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diff --git a/man/bootup.xml b/man/bootup.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31f7a31 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/bootup.xml @@ -0,0 +1,358 @@ +<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*--> +<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" + "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> +<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later --> + +<refentry id="bootup"> + + <refentryinfo> + <title>bootup</title> + <productname>systemd</productname> + </refentryinfo> + + <refmeta> + <refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle> + <manvolnum>7</manvolnum> + </refmeta> + + <refnamediv> + <refname>bootup</refname> + <refpurpose>System bootup process</refpurpose> + </refnamediv> + + <refsect1> + <title>Description</title> + + <para>A number of different components are involved in the boot of a Linux system. Immediately after + power-up, the system firmware will do minimal hardware initialization, and hand control over to a boot + loader (e.g. + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-boot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> or + <ulink url="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/">GRUB</ulink>) stored on a persistent storage device. This + boot loader will then invoke an OS kernel from disk (or the network). On systems using EFI or other types + of firmware, this firmware may also load the kernel directly.</para> + + <para>The kernel (optionally) mounts an in-memory file system, often generated by <citerefentry + project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>dracut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which + looks for the root file system. Nowadays this is implemented as an "initramfs" — a compressed CPIO + archive that the kernel extracts into a tmpfs. In the past normal file systems using an in-memory block + device (ramdisk) were used, and the name "initrd" is still used to describe both concepts. It's the boot + loader or the firmware that loads both the kernel and initrd/initramfs images into memory, but the kernel + which interprets it as a file system. + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may be used + to manage services in the initrd, similarly to the real system.</para> + + <para>After the root file system is found and mounted, the initrd hands over control to the host's system + manager (such as + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) stored in + the root file system, which is then responsible for probing all remaining hardware, mounting all + necessary file systems and spawning all configured services.</para> + + <para>On shutdown, the system manager stops all services, unmounts + all file systems (detaching the storage technologies backing + them), and then (optionally) jumps back into the initrd code which + unmounts/detaches the root file system and the storage it resides + on. As a last step, the system is powered down.</para> + + <para>Additional information about the system boot process may be + found in + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>boot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>System Manager Bootup</title> + + <para>At boot, the system manager on the OS image is responsible + for initializing the required file systems, services and drivers + that are necessary for operation of the system. On + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + systems, this process is split up in various discrete steps which + are exposed as target units. (See + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for detailed information about target units.) The boot-up process + is highly parallelized so that the order in which specific target + units are reached is not deterministic, but still adheres to a + limited amount of ordering structure.</para> + + <para>When systemd starts up the system, it will activate all + units that are dependencies of <filename>default.target</filename> + (as well as recursively all dependencies of these dependencies). + Usually, <filename>default.target</filename> is simply an alias of + <filename>graphical.target</filename> or + <filename>multi-user.target</filename>, depending on whether the + system is configured for a graphical UI or only for a text + console. To enforce minimal ordering between the units pulled in, + a number of well-known target units are available, as listed on + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> + + <para>The following chart is a structural overview of these + well-known units and their position in the boot-up logic. The + arrows describe which units are pulled in and ordered before which + other units. Units near the top are started before units nearer to + the bottom of the chart.</para> + + <!-- note: do not use unicode ellipsis here, because docbook will replace that + with three dots anyway, messing up alignment --> +<programlisting> cryptsetup-pre.target veritysetup-pre.target + | +(various low-level v + API VFS mounts: (various cryptsetup/veritysetup devices...) + mqueue, configfs, | | + debugfs, ...) v | + | cryptsetup.target | + | (various swap | | remote-fs-pre.target + | devices...) | | | | + | | | | | v + | v local-fs-pre.target | | | (network file systems) + | swap.target | | v v | + | | v | remote-cryptsetup.target | + | | (various low-level (various mounts and | remote-veritysetup.target | + | | services: udevd, fsck services...) | | | + | | tmpfiles, random | | | remote-fs.target + | | seed, sysctl, ...) v | | | + | | | local-fs.target | | _____________/ + | | | | | |/ + \____|______|_______________ ______|___________/ | + \ / | + v | + sysinit.target | + | | + ______________________/|\_____________________ | + / | | | \ | + | | | | | | + v v | v | | + (various (various | (various | | + timers...) paths...) | sockets...) | | + | | | | | | + v v | v | | +timers.target paths.target | sockets.target | | + | | | | v | + v \_______ | _____/ rescue.service | + \|/ | | + v v | + basic.target <emphasis>rescue.target</emphasis> | + | | + ________v____________________ | + / | \ | + | | | | + v v v | + display- (various system (various system | + manager.service services services) | + | required for | | + | graphical UIs) v v + | | <emphasis>multi-user.target</emphasis> +emergency.service | | | + | \_____________ | _____________/ + v \|/ +<emphasis>emergency.target</emphasis> v + <emphasis>graphical.target</emphasis></programlisting> + + <para>Target units that are commonly used as boot targets are + <emphasis>emphasized</emphasis>. These units are good choices as + goal targets, for example by passing them to the + <varname>systemd.unit=</varname> kernel command line option (see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) + or by symlinking <filename>default.target</filename> to them. + </para> + + <para><filename>timers.target</filename> is pulled-in by + <filename>basic.target</filename> asynchronously. This allows + timers units to depend on services which become only available + later in boot.</para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>User manager startup</title> + + <para>The system manager starts the <filename>user@<replaceable>uid</replaceable>.service</filename> unit + for each user, which launches a separate unprivileged instance of <command>systemd</command> for each + user — the user manager. Similarly to the system manager, the user manager starts units which are pulled + in by <filename>default.target</filename>. The following chart is a structural overview of the well-known + user units. For non-graphical sessions, <filename>default.target</filename> is used. Whenever the user + logs into a graphical session, the login manager will start the + <filename>graphical-session.target</filename> target that is used to pull in units required for the + graphical session. A number of targets (shown on the right side) are started when specific hardware is + available to the user.</para> + +<programlisting> + (various (various (various + timers...) paths...) sockets...) (sound devices) + | | | | + v v v v + timers.target paths.target sockets.target sound.target + | | | + \______________ _|_________________/ (bluetooth devices) + \ / | + V v + basic.target bluetooth.target + | + __________/ \_______ (smartcard devices) + / \ | + | | v + | v smartcard.target + v graphical-session-pre.target +(various user services) | (printers) + | v | + | (services for the graphical session) v + | | printer.target + v v + <emphasis>default.target</emphasis> graphical-session.target</programlisting> + + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Bootup in the initrd</title> + + <para>Systemd can be used in the initrd as well. It detects the initrd environment by checking for the + <filename>/etc/initrd-release</filename> file. The default target in the initrd is + <filename>initrd.target</filename>. The bootup process is identical to the system manager bootup until + the target <filename>basic.target</filename>. After that, systemd executes the special target + <filename>initrd.target</filename>. + + Before any file systems are mounted, the manager will determine whether the system shall resume from + hibernation or proceed with normal boot. This is accomplished by + <filename>systemd-hibernate-resume@.service</filename> which must be finished before + <filename>local-fs-pre.target</filename>, so no filesystems can be mounted before the check is complete. + + When the root device becomes available, + <filename>initrd-root-device.target</filename> is reached. + If the root device can be mounted at + <filename>/sysroot</filename>, the + <filename>sysroot.mount</filename> unit becomes active and + <filename>initrd-root-fs.target</filename> is reached. The service + <filename>initrd-parse-etc.service</filename> scans + <filename>/sysroot/etc/fstab</filename> for a possible + <filename>/usr/</filename> mount point and additional entries + marked with the <emphasis>x-initrd.mount</emphasis> option. All + entries found are mounted below <filename>/sysroot</filename>, and + <filename>initrd-fs.target</filename> is reached. The service + <filename>initrd-cleanup.service</filename> isolates to the + <filename>initrd-switch-root.target</filename>, where cleanup + services can run. As the very last step, the + <filename>initrd-switch-root.service</filename> is activated, + which will cause the system to switch its root to + <filename>/sysroot</filename>. + </para> + +<programlisting> : (beginning identical to above) + : + v + basic.target + | emergency.service + ______________________/| | + / | v + | initrd-root-device.target <emphasis>emergency.target</emphasis> + | | + | v + | sysroot.mount + | | + | v + | initrd-root-fs.target + | | + | v + v initrd-parse-etc.service +(custom initrd | + services...) v + | (sysroot-usr.mount and + | various mounts marked + | with fstab option + | x-initrd.mount...) + | | + | v + | initrd-fs.target + \______________________ | + \| + v + initrd.target + | + v + initrd-cleanup.service + isolates to + initrd-switch-root.target + | + v + ______________________/| + / v + | initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service + v | +(custom initrd | + services...) | + \______________________ | + \| + v + initrd-switch-root.target + | + v + initrd-switch-root.service + | + v + Transition to Host OS</programlisting> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>System Manager Shutdown</title> + + <para>System shutdown with systemd also consists of various target + units with some minimal ordering structure applied:</para> + +<programlisting> (conflicts with (conflicts with + all system all file system + services) mounts, swaps, + | cryptsetup/ + | veritysetup + | devices, ...) + | | + v v + shutdown.target umount.target + | | + \_______ ______/ + \ / + v + (various low-level + services) + | + v + final.target + | + ___________________________/ \_________________ + / | | \ + | | | | + v | | | +systemd-reboot.service | | | + | v | | + | systemd-poweroff.service | | + v | v | + <emphasis>reboot.target</emphasis> | systemd-halt.service | + v | v + <emphasis>poweroff.target</emphasis> | systemd-kexec.service + v | + <emphasis>halt.target</emphasis> | + v + <emphasis>kexec.target</emphasis></programlisting> + + <para>Commonly used system shutdown targets are <emphasis>emphasized</emphasis>.</para> + + <para>Note that + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-halt.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <filename>systemd-reboot.service</filename>, <filename>systemd-poweroff.service</filename> and + <filename>systemd-kexec.service</filename> will transition the system and server manager (PID 1) into the second + phase of system shutdown (implemented in the <filename>systemd-shutdown</filename> binary), which will unmount any + remaining file systems, kill any remaining processes and release any other remaining resources, in a simple and + robust fashion, without taking any service or unit concept into account anymore. At that point, regular + applications and resources are generally terminated and released already, the second phase hence operates only as + safety net for everything that couldn't be stopped or released for some reason during the primary, unit-based + shutdown phase described above.</para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>See Also</title> + <para> + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>boot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-halt.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>dracut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> + </para> + </refsect1> + +</refentry> |