e, table, oci_unexpected, flags, new_item);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        free(new_item->path);
+                        strv_free(new_item->args);
+                        strv_free(new_item->env);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                (*n_array) ++;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int oci_hooks(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "prestart",  JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_hooks_array, 0, 0 },
+                { "poststart", JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_hooks_array, 0, 0 },
+                { "poststop",  JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_hooks_array, 0, 0 },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        return json_dispatch(v, table, oci_unexpected, flags, userdata);
+}
+
+static int oci_annotations(const char *name, JsonVariant *v, JsonDispatchFlags flags, void *userdata) {
+        JsonVariant *w;
+        const char *k;
+
+        JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT_FOREACH(k, w, v) {
+
+                if (isempty(k))
+                        return json_log(v, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Annotation with empty key, refusing.");
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_string(w))
+                        return json_log(w, flags, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                        "Annotation has non-string value, refusing.");
+
+                json_log(w, flags|JSON_DEBUG, 0, "Ignoring annotation '%s' with value '%s'.", k, json_variant_string(w));
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int oci_load(FILE *f, const char *bundle, Settings **ret) {
+
+        static const JsonDispatch table[] = {
+                { "ociVersion",  JSON_VARIANT_STRING, NULL,            0, JSON_MANDATORY },
+                { "process",     JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_process,     0, 0 },
+                { "root",        JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_root,        0, 0 },
+                { "hostname",    JSON_VARIANT_STRING, oci_hostname,    0, 0 },
+                { "mounts",      JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY,  oci_mounts,      0, 0 },
+                { "linux",       JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_linux,       0, 0 },
+                { "hooks",       JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_hooks,       0, 0 },
+                { "annotations", JSON_VARIANT_OBJECT, oci_annotations, 0, 0 },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *oci = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(settings_freep) Settings *s = NULL;
+        unsigned line = 0, column = 0;
+        JsonVariant *v;
+        const char *path;
+        int r;
+
+        assert_se(bundle);
+
+        path = strjoina(bundle, "/config.json");
+
+        r = json_parse_file(f, path, 0, &oci, &line, &column);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (line != 0 && column != 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse '%s' at %u:%u: %m", path, line, column);
+                else
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse '%s': %m", path);
+        }
+
+        v = json_variant_by_key(oci, "ociVersion");
+        if (!v)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "JSON file '%s' is not an OCI bundle configuration file. Refusing.",
+                                       path);
+        if (!streq_ptr(json_variant_string(v), "1.0.0"))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "OCI bundle version not supported: %s",
+                                       strna(json_variant_string(v)));
+
+        // {
+        //         _cleanup_free_ char *formatted = NULL;
+        //         assert_se(json_variant_format(oci, JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY|JSON_FORMAT_COLOR, &formatted) >= 0);
+        //         fputs(formatted, stdout);
+        // }
+
+        s = settings_new();
+        if (!s)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        s->start_mode = START_PID1;
+        s->resolv_conf = RESOLV_CONF_OFF;
+        s->link_journal = LINK_NO;
+        s->timezone = TIMEZONE_OFF;
+
+        s->bundle = strdup(bundle);
+        if (!s->bundle)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = json_dispatch(oci, table, oci_unexpected, 0, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (s->properties) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_seal(s->properties, 0, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot seal properties bus message: %m");
+        }
+
+        *ret = TAKE_PTR(s);
+        return 0;
+}