path: root/man/systemd.unit.xml

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<refentry id="systemd.unit"
          xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>systemd.unit</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>systemd.unit</refname>
    <refpurpose>Unit configuration</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <para><filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>device</replaceable>.device</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>automount</replaceable>.automount</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>target</replaceable>.target</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>path</replaceable>.path</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>timer</replaceable>.timer</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>slice</replaceable>.slice</filename>,
    <filename><replaceable>scope</replaceable>.scope</filename></para>

    <refsect2>
      <title>System Unit Search Path</title>

      <para><literallayout><filename>/etc/systemd/system.control/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/system.control/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/transient/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/generator.early/*</filename>
<filename>/etc/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>/etc/systemd/system.attached/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/system.attached/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/generator/*</filename>
<filename index='false'>…</filename>
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/generator.late/*</filename></literallayout></para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>User Unit Search Path</title>
      <para><literallayout><filename>~/.config/systemd/user.control/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user.control/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/transient/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator.early/*</filename>
<filename>~/.config/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/etc/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_DATA_DIRS/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename index='false'>…</filename>
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator.late/*</filename></literallayout></para>
    </refsect2>

  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>A unit file is a plain text ini-style file that encodes information about a service, a
    socket, a device, a mount point, an automount point, a swap file or partition, a start-up
    target, a watched file system path, a timer controlled and supervised by
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, a
    resource management slice or a group of externally created processes. See
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    for a general description of the syntax.</para>

    <para>This man page lists the common configuration options of all
    the unit types. These options need to be configured in the [Unit]
    or [Install] sections of the unit files.</para>

    <para>In addition to the generic [Unit] and [Install] sections
    described here, each unit may have a type-specific section, e.g.
    [Service] for a service unit. See the respective man pages for
    more information:
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    </para>

    <para>Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during compilation, described in the next
    section.</para>

    <para>Valid unit names consist of a "unit name prefix", and a suffix specifying the unit type which
    begins with a dot. The "unit name prefix" must consist of one or more valid characters (ASCII letters,
    digits, <literal>:</literal>, <literal>-</literal>, <literal>_</literal>, <literal>.</literal>, and
    <literal>\</literal>). The total length of the unit name including the suffix must not exceed 255
    characters. The unit type suffix must be one of <literal>.service</literal>, <literal>.socket</literal>,
    <literal>.device</literal>, <literal>.mount</literal>, <literal>.automount</literal>,
    <literal>.swap</literal>, <literal>.target</literal>, <literal>.path</literal>,
    <literal>.timer</literal>, <literal>.slice</literal>, or <literal>.scope</literal>.</para>

    <para>Unit names can be parameterized by a single argument called the "instance name". The unit is then
    constructed based on a "template file" which serves as the definition of multiple services or other
    units. A template unit must have a single <literal>@</literal> at the end of the unit name prefix (right
    before the type suffix). The name of the full unit is formed by inserting the instance name between
    <literal>@</literal> and the unit type suffix. In the unit file itself, the instance parameter may be
    referred to using <literal>%i</literal> and other specifiers, see below.</para>

    <para>Unit files may contain additional options on top of those listed here. If systemd encounters an
    unknown option, it will write a warning log message but continue loading the unit. If an option or
    section name is prefixed with <option>X-</option>, it is ignored completely by systemd. Options within an
    ignored section do not need the prefix. Applications may use this to include additional information in
    the unit files. To access those options, applications need to parse the unit files on their own.</para>

    <para>Units can be aliased (have an alternative name), by creating a symlink from the new name to the
    existing name in one of the unit search paths. For example, <filename>systemd-networkd.service</filename>
    has the alias <filename>dbus-org.freedesktop.network1.service</filename>, created during installation as
    a symlink, so when <command>systemd</command> is asked through D-Bus to load
    <filename>dbus-org.freedesktop.network1.service</filename>, it'll load
    <filename>systemd-networkd.service</filename>. As another example, <filename>default.target</filename> —
    the default system target started at boot — is commonly aliased to either
    <filename>multi-user.target</filename> or <filename>graphical.target</filename> to select what is started
    by default. Alias names may be used in commands like <command>disable</command>,
    <command>start</command>, <command>stop</command>, <command>status</command>, and similar, and in all
    unit dependency directives, including <varname>Wants=</varname>, <varname>Requires=</varname>,
    <varname>Before=</varname>, <varname>After=</varname>. Aliases cannot be used with the
    <command>preset</command> command.</para>

    <para>Aliases obey the following restrictions: a unit of a certain type (<literal>.service</literal>,
    <literal>.socket</literal>, …) can only be aliased by a name with the same type suffix. A plain unit (not
    a template or an instance), may only be aliased by a plain name. A template instance may only be aliased
    by another template instance, and the instance part must be identical. A template may be aliased by
    another template (in which case the alias applies to all instances of the template). As a special case, a
    template instance (e.g. <literal>alias@inst.service</literal>) may be a symlink to different template
    (e.g. <literal>template@inst.service</literal>). In that case, just this specific instance is aliased,
    while other instances of the template (e.g. <literal>alias@foo.service</literal>,
    <literal>alias@bar.service</literal>) are not aliased. Those rules preserve the requirement that the
    instance (if any) is always uniquely defined for a given unit and all its aliases. The target of alias
    symlink must point to a valid unit file location, i.e. the symlink target name must match the symlink
    source name as described, and the destination path must be in one of the unit search paths, see UNIT FILE
    LOAD PATH section below for more details. Note that the target file may not exist, i.e. the symlink may
    be dangling.</para>

    <para>Unit files may specify aliases through the <varname>Alias=</varname> directive in the [Install]
    section. When the unit is enabled, symlinks will be created for those names, and removed when the unit is
    disabled. For example, <filename>reboot.target</filename> specifies
    <varname>Alias=ctrl-alt-del.target</varname>, so when enabled, the symlink
    <filename>/etc/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.service</filename> pointing to the
    <filename>reboot.target</filename> file will be created, and when
    <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Del</keycap></keycombo> is invoked,
    <command>systemd</command> will look for the <filename>ctrl-alt-del.service</filename> and execute
    <filename>reboot.service</filename>. <command>systemd</command> does not look at the [Install] section at
    all during normal operation, so any directives in that section only have an effect through the symlinks
    created during enablement.</para>

    <para>Along with a unit file <filename>foo.service</filename>, the directory
    <filename>foo.service.wants/</filename> may exist. All unit files symlinked from such a directory are
    implicitly added as dependencies of type <varname>Wants=</varname> to the unit. Similar functionality
    exists for <varname>Requires=</varname> type dependencies as well, the directory suffix is
    <filename>.requires/</filename> in this case. This functionality is useful to hook units into the
    start-up of other units, without having to modify their unit files. For details about the semantics of
    <varname>Wants=</varname> and <varname>Requires=</varname>, see below. The preferred way to create
    symlinks in the <filename>.wants/</filename> or <filename>.requires/</filename> directories is by
    specifying the dependency in [Install] section of the target unit, and creating the symlink in the file
    system with the <command>enable</command> or <command>preset</command> commands of
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  The
    target can be a normal unit (either plain or a specific instance of a template unit). In case when the
    source unit is a template, the target can also be a template, in which case the instance will be
    "propagated" to the target unit to form a valid unit instance. The target of symlinks in
    <filename>.wants/</filename> or <filename>.requires/</filename> must thus point to a valid unit file
    location, i.e. the symlink target name must satisfy the described requirements, and the destination path
    must be in one of the unit search paths, see UNIT FILE LOAD PATH section below for more details. Note
    that the target file may not exist, i.e. the symlink may be dangling.</para>

    <para>Along with a unit file <filename>foo.service</filename>, a "drop-in" directory
    <filename>foo.service.d/</filename> may exist. All files with the suffix
    <literal>.conf</literal> from this directory will be merged in the alphanumeric order and parsed
    after the main unit file itself has been parsed. This is useful to alter or add configuration
    settings for a unit, without having to modify unit files. Each drop-in file must contain appropriate
    section headers. For instantiated units, this logic will first look for the instance
    <literal>.d/</literal> subdirectory (e.g. <literal>foo@bar.service.d/</literal>) and read its
    <literal>.conf</literal> files, followed by the template <literal>.d/</literal> subdirectory (e.g.
    <literal>foo@.service.d/</literal>) and the <literal>.conf</literal> files there. Moreover for unit
    names containing dashes (<literal>-</literal>), the set of directories generated by repeatedly
    truncating the unit name after all dashes is searched too. Specifically, for a unit name
    <filename>foo-bar-baz.service</filename> not only the regular drop-in directory
    <filename>foo-bar-baz.service.d/</filename> is searched but also both <filename>foo-bar-.service.d/</filename> and
    <filename>foo-.service.d/</filename>. This is useful for defining common drop-ins for a set of related units, whose
    names begin with a common prefix. This scheme is particularly useful for mount, automount and slice units, whose
    systematic naming structure is built around dashes as component separators. Note that equally named drop-in files
    further down the prefix hierarchy override those further up,
    i.e. <filename>foo-bar-.service.d/10-override.conf</filename> overrides
    <filename>foo-.service.d/10-override.conf</filename>.</para>

    <para>In cases of unit aliases (described above), dropins for the aliased name and all aliases are
    loaded. In the example of <filename>default.target</filename> aliasing
    <filename>graphical.target</filename>, <filename>default.target.d/</filename>,
    <filename>default.target.wants/</filename>, <filename>default.target.requires/</filename>,
    <filename>graphical.target.d/</filename>, <filename>graphical.target.wants/</filename>,
    <filename>graphical.target.requires/</filename> would all be read. For templates, dropins for the
    template, any template aliases, the template instance, and all alias instances are read. When just a
    specific template instance is aliased, then the dropins for the target template, the target template
    instance, and the alias template instance are read.</para>

    <para>In addition to <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename>, the drop-in <literal>.d/</literal>
    directories for system services can be placed in <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename> or
    <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename> directories. Drop-in files in <filename>/etc/</filename>
    take precedence over those in <filename>/run/</filename> which in turn take precedence over those
    in <filename>/usr/lib/</filename>. Drop-in files under any of these directories take precedence
    over unit files wherever located. Multiple drop-in files with different names are applied in
    lexicographic order, regardless of which of the directories they reside in.</para>

    <para>Units also support a top-level drop-in with <filename><replaceable>type</replaceable>.d/</filename>,
    where <replaceable>type</replaceable> may be e.g. <literal>service</literal> or <literal>socket</literal>,
    that allows altering or adding to the settings of all corresponding unit files on the system.
    The formatting and precedence of applying drop-in configurations follow what is defined above.
    Files in <filename><replaceable>type</replaceable>.d/</filename> have lower precedence compared
    to files in name-specific override directories. The usual rules apply: multiple drop-in files
    with different names are applied in lexicographic order, regardless of which of the directories
    they reside in, so a file in <filename><replaceable>type</replaceable>.d/</filename> applies
    to a unit only if there are no drop-ins or masks with that name in directories with higher
    precedence. See Examples.</para>

    <para>Note that while systemd offers a flexible dependency system
    between units it is recommended to use this functionality only
    sparingly and instead rely on techniques such as bus-based or
    socket-based activation which make dependencies implicit,
    resulting in a both simpler and more flexible system.</para>

    <para>As mentioned above, a unit may be instantiated from a template file. This allows creation
    of multiple units from a single configuration file. If systemd looks for a unit configuration
    file, it will first search for the literal unit name in the file system. If that yields no
    success and the unit name contains an <literal>@</literal> character, systemd will look for a
    unit template that shares the same name but with the instance string (i.e. the part between the
    <literal>@</literal> character and the suffix) removed. Example: if a service
    <filename>getty@tty3.service</filename> is requested and no file by that name is found, systemd
    will look for <filename>getty@.service</filename> and instantiate a service from that
    configuration file if it is found.</para>

    <para>To refer to the instance string from within the
    configuration file you may use the special <literal>%i</literal>
    specifier in many of the configuration options. See below for
    details.</para>

    <para>If a unit file is empty (i.e. has the file size 0) or is
    symlinked to <filename>/dev/null</filename>, its configuration
    will not be loaded and it appears with a load state of
    <literal>masked</literal>, and cannot be activated. Use this as an
    effective way to fully disable a unit, making it impossible to
    start it even manually.</para>

    <para>The unit file format is covered by the
    <ulink url="https://systemd.io/PORTABILITY_AND_STABILITY/">Interface
    Portability and Stability Promise</ulink>.</para>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>String Escaping for Inclusion in Unit Names</title>

    <para>Sometimes it is useful to convert arbitrary strings into unit names. To facilitate this, a method of string
    escaping is used, in order to map strings containing arbitrary byte values (except <constant>NUL</constant>) into
    valid unit names and their restricted character set. A common special case are unit names that reflect paths to
    objects in the file system hierarchy. Example: a device unit <filename>dev-sda.device</filename> refers to a device
    with the device node <filename index="false">/dev/sda</filename> in the file system.</para>

    <para>The escaping algorithm operates as follows: given a string, any <literal>/</literal> character is
    replaced by <literal>-</literal>, and all other characters which are not ASCII alphanumerics,
    <literal>:</literal>, <literal>_</literal> or <literal>.</literal> are replaced by C-style
    <literal>\x2d</literal> escapes. In addition, <literal>.</literal> is replaced with such a C-style escape
    when it would appear as the first character in the escaped string.</para>

    <para>When the input qualifies as absolute file system path, this algorithm is extended slightly: the path to the
    root directory <literal>/</literal> is encoded as single dash <literal>-</literal>. In addition, any leading,
    trailing or duplicate <literal>/</literal> characters are removed from the string before transformation. Example:
    <filename index="false">/foo//bar/baz/</filename> becomes <literal>foo-bar-baz</literal>.</para>

    <para>This escaping is fully reversible, as long as it is known whether the escaped string was a path (the
    unescaping results are different for paths and non-path strings). The
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-escape</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command may be
    used to apply and reverse escaping on arbitrary strings. Use <command>systemd-escape --path</command> to escape
    path strings, and <command>systemd-escape</command> without <option>--path</option> otherwise.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Automatic dependencies</title>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Implicit Dependencies</title>

      <para>A number of unit dependencies are implicitly established, depending on unit type and
      unit configuration. These implicit dependencies can make unit configuration file cleaner. For
      the implicit dependencies in each unit type, please refer to section "Implicit Dependencies"
      in respective man pages.</para>

      <para>For example, service units with <varname>Type=dbus</varname> automatically acquire
      dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>After=</varname> on
      <filename>dbus.socket</filename>. See
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
      for details.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Default Dependencies</title>

      <para>Default dependencies are similar to implicit dependencies, but can be turned on and off
      by setting <varname>DefaultDependencies=</varname> to <varname>yes</varname> (the default) and
      <varname>no</varname>, while implicit dependencies are always in effect. See section "Default
      Dependencies" in respective man pages for the effect of enabling
      <varname>DefaultDependencies=</varname> in each unit types.</para>

      <para>For example, target units will complement all configured dependencies of type
      <varname>Wants=</varname> or <varname>Requires=</varname> with dependencies of type
      <varname>After=</varname>. See
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
      for details. Note that this behavior can be opted out by setting
      <varname>DefaultDependencies=no</varname> in the specified units, or it can be selectively
      overridden via an explicit <varname>Before=</varname> dependency.</para>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Unit File Load Path</title>

    <para>Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during
    compilation, described in the two tables below. Unit files found
    in directories listed earlier override files with the same name in
    directories lower in the list.</para>

    <para>When the variable <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is set,
    the contents of this variable overrides the unit load path. If
    <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> ends with an empty component
    (<literal>:</literal>), the usual unit load path will be appended
    to the contents of the variable.</para>

    <table>
      <title>
        Load path when running in system mode (<option>--system</option>).
      </title>

      <tgroup cols='2'>
        <colspec colname='path' />
        <colspec colname='expl' />
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>Path</entry>
            <entry>Description</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/etc/systemd/system.control</filename></entry>
            <entry morerows="1">Persistent and transient configuration created using the dbus API</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/run/systemd/system.control</filename></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/run/systemd/transient</filename></entry>
            <entry>Dynamic configuration for transient units</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/run/systemd/generator.early</filename></entry>
            <entry>Generated units with high priority (see <replaceable>early-dir</replaceable> in <citerefentry
            ><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename></entry>
            <entry>System units created by the administrator</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/run/systemd/system</filename></entry>
            <entry>Runtime units</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/run/systemd/generator</filename></entry>
            <entry>Generated units with medium priority (see <replaceable>normal-dir</replaceable> in <citerefentry
            ><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/usr/local/lib/systemd/system</filename></entry>
            <entry>System units installed by the administrator </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename></entry>
            <entry>System units installed by the distribution package manager</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/run/systemd/generator.late</filename></entry>
            <entry>Generated units with low priority (see <replaceable>late-dir</replaceable> in <citerefentry
            ><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <table>
      <title>
        Load path when running in user mode (<option>--user</option>).
      </title>

      <tgroup cols='2'>
        <colspec colname='path' />
        <colspec colname='expl' />
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>Path</entry>
            <entry>Description</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user.control</filename> or <filename
            >~/.config/systemd/user.control</filename></entry>
            <entry morerows="1">Persistent and transient configuration created using the dbus API (<varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname> is used if set, <filename>~/.config</filename> otherwise)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user.control</filename></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/transient</filename></entry>
            <entry>Dynamic configuration for transient units</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator.early</filename></entry>
            <entry>Generated units with high priority (see <replaceable>early-dir</replaceable> in <citerefentry
            ><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user</filename> or <filename>$HOME/.config/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>User configuration (<varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname> is used if set, <filename>~/.config</filename> otherwise)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/systemd/user</filename> or <filename>/etc/xdg/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>Additional configuration directories as specified by the XDG base directory specification (<varname>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS</varname> is used if set, <filename>/etc/xdg</filename> otherwise)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/etc/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>User units created by the administrator</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>Runtime units (only used when $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is set)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/run/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>Runtime units</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator</filename></entry>
            <entry>Generated units with medium priority (see <replaceable>normal-dir</replaceable> in <citerefentry
            ><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user</filename> or <filename>$HOME/.local/share/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>Units of packages that have been installed in the home directory (<varname>$XDG_DATA_HOME</varname> is used if set, <filename>~/.local/share</filename> otherwise)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_DATA_DIRS/systemd/user</filename> or <filename>/usr/local/share/systemd/user</filename> and <filename>/usr/share/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>Additional data directories as specified by the XDG base directory specification (<varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname> is used if set, <filename>/usr/local/share</filename> and <filename>/usr/share</filename> otherwise)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$dir/systemd/user</filename> for each <varname index="false">$dir</varname> in <varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname></entry>
            <entry>Additional locations for installed user units, one for each entry in <varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/usr/local/lib/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>User units installed by the administrator</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user</filename></entry>
            <entry>User units installed by the distribution package manager</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator.late</filename></entry>
            <entry>Generated units with low priority (see <replaceable>late-dir</replaceable> in <citerefentry
            ><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <para>The set of load paths for the user manager instance may be augmented or
    changed using various environment variables. And environment variables may in
    turn be set using environment generators, see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.environment-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    In particular, <varname>$XDG_DATA_HOME</varname> and
    <varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname> may be easily set using
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-environment-d-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    Thus, directories listed here are just the defaults. To see the actual list that
    would be used based on compilation options and current environment use
    <programlisting>systemd-analyze --user unit-paths</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>Moreover, additional units might be loaded into systemd from directories not on the unit load path
    by creating a symlink pointing to a unit file in the directories. You can use <command>systemctl
    link</command> for this; see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The file
    system where the linked unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started (e.g. anything
    underneath <filename>/home/</filename> or <filename>/var/</filename> is not allowed, unless those
    directories are located on the root file system).</para>

    <para>It is important to distinguish "linked unit files" from "unit file aliases": any symlink where the
    symlink <emphasis>target</emphasis> is within the unit load path becomes an alias: the source name and
    the target file name must satisfy specific constraints listed above in the discussion of aliases, but the
    symlink target doesn't have to exist, and in fact the symlink target path is not used, except to check
    whether the target is within the unit load path. In contrast, a symlink which goes outside of the unit
    load path signifies a linked unit file. The symlink is followed when loading the file, but the
    destination name is otherwise unused (and may even not be a valid unit file name). For example, symlinks
    <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/alias1.service</filename> → <filename index='false'>service1.service</filename>,
    <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/alias2.service</filename> → <filename index='false'>/usr/lib/systemd/service1.service</filename>,
    <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/alias3.service</filename> → <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/service1.service</filename>
    are all valid aliases and <filename index='false'>service1.service</filename> will have
    four names, even if the unit file is located at
    <filename index='false'>/run/systemd/system/service1.service</filename>. In contrast,
    a symlink <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/link1.service</filename> → <filename index='false'>../link1_service_file</filename>
    means that <filename index='false'>link1.service</filename> is a "linked unit" and the contents of
    <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/link1_service_file</filename> provide its configuration.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Unit Garbage Collection</title>

    <para>The system and service manager loads a unit's configuration automatically when a unit is referenced for the
    first time. It will automatically unload the unit configuration and state again when the unit is not needed anymore
    ("garbage collection"). A unit may be referenced through a number of different mechanisms:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem><para>Another loaded unit references it with a dependency such as <varname>After=</varname>,
      <varname>Wants=</varname>, …</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>The unit is currently starting, running, reloading or stopping.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>The unit is currently in the <constant>failed</constant> state. (But see below.)</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>A job for the unit is pending.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>The unit is pinned by an active IPC client program.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>The unit is a special "perpetual" unit that is always active and loaded. Examples for perpetual
      units are the root mount unit <filename>-.mount</filename> or the scope unit <filename>init.scope</filename> that
      the service manager itself lives in.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>The unit has running processes associated with it.</para></listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <para>The garbage collection logic may be altered with the <varname>CollectMode=</varname> option, which allows
    configuration whether automatic unloading of units that are in <constant>failed</constant> state is permissible,
    see below.</para>

    <para>Note that when a unit's configuration and state is unloaded, all execution results, such as exit codes, exit
    signals, resource consumption and other statistics are lost, except for what is stored in the log subsystem.</para>

    <para>Use <command>systemctl daemon-reload</command> or an equivalent command to reload unit configuration while
    the unit is already loaded. In this case all configuration settings are flushed out and replaced with the new
    configuration (which however might not be in effect immediately), however all runtime state is
    saved/restored.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>[Unit] Section Options</title>

    <para>The unit file may include a [Unit] section, which carries
    generic information about the unit that is not dependent on the
    type of unit:</para>

    <variablelist class='unit-directives'>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Description=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>A short human readable title of the unit. This may be used by
        <command>systemd</command> (and other UIs) as a user-visible label for the unit, so this string
        should identify the unit rather than describe it, despite the name. This string also shouldn't just
        repeat the unit name. <literal>Apache2 Web Server</literal> is a good example. Bad examples are
        <literal>high-performance light-weight HTTP server</literal> (too generic) or
        <literal>Apache2</literal> (meaningless for people who do not know Apache, duplicates the unit
        name). <command>systemd</command> may use this string as a noun in status messages (<literal>Starting
        <replaceable>description</replaceable>...</literal>, <literal>Started
        <replaceable>description</replaceable>.</literal>, <literal>Reached target
        <replaceable>description</replaceable>.</literal>, <literal>Failed to start
        <replaceable>description</replaceable>.</literal>), so it should be capitalized, and should not be a
        full sentence, or a phrase with a continuous verb. Bad examples include <literal>exiting the
        container</literal> or <literal>updating the database once per day.</literal>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Documentation=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of URIs referencing
        documentation for this unit or its configuration. Accepted are
        only URIs of the types <literal>http://</literal>,
        <literal>https://</literal>, <literal>file:</literal>,
        <literal>info:</literal>, <literal>man:</literal>. For more
        information about the syntax of these URIs, see <citerefentry
        project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uri</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        The URIs should be listed in order of relevance, starting with
        the most relevant. It is a good idea to first reference
        documentation that explains what the unit's purpose is,
        followed by how it is configured, followed by any other
        related documentation. This option may be specified more than
        once, in which case the specified list of URIs is merged. If
        the empty string is assigned to this option, the list is reset
        and all prior assignments will have no
        effect.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Wants=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures (weak) requirement dependencies on other units. This option may be
        specified more than once or multiple space-separated units may be specified in one option in which
        case dependencies for all listed names will be created. Dependencies of this type may also be
        configured outside of the unit configuration file by adding a symlink to a
        <filename>.wants/</filename> directory accompanying the unit file. For details, see above.</para>

        <para>Units listed in this option will be started if the configuring unit is. However, if the listed
        units fail to start or cannot be added to the transaction, this has no impact on the validity of the
        transaction as a whole, and this unit will still be started. This is the recommended way to hook
        the start-up of one unit to the start-up of another unit.</para>

        <para>Note that requirement dependencies do not influence the order in which services are started or
        stopped. This has to be configured independently with the <varname>After=</varname> or
        <varname>Before=</varname> options. If unit <filename>foo.service</filename> pulls in unit
        <filename>bar.service</filename> as configured with <varname>Wants=</varname> and no ordering is
        configured with <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname>, then both units will be
        started simultaneously and without any delay between them if <filename>foo.service</filename> is
        activated.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Requires=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>Wants=</varname>, but declares a stronger requirement
        dependency. Dependencies of this type may also be configured by adding a symlink to a
        <filename>.requires/</filename> directory accompanying the unit file.</para>

        <para>If this unit gets activated, the units listed will be activated as well. If one of
        the other units fails to activate, and an ordering dependency <varname>After=</varname> on the
        failing unit is set, this unit will not be started. Besides, with or without specifying
        <varname>After=</varname>, this unit will be stopped (or restarted) if one of the other units is
        explicitly stopped (or restarted).</para>

        <para>Often, it is a better choice to use <varname>Wants=</varname> instead of
        <varname>Requires=</varname> in order to achieve a system that is more robust when dealing with
        failing services.</para>

        <para>Note that this dependency type does not imply that the other unit always has to be in active state when
        this unit is running. Specifically: failing condition checks (such as <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>,
        <varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname>, … — see below) do not cause the start job of a unit with a
        <varname>Requires=</varname> dependency on it to fail. Also, some unit types may deactivate on their own (for
        example, a service process may decide to exit cleanly, or a device may be unplugged by the user), which is not
        propagated to units having a <varname>Requires=</varname> dependency. Use the <varname>BindsTo=</varname>
        dependency type together with <varname>After=</varname> to ensure that a unit may never be in active state
        without a specific other unit also in active state (see below).</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Requisite=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Similar to <varname>Requires=</varname>. However, if the units listed here
        are not started already, they will not be started and the starting of this unit will fail
        immediately. <varname>Requisite=</varname> does not imply an ordering dependency, even if
        both units are started in the same transaction. Hence this setting should usually be
        combined with <varname>After=</varname>, to ensure this unit is not started before the other
        unit.</para>

        <para>When <varname>Requisite=b.service</varname> is used on
        <filename>a.service</filename>, this dependency will show as
        <varname>RequisiteOf=a.service</varname> in property listing of
        <filename>b.service</filename>. <varname>RequisiteOf=</varname>
        dependency cannot be specified directly.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>BindsTo=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures requirement dependencies, very similar in style to
        <varname>Requires=</varname>. However, this dependency type is stronger: in addition to the effect of
        <varname>Requires=</varname> it declares that if the unit bound to is stopped, this unit will be stopped
        too. This means a unit bound to another unit that suddenly enters inactive state will be stopped too.
        Units can suddenly, unexpectedly enter inactive state for different reasons: the main process of a service unit
        might terminate on its own choice, the backing device of a device unit might be unplugged or the mount point of
        a mount unit might be unmounted without involvement of the system and service manager.</para>

        <para>When used in conjunction with <varname>After=</varname> on the same unit the behaviour of
        <varname>BindsTo=</varname> is even stronger. In this case, the unit bound to strictly has to be in active
        state for this unit to also be in active state. This not only means a unit bound to another unit that suddenly
        enters inactive state, but also one that is bound to another unit that gets skipped due to an unmet condition
        check (such as <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>, <varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname>, … —
        see below) will be stopped, should it be running. Hence, in many cases it is best to combine
        <varname>BindsTo=</varname> with <varname>After=</varname>.</para>

        <para>When <varname>BindsTo=b.service</varname> is used on
        <filename>a.service</filename>, this dependency will show as
        <varname>BoundBy=a.service</varname> in property listing of
        <filename>b.service</filename>. <varname>BoundBy=</varname>
        dependency cannot be specified directly.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PartOf=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures dependencies similar to
        <varname>Requires=</varname>, but limited to stopping and
        restarting of units. When systemd stops or restarts the units
        listed here, the action is propagated to this unit. Note that
        this is a one-way dependency — changes to this unit do not
        affect the listed units.</para>

        <para>When <varname>PartOf=b.service</varname> is used on
        <filename>a.service</filename>, this dependency will show as
        <varname>ConsistsOf=a.service</varname> in property listing of
        <filename>b.service</filename>. <varname>ConsistsOf=</varname>
        dependency cannot be specified directly.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Upholds=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures dependencies similar to <varname>Wants=</varname>, but as long as this unit
        is up, all units listed in <varname>Upholds=</varname> are started whenever found to be inactive or
        failed, and no job is queued for them. While a <varname>Wants=</varname> dependency on another unit
        has a one-time effect when this units started, a <varname>Upholds=</varname> dependency on it has a
        continuous effect, constantly restarting the unit if necessary. This is an alternative to the
        <varname>Restart=</varname> setting of service units, to ensure they are kept running whatever
        happens.</para>

        <para>When <varname>Upholds=b.service</varname> is used on <filename>a.service</filename>, this
        dependency will show as <varname>UpheldBy=a.service</varname> in the property listing of
        <filename>b.service</filename>. The <varname>UpheldBy=</varname> dependency cannot be specified
        directly.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Conflicts=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of unit names. Configures negative requirement
        dependencies. If a unit has a <varname>Conflicts=</varname> setting on another unit, starting the
        former will stop the latter and vice versa.</para>

        <para>Note that this setting does not imply an ordering dependency, similarly to the
        <varname>Wants=</varname> and <varname>Requires=</varname> dependencies described above. This means
        that to ensure that the conflicting unit is stopped before the other unit is started, an
        <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname> dependency must be declared. It doesn't
        matter which of the two ordering dependencies is used, because stop jobs are always ordered before
        start jobs, see the discussion in <varname>Before=</varname>/<varname>After=</varname> below.</para>

        <para>If unit A that conflicts with unit B is scheduled to
        be started at the same time as B, the transaction will either
        fail (in case both are required parts of the transaction) or be
        modified to be fixed (in case one or both jobs are not a
        required part of the transaction). In the latter case, the job
        that is not required will be removed, or in case both are
        not required, the unit that conflicts will be started and the
        unit that is conflicted is stopped.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Before=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>After=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>These two settings expect a space-separated list of unit names. They may be specified
        more than once, in which case dependencies for all listed names are created.</para>

        <para>Those two settings configure ordering dependencies between units. If unit
        <filename>foo.service</filename> contains the setting <option>Before=bar.service</option> and both
        units are being started, <filename>bar.service</filename>'s start-up is delayed until
        <filename>foo.service</filename> has finished starting up. <varname>After=</varname> is the inverse
        of <varname>Before=</varname>, i.e. while <varname>Before=</varname> ensures that the configured unit
        is started before the listed unit begins starting up, <varname>After=</varname> ensures the opposite,
        that the listed unit is fully started up before the configured unit is started.</para>

        <para>When two units with an ordering dependency between them are shut down, the inverse of the
        start-up order is applied. I.e. if a unit is configured with <varname>After=</varname> on another
        unit, the former is stopped before the latter if both are shut down. Given two units with any
        ordering dependency between them, if one unit is shut down and the other is started up, the shutdown
        is ordered before the start-up. It doesn't matter if the ordering dependency is
        <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname>, in this case. It also doesn't matter which
        of the two is shut down, as long as one is shut down and the other is started up; the shutdown is
        ordered before the start-up in all cases. If two units have no ordering dependencies between them,
        they are shut down or started up simultaneously, and no ordering takes place. It depends on the unit
        type when precisely a unit has finished starting up. Most importantly, for service units start-up is
        considered completed for the purpose of <varname>Before=</varname>/<varname>After=</varname> when all
        its configured start-up commands have been invoked and they either failed or reported start-up
        success. Note that this does includes <varname>ExecStartPost=</varname> (or
        <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname> for the shutdown case).</para>

        <para>Note that those settings are independent of and orthogonal to the requirement dependencies as
        configured by <varname>Requires=</varname>, <varname>Wants=</varname>, <varname>Requisite=</varname>,
        or <varname>BindsTo=</varname>. It is a common pattern to include a unit name in both the
        <varname>After=</varname> and <varname>Wants=</varname> options, in which case the unit listed will
        be started before the unit that is configured with these options.</para>

        <para>Note that <varname>Before=</varname> dependencies on device units have no effect and are not
        supported.  Devices generally become available as a result of an external hotplug event, and systemd
        creates the corresponding device unit without delay.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>OnFailure=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of one or more units that are activated when this unit enters
        the <literal>failed</literal> state.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>OnSuccess=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of one or more units that are activated when this unit enters
        the <literal>inactive</literal> state.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PropagatesReloadTo=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>ReloadPropagatedFrom=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of one or more units to which reload requests from this unit
        shall be propagated to, or units from which reload requests shall be propagated to this unit,
        respectively. Issuing a reload request on a unit will automatically also enqueue reload requests on
        all units that are linked to it using these two settings.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>PropagatesStopTo=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>StopPropagatedFrom=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of one or more units to which stop requests from this unit
        shall be propagated to, or units from which stop requests shall be propagated to this unit,
        respectively. Issuing a stop request on a unit will automatically also enqueue stop requests on all
        units that are linked to it using these two settings.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>For units that start processes (such as service units), lists one or more other units
        whose network and/or temporary file namespace to join. This only applies to unit types which support
        the <varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname>, <varname>NetworkNamespacePath=</varname>,
        <varname>PrivateIPC=</varname>, <varname>IPCNamespacePath=</varname>, and
        <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> directives (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
        details). If a unit that has this setting set is started, its processes will see the same
        <filename>/tmp/</filename>, <filename>/var/tmp/</filename>, IPC namespace and network namespace as
        one listed unit that is started. If multiple listed units are already started, it is not defined
        which namespace is joined. Note that this setting only has an effect if
        <varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname>/<varname>NetworkNamespacePath=</varname>,
        <varname>PrivateIPC=</varname>/<varname>IPCNamespacePath=</varname> and/or
        <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> is enabled for both the unit that joins the namespace and the unit
        whose namespace is joined.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of absolute
        paths. Automatically adds dependencies of type
        <varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>After=</varname> for
        all mount units required to access the specified path.</para>

        <para>Mount points marked with <option>noauto</option> are not
        mounted automatically through <filename>local-fs.target</filename>,
        but are still honored for the purposes of this option, i.e. they
        will be pulled in by this unit.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>OnSuccessJobMode=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>OnFailureJobMode=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a value of
        <literal>fail</literal>,
        <literal>replace</literal>,
        <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>,
        <literal>isolate</literal>,
        <literal>flush</literal>,
        <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal> or
        <literal>ignore-requirements</literal>. Defaults to
        <literal>replace</literal>. Specifies how the units listed in
        <varname>OnSuccess=</varname>/<varname>OnFailure=</varname> will be enqueued. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
        <option>--job-mode=</option> option for details on the
        possible values. If this is set to <literal>isolate</literal>,
        only a single unit may be listed in
        <varname>OnSuccess=</varname>/<varname>OnFailure=</varname>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>IgnoreOnIsolate=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If <option>true</option>, this unit will not be stopped
        when isolating another unit. Defaults to <option>false</option> for service, target, socket, timer,
        and path units, and <option>true</option> for slice, scope, device, swap, mount, and automount
        units.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>StopWhenUnneeded=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit will be stopped when it is no
        longer used. Note that, in order to minimize the work to be
        executed, systemd will not stop units by default unless they
        are conflicting with other units, or the user explicitly
        requested their shut down. If this option is set, a unit will
        be automatically cleaned up if no other active unit requires
        it. Defaults to <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RefuseManualStart=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>RefuseManualStop=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit can only be activated or
        deactivated indirectly. In this case, explicit start-up or
        termination requested by the user is denied, however if it is
        started or stopped as a dependency of another unit, start-up
        or termination will succeed. This is mostly a safety feature
        to ensure that the user does not accidentally activate units
        that are not intended to be activated explicitly, and not
        accidentally deactivate units that are not intended to be
        deactivated. These options default to
        <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>AllowIsolate=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>true</option>, this unit may be used with the
        <command>systemctl isolate</command> command. Otherwise, this
        will be refused. It probably is a good idea to leave this
        disabled except for target units that shall be used similar to
        runlevels in SysV init systems, just as a precaution to avoid
        unusable system states. This option defaults to
        <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>DefaultDependencies=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
        <option>yes</option>, (the default), a few default
        dependencies will implicitly be created for the unit. The
        actual dependencies created depend on the unit type. For
        example, for service units, these dependencies ensure that the
        service is started only after basic system initialization is
        completed and is properly terminated on system shutdown. See
        the respective man pages for details. Generally, only services
        involved with early boot or late shutdown should set this
        option to <option>no</option>. It is highly recommended to
        leave this option enabled for the majority of common units. If
        set to <option>no</option>, this option does not disable
        all implicit dependencies, just non-essential
        ones.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>CollectMode=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Tweaks the "garbage collection" algorithm for this unit. Takes one of <option>inactive</option>
        or <option>inactive-or-failed</option>. If set to <option>inactive</option> the unit will be unloaded if it is
        in the <constant>inactive</constant> state and is not referenced by clients, jobs or other units — however it
        is not unloaded if it is in the <constant>failed</constant> state. In <option>failed</option> mode, failed
        units are not unloaded until the user invoked <command>systemctl reset-failed</command> on them to reset the
        <constant>failed</constant> state, or an equivalent command. This behaviour is altered if this option is set to
        <option>inactive-or-failed</option>: in this case the unit is unloaded even if the unit is in a
        <constant>failed</constant> state, and thus an explicitly resetting of the <constant>failed</constant> state is
        not necessary. Note that if this mode is used unit results (such as exit codes, exit signals, consumed
        resources, …) are flushed out immediately after the unit completed, except for what is stored in the logging
        subsystem. Defaults to <option>inactive</option>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>FailureAction=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>SuccessAction=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configure the action to take when the unit stops and enters a failed state or inactive state.
        Takes one of <option>none</option>, <option>reboot</option>, <option>reboot-force</option>,
        <option>reboot-immediate</option>, <option>poweroff</option>, <option>poweroff-force</option>,
        <option>poweroff-immediate</option>, <option>exit</option>, and <option>exit-force</option>. In system mode,
        all options are allowed. In user mode, only <option>none</option>, <option>exit</option>, and
        <option>exit-force</option> are allowed. Both options default to <option>none</option>.</para>

        <para>If <option>none</option> is set, no action will be triggered. <option>reboot</option> causes a reboot
        following the normal shutdown procedure (i.e. equivalent to <command>systemctl reboot</command>).
        <option>reboot-force</option> causes a forced reboot which will terminate all processes forcibly but should
        cause no dirty file systems on reboot (i.e. equivalent to <command>systemctl reboot -f</command>) and
        <option>reboot-immediate</option> causes immediate execution of the
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> system call, which
        might result in data loss (i.e. equivalent to <command>systemctl reboot -ff</command>). Similarly,
        <option>poweroff</option>, <option>poweroff-force</option>, <option>poweroff-immediate</option> have the effect
        of powering down the system with similar semantics. <option>exit</option> causes the manager to exit following
        the normal shutdown procedure, and <option>exit-force</option> causes it terminate without shutting down
        services. When <option>exit</option> or <option>exit-force</option> is used by default the exit status of the
        main process of the unit (if this applies) is returned from the service manager. However, this may be overridden
        with <varname>FailureActionExitStatus=</varname>/<varname>SuccessActionExitStatus=</varname>, see
        below.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>FailureActionExitStatus=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>SuccessActionExitStatus=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Controls the exit status to propagate back to an invoking container manager (in case of a
        system service) or service manager (in case of a user manager) when the
        <varname>FailureAction=</varname>/<varname>SuccessAction=</varname> are set to <option>exit</option> or
        <option>exit-force</option> and the action is triggered. By default the exit status of the main process of the
        triggering unit (if this applies) is propagated. Takes a value in the range 0…255 or the empty string to
        request default behaviour.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>JobTimeoutSec=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>JobRunningTimeoutSec=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para><varname>JobTimeoutSec=</varname> specifies a timeout for the whole job that starts
        running when the job is queued. <varname>JobRunningTimeoutSec=</varname> specifies a timeout that
        starts running when the queued job is actually started. If either limit is reached, the job will be
        cancelled, the unit however will not change state or even enter the <literal>failed</literal> mode.
        </para>

        <para>Both settings take a time span with the default unit of seconds, but other units may be
        specified, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        The default is <literal>infinity</literal> (job timeouts disabled), except for device units where
        <varname>JobRunningTimeoutSec=</varname> defaults to <varname>DefaultDeviceTimeoutSec=</varname>.
        </para>

        <para>Note: these timeouts are independent from any unit-specific timeouts (for example, the timeout
        set with <varname>TimeoutStartSec=</varname> in service units). The job timeout has no effect on the
        unit itself. Or in other words: unit-specific timeouts are useful to abort unit state changes, and
        revert them. The job timeout set with this option however is useful to abort only the job waiting for
        the unit state to change.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>JobTimeoutRebootArgument=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para><varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname> optionally configures an additional action to
        take when the timeout is hit, see description of <varname>JobTimeoutSec=</varname> and
        <varname>JobRunningTimeoutSec=</varname> above. It takes the same values as
        <varname>StartLimitAction=</varname>. Defaults to <option>none</option>.</para>

        <para><varname>JobTimeoutRebootArgument=</varname> configures an optional reboot string to pass to
        the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> system
        call.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=<replaceable>interval</replaceable></varname></term>
        <term><varname>StartLimitBurst=<replaceable>burst</replaceable></varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configure unit start rate limiting. Units which are started more than
        <replaceable>burst</replaceable> times within an <replaceable>interval</replaceable> time span are
        not permitted to start any more. Use <varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=</varname> to configure the
        checking interval and <varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname> to configure how many starts per interval
        are allowed.</para>

        <para><replaceable>interval</replaceable> is a time span with the default unit of seconds, but other
        units may be specified, see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        Defaults to <varname>DefaultStartLimitIntervalSec=</varname> in manager configuration file, and may
        be set to 0 to disable any kind of rate limiting. <replaceable>burst</replaceable> is a number and
        defaults to <varname>DefaultStartLimitBurst=</varname> in manager configuration file.</para>

        <para>These configuration options are particularly useful in conjunction with the service setting
        <varname>Restart=</varname> (see
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>);
        however, they apply to all kinds of starts (including manual), not just those triggered by the
        <varname>Restart=</varname> logic.</para>

        <para>Note that units which are configured for <varname>Restart=</varname>, and which reach the start
        limit are not attempted to be restarted anymore; however, they may still be restarted manually or
        from a timer or socket at a later point, after the <replaceable>interval</replaceable> has passed.
        From that point on, the restart logic is activated again. <command>systemctl reset-failed</command>
        will cause the restart rate counter for a service to be flushed, which is useful if the administrator
        wants to manually start a unit and the start limit interferes with that. Rate-limiting is enforced
        after any unit condition checks are executed, and hence unit activations with failing conditions do
        not count towards the rate limit.</para>

        <para>When a unit is unloaded due to the garbage collection logic (see above) its rate limit counters
        are flushed out too. This means that configuring start rate limiting for a unit that is not
        referenced continuously has no effect.</para>

        <para>This setting does not apply to slice, target, device, and scope units, since they are unit
        types whose activation may either never fail, or may succeed only a single time.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>StartLimitAction=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Configure an additional action to take if the rate limit configured with
        <varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=</varname> and <varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname> is hit. Takes the same
        values as the <varname>FailureAction=</varname>/<varname>SuccessAction=</varname> settings. If
        <option>none</option> is set, hitting the rate limit will trigger no action except that
        the start will not be permitted. Defaults to <option>none</option>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>RebootArgument=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>Configure the optional argument for the
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> system call if
        <varname>StartLimitAction=</varname> or <varname>FailureAction=</varname> is a reboot action. This
        works just like the optional argument to <command>systemctl reboot</command> command.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>SourcePath=</varname></term>
        <listitem><para>A path to a configuration file this unit has
        been generated from. This is primarily useful for
        implementation of generator tools that convert configuration
        from an external configuration file format into native unit
        files. This functionality should not be used in normal
        units.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Conditions and Asserts</title>

      <para>Unit files may also include a number of <varname index="false">Condition…=</varname> and <varname
      index="false">Assert…=</varname> settings. Before the unit is started, systemd will verify that the
      specified conditions and asserts are true. If not, the starting of the unit will be (mostly silently)
      skipped (in case of conditions), or aborted with an error message (in case of asserts). Failing
      conditions or asserts will not result in the unit being moved into the <literal>failed</literal>
      state. The conditions and asserts are checked at the time the queued start job is to be executed. The
      ordering dependencies are still respected, so other units are still pulled in and ordered as if this
      unit was successfully activated, and the conditions and asserts are executed the precise moment the
      unit would normally start and thus can validate system state after the units ordered before completed
      initialization. Use condition expressions for skipping units that do not apply to the local system, for
      example because the kernel or runtime environment doesn't require their functionality.
      </para>

      <para>If multiple conditions are specified, the unit will be executed if all of them apply (i.e. a
      logical AND is applied). Condition checks can use a pipe symbol (<literal>|</literal>) after the equals
      sign (<literal>Condition…=|…</literal>), which causes the condition to become a
      <emphasis>triggering</emphasis> condition. If at least one triggering condition is defined for a unit,
      then the unit will be started if at least one of the triggering conditions of the unit applies and all
      of the regular (i.e. non-triggering) conditions apply. If you prefix an argument with the pipe symbol
      and an exclamation mark, the pipe symbol must be passed first, the exclamation second. If any of these
      options is assigned the empty string, the list of conditions is reset completely, all previous
      condition settings (of any kind) will have no effect.</para>

      <para>The <varname>AssertArchitecture=</varname>, <varname>AssertVirtualization=</varname>, … options
      are similar to conditions but cause the start job to fail (instead of being skipped). The failed check
      is logged. Units with unmet conditions are considered to be in a clean state and will be garbage
      collected if they are not referenced. This means that when queried, the condition failure may or may
      not show up in the state of the unit.</para>

      <para>Note that neither assertion nor condition expressions result in unit state changes. Also note
      that both are checked at the time the job is to be executed, i.e. long after depending jobs and it
      itself were queued. Thus, neither condition nor assertion expressions are suitable for conditionalizing
      unit dependencies.</para>

      <para>The <command>condition</command> verb of
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can
      be used to test condition and assert expressions.</para>

      <para>Except for <varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname>, all path checks follow symlinks.</para>

      <variablelist class='unit-directives'>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Check whether the system is running on a specific architecture. Takes one of
          <literal>x86</literal>,
          <literal>x86-64</literal>,
          <literal>ppc</literal>,
          <literal>ppc-le</literal>,
          <literal>ppc64</literal>,
          <literal>ppc64-le</literal>,
          <literal>ia64</literal>,
          <literal>parisc</literal>,
          <literal>parisc64</literal>,
          <literal>s390</literal>,
          <literal>s390x</literal>,
          <literal>sparc</literal>,
          <literal>sparc64</literal>,
          <literal>mips</literal>,
          <literal>mips-le</literal>,
          <literal>mips64</literal>,
          <literal>mips64-le</literal>,
          <literal>alpha</literal>,
          <literal>arm</literal>,
          <literal>arm-be</literal>,
          <literal>arm64</literal>,
          <literal>arm64-be</literal>,
          <literal>sh</literal>,
          <literal>sh64</literal>,
          <literal>m68k</literal>,
          <literal>tilegx</literal>,
          <literal>cris</literal>,
          <literal>arc</literal>,
          <literal>arc-be</literal>, or
          <literal>native</literal>.</para>

          <para>The architecture is determined from the information returned by
          <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          and is thus subject to
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>personality</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
          Note that a <varname>Personality=</varname> setting in the same unit file has no effect on this
          condition. A special architecture name <literal>native</literal> is mapped to the architecture the
          system manager itself is compiled for. The test may be negated by prepending an exclamation
          mark.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionFirmware=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Check whether the system's firmware is of a certain type. The following values are
          possible:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para><literal>uefi</literal> matches systems with EFI.</para></listitem>

            <listitem><para><literal>device-tree</literal> matches systems with a device tree.
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para><literal>device-tree-compatible(<replaceable>value</replaceable>)</literal>
            matches systems with a device tree that is compatible with <literal>value</literal>.
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para><literal>smbios-field(<replaceable>field</replaceable>
            <replaceable>operator</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable>)</literal> matches systems
            with a SMBIOS field containing a certain value. <replaceable>field</replaceable> is the name of
            the SMBIOS field exposed as <literal>sysfs</literal> attribute file below
            <filename>/sys/class/dmi/id/</filename>. <replaceable>operator</replaceable> is one of
            <literal>&lt;</literal>, <literal>&lt;=</literal>, <literal>&gt;=</literal>,
            <literal>&gt;</literal>, <literal>==</literal>, <literal>&lt;&gt;</literal> for version
            comparisons, <literal>=</literal> and <literal>!=</literal> for literal string comparisons, or
            <literal>$=</literal>, <literal>!$=</literal> for shell-style glob comparisons.
            <replaceable>value</replaceable> is the expected value of the SMBIOS field value (possibly
            containing shell style globs in case <literal>$=</literal>/<literal>!$=</literal> is used).
            </para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Check whether the system is executed in a virtualized environment and optionally
          test whether it is a specific implementation. Takes either boolean value to check if being executed
          in any virtualized environment, or one of
          <literal>vm</literal> and
          <literal>container</literal> to test against a generic type of virtualization solution, or one of
          <literal>qemu</literal>,
          <literal>kvm</literal>,
          <literal>amazon</literal>,
          <literal>zvm</literal>,
          <literal>vmware</literal>,
          <literal>microsoft</literal>,
          <literal>oracle</literal>,
          <literal>powervm</literal>,
          <literal>xen</literal>,
          <literal>bochs</literal>,
          <literal>uml</literal>,
          <literal>bhyve</literal>,
          <literal>qnx</literal>,
          <literal>apple</literal>,
          <literal>sre</literal>,
          <literal>openvz</literal>,
          <literal>lxc</literal>,
          <literal>lxc-libvirt</literal>,
          <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>,
          <literal>docker</literal>,
          <literal>podman</literal>,
          <literal>rkt</literal>,
          <literal>wsl</literal>,
          <literal>proot</literal>,
          <literal>pouch</literal>,
          <literal>acrn</literal> to test
          against a specific implementation, or
          <literal>private-users</literal> to check whether we are running in a user namespace. See
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-detect-virt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          for a full list of known virtualization technologies and their identifiers. If multiple
          virtualization technologies are nested, only the innermost is considered. The test may be negated
          by prepending an exclamation mark.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionHost=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionHost=</varname> may be used to match against the hostname or
          machine ID of the host. This either takes a hostname string (optionally with shell style globs)
          which is tested against the locally set hostname as returned by
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gethostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or
          a machine ID formatted as string (see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
          The test may be negated by prepending an exclamation mark.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionKernelCommandLine=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionKernelCommandLine=</varname> may be used to check whether a
          specific kernel command line option is set (or if prefixed with the exclamation mark — unset). The
          argument must either be a single word, or an assignment (i.e. two words, separated by
          <literal>=</literal>). In the former case the kernel command line is searched for the word
          appearing as is, or as left hand side of an assignment. In the latter case, the exact assignment is
          looked for with right and left hand side matching. This operates on the kernel command line
          communicated to userspace via <filename>/proc/cmdline</filename>, except when the service manager
          is invoked as payload of a container manager, in which case the command line of <filename>PID
          1</filename> is used instead (i.e. <filename>/proc/1/cmdline</filename>).</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionKernelVersion=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionKernelVersion=</varname> may be used to check whether the kernel
          version (as reported by <command>uname -r</command>) matches a certain expression, or if prefixed
          with the exclamation mark, does not match. The argument must be a list of (potentially quoted)
          expressions. Each expression starts with one of <literal>=</literal> or <literal>!=</literal> for
          string comparisons, <literal>&lt;</literal>, <literal>&lt;=</literal>, <literal>==</literal>,
          <literal>&lt;&gt;</literal>, <literal>&gt;=</literal>, <literal>&gt;</literal> for version
          comparisons, or <literal>$=</literal>, <literal>!$=</literal> for a shell-style glob match. If no
          operator is specified, <literal>$=</literal> is implied.</para>

          <para>Note that using the kernel version string is an unreliable way to determine which features
          are supported by a kernel, because of the widespread practice of backporting drivers, features, and
          fixes from newer upstream kernels into older versions provided by distributions. Hence, this check
          is inherently unportable and should not be used for units which may be used on different
          distributions.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionCredential=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionCredential=</varname> may be used to check whether a credential
          by the specified name was passed into the service manager. See <ulink
          url="https://systemd.io/CREDENTIALS">System and Service Credentials</ulink> for details about
          credentials. If used in services for the system service manager this may be used to conditionalize
          services based on system credentials passed in. If used in services for the per-user service
          manager this may be used to conditionalize services based on credentials passed into the
          <filename>unit@.service</filename> service instance belonging to the user. The argument must be a
          valid credential name.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionEnvironment=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionEnvironment=</varname> may be used to check whether a specific
          environment variable is set (or if prefixed with the exclamation mark — unset) in the service
          manager's environment block.

          The argument may be a single word, to check if the variable with this name is defined in the
          environment block, or an assignment
          (<literal><replaceable>name</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></literal>), to check if
          the variable with this exact value is defined. Note that the environment block of the service
          manager itself is checked, i.e. not any variables defined with <varname>Environment=</varname> or
          <varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname>, as described above. This is particularly useful when the
          service manager runs inside a containerized environment or as per-user service manager, in order to
          check for variables passed in by the enclosing container manager or PAM.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionSecurity=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionSecurity=</varname> may be used to check whether the given
          security technology is enabled on the system. Currently, the recognized values are
          <literal>selinux</literal>, <literal>apparmor</literal>, <literal>tomoyo</literal>,
          <literal>ima</literal>, <literal>smack</literal>, <literal>audit</literal>,
          <literal>uefi-secureboot</literal> and <literal>tpm2</literal>. The test may be negated by prepending
          an exclamation mark.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionCapability=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Check whether the given capability exists in the capability bounding set of the
          service manager (i.e. this does not check whether capability is actually available in the permitted
          or effective sets, see
          <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          for details). Pass a capability name such as <literal>CAP_MKNOD</literal>, possibly prefixed with
          an exclamation mark to negate the check.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionACPower=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Check whether the system has AC power, or is exclusively battery powered at the
          time of activation of the unit. This takes a boolean argument. If set to <literal>true</literal>,
          the condition will hold only if at least one AC connector of the system is connected to a power
          source, or if no AC connectors are known. Conversely, if set to <literal>false</literal>, the
          condition will hold only if there is at least one AC connector known and all AC connectors are
          disconnected from a power source.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Takes one of <filename>/var/</filename> or <filename>/etc/</filename> as argument,
          possibly prefixed with a <literal>!</literal> (to invert the condition). This condition may be
          used to conditionalize units on whether the specified directory requires an update because
          <filename>/usr/</filename>'s modification time is newer than the stamp file
          <filename>.updated</filename> in the specified directory. This is useful to implement offline
          updates of the vendor operating system resources in <filename>/usr/</filename> that require updating
          of <filename>/etc/</filename> or <filename>/var/</filename> on the next following boot. Units making
          use of this condition should order themselves before
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-update-done.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
          to make sure they run before the stamp file's modification time gets reset indicating a completed
          update.</para>

          <para>If the <varname>systemd.condition-needs-update=</varname> option is specified on the kernel
          command line (taking a boolean), it will override the result of this condition check, taking
          precedence over any file modification time checks. If the kernel command line option is used,
          <filename>systemd-update-done.service</filename> will not have immediate effect on any following
          <varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname> checks, until the system is rebooted where the kernel
          command line option is not specified anymore.</para>

          <para>Note that to make this scheme effective, the timestamp of <filename>/usr/</filename> should
          be explicitly updated after its contents are modified. The kernel will automatically update
          modification timestamp on a directory only when immediate children of a directory are modified; an
          modification of nested files will not automatically result in mtime of <filename>/usr/</filename>
          being updated.</para>

          <para>Also note that if the update method includes a call to execute appropriate post-update steps
          itself, it should not touch the timestamp of <filename>/usr/</filename>. In a typical distribution
          packaging scheme, packages will do any required update steps as part of the installation or
          upgrade, to make package contents immediately usable. <varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname>
          should be used with other update mechanisms where such an immediate update does not
          happen.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionFirstBoot=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. This condition may be used to conditionalize units on
          whether the system is booting up for the first time. This roughly means that <filename>/etc/</filename>
          was unpopulated when the system started booting (for details, see "First Boot Semantics" in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
          First boot is considered finished (this condition will evaluate as false) after the manager
          has finished the startup phase.</para>

          <para>This condition may be used to populate <filename>/etc/</filename> on the first boot after
          factory reset, or when a new system instance boots up for the first time.</para>

          <para>For robustness, units with <varname>ConditionFirstBoot=yes</varname> should order themselves
          before <filename>first-boot-complete.target</filename> and pull in this passive target with
          <varname>Wants=</varname>. This ensures that in a case of an aborted first boot, these units will
          be re-run during the next system startup.</para>

          <para>If the <varname>systemd.condition-first-boot=</varname> option is specified on the kernel
          command line (taking a boolean), it will override the result of this condition check, taking
          precedence over <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> existence checks.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Check for the existence of a file. If the specified absolute path name does not exist,
          the condition will fail. If the absolute path name passed to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> is prefixed with an exclamation mark
          (<literal>!</literal>), the test is negated, and the unit is only started if the path does not
          exist.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionPathExistsGlob=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionPathExistsGlob=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>, but checks for the existence of at least one file or
          directory matching the specified globbing pattern.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionPathIsDirectory=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionPathIsDirectory=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that a certain path exists and is a
          directory.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that a certain path exists and is a symbolic
          link.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that a certain path exists and is a mount
          point.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that the underlying file system is readable
          and writable (i.e. not mounted read-only).</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionPathIsEncrypted=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionPathIsEncrypted=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that the underlying file system's backing
          block device is encrypted using dm-crypt/LUKS. Note that this check does not cover ext4
          per-directory encryption, and only detects block level encryption. Moreover, if the specified path
          resides on a file system on top of a loopback block device, only encryption above the loopback device is
          detected. It is not detected whether the file system backing the loopback block device is encrypted.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that a certain path exists and is a non-empty
          directory.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionFileNotEmpty=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionFileNotEmpty=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that a certain path exists and refers to a
          regular file with a non-zero size.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionFileIsExecutable=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionFileIsExecutable=</varname> is similar to
          <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> but verifies that a certain path exists, is a regular file,
          and marked executable.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionUser=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionUser=</varname> takes a numeric <literal>UID</literal>, a UNIX
          user name, or the special value <literal>@system</literal>. This condition may be used to check
          whether the service manager is running as the given user. The special value
          <literal>@system</literal> can be used to check if the user id is within the system user
          range. This option is not useful for system services, as the system manager exclusively runs as the
          root user, and thus the test result is constant.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionGroup=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para><varname>ConditionGroup=</varname> is similar to <varname>ConditionUser=</varname>
          but verifies that the service manager's real or effective group, or any of its auxiliary groups,
          match the specified group or GID. This setting does not support the special value
          <literal>@system</literal>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionControlGroupController=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Check whether given cgroup controllers (e.g. <literal>cpu</literal>) are available
          for use on the system or whether the legacy v1 cgroup or the modern v2 cgroup hierarchy is used.
          </para>

          <para>Multiple controllers may be passed with a space separating them; in this case the condition
          will only pass if all listed controllers are available for use. Controllers unknown to systemd are
          ignored. Valid controllers are <literal>cpu</literal>, <literal>io</literal>,
          <literal>memory</literal>, and <literal>pids</literal>. Even if available in the kernel, a
          particular controller may not be available if it was disabled on the kernel command line with
          <varname>cgroup_disable=controller</varname>.</para>

          <para>Alternatively, two special strings <literal>v1</literal> and <literal>v2</literal> may be
          specified (without any controller names). <literal>v2</literal> will pass if the unified v2 cgroup
          hierarchy is used, and <literal>v1</literal> will pass if the legacy v1 hierarchy or the hybrid
          hierarchy are used. Note that legacy or hybrid hierarchies have been deprecated. See
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
          more information.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionMemory=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Verify that the specified amount of system memory is available to the current
          system. Takes a memory size in bytes as argument, optionally prefixed with a comparison operator
          <literal>&lt;</literal>, <literal>&lt;=</literal>, <literal>=</literal> (or <literal>==</literal>),
          <literal>!=</literal> (or <literal>&lt;&gt;</literal>), <literal>&gt;=</literal>,
          <literal>&gt;</literal>. On bare-metal systems compares the amount of physical memory in the system
          with the specified size, adhering to the specified comparison operator. In containers compares the
          amount of memory assigned to the container instead.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionCPUs=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Verify that the specified number of CPUs is available to the current system. Takes
          a number of CPUs as argument, optionally prefixed with a comparison operator
          <literal>&lt;</literal>, <literal>&lt;=</literal>, <literal>=</literal> (or <literal>==</literal>),
          <literal>!=</literal> (or <literal>&lt;&gt;</literal>), <literal>&gt;=</literal>,
          <literal>&gt;</literal>. Compares the number of CPUs in the CPU affinity mask configured of the
          service manager itself with the specified number, adhering to the specified comparison operator. On
          physical systems the number of CPUs in the affinity mask of the service manager usually matches the
          number of physical CPUs, but in special and virtual environments might differ. In particular, in
          containers the affinity mask usually matches the number of CPUs assigned to the container and not
          the physically available ones.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionCPUFeature=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Verify that a given CPU feature is available via the <literal>CPUID</literal>
          instruction. This condition only does something on i386 and x86-64 processors. On other
          processors it is assumed that the CPU does not support the given feature. It checks the leaves
          <literal>1</literal>, <literal>7</literal>, <literal>0x80000001</literal>, and
          <literal>0x80000007</literal>. Valid values are:
          <literal>fpu</literal>,
          <literal>vme</literal>,
          <literal>de</literal>,
          <literal>pse</literal>,
          <literal>tsc</literal>,
          <literal>msr</literal>,
          <literal>pae</literal>,
          <literal>mce</literal>,
          <literal>cx8</literal>,
          <literal>apic</literal>,
          <literal>sep</literal>,
          <literal>mtrr</literal>,
          <literal>pge</literal>,
          <literal>mca</literal>,
          <literal>cmov</literal>,
          <literal>pat</literal>,
          <literal>pse36</literal>,
          <literal>clflush</literal>,
          <literal>mmx</literal>,
          <literal>fxsr</literal>,
          <literal>sse</literal>,
          <literal>sse2</literal>,
          <literal>ht</literal>,
          <literal>pni</literal>,
          <literal>pclmul</literal>,
          <literal>monitor</literal>,
          <literal>ssse3</literal>,
          <literal>fma3</literal>,
          <literal>cx16</literal>,
          <literal>sse4_1</literal>,
          <literal>sse4_2</literal>,
          <literal>movbe</literal>,
          <literal>popcnt</literal>,
          <literal>aes</literal>,
          <literal>xsave</literal>,
          <literal>osxsave</literal>,
          <literal>avx</literal>,
          <literal>f16c</literal>,
          <literal>rdrand</literal>,
          <literal>bmi1</literal>,
          <literal>avx2</literal>,
          <literal>bmi2</literal>,
          <literal>rdseed</literal>,
          <literal>adx</literal>,
          <literal>sha_ni</literal>,
          <literal>syscall</literal>,
          <literal>rdtscp</literal>,
          <literal>lm</literal>,
          <literal>lahf_lm</literal>,
          <literal>abm</literal>,
          <literal>constant_tsc</literal>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionOSRelease=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Verify that a specific <literal>key=value</literal> pair is set in the host's
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>os-release</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

          <para>Other than exact string matching (with <literal>=</literal> and <literal>!=</literal>),
          relative comparisons are supported for versioned parameters (e.g. <literal>VERSION_ID</literal>;
          with <literal>&lt;</literal>, <literal>&lt;=</literal>, <literal>==</literal>,
          <literal>&lt;&gt;</literal>, <literal>&gt;=</literal>, <literal>&gt;</literal>), and shell-style
          wildcard comparisons (<literal>*</literal>, <literal>?</literal>, <literal>[]</literal>) are
          supported with the <literal>$=</literal> (match) and <literal>!$=</literal> (non-match).</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>ConditionMemoryPressure=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>ConditionCPUPressure=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>ConditionIOPressure=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Verify that the overall system (memory, CPU or IO) pressure is below or equal to a threshold.
          This setting takes a threshold value as argument. It can be specified as a simple percentage value,
          suffixed with <literal>%</literal>, in which case the pressure will be measured as an average over the last
          five minutes before the attempt to start the unit is performed.
          Alternatively, the average timespan can also be specified using <literal>/</literal> as a separator, for
          example: <literal>10%/1min</literal>. The supported timespans match what the kernel provides, and are
          limited to <literal>10sec</literal>, <literal>1min</literal> and <literal>5min</literal>. The
          <literal>full</literal> PSI will be checked first, and if not found <literal>some</literal> will be
          checked. For more details, see the documentation on <ulink
          url="https://docs.kernel.org/accounting/psi.html">PSI (Pressure Stall Information)
          </ulink>.</para>

          <para>Optionally, the threshold value can be prefixed with the slice unit under which the pressure will be checked,
          followed by a <literal>:</literal>. If the slice unit is not specified, the overall system pressure will be measured,
          instead of a particular cgroup's.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><varname>AssertArchitecture=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertVirtualization=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertHost=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertKernelCommandLine=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertKernelVersion=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertCredential=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertEnvironment=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertSecurity=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertCapability=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertACPower=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertNeedsUpdate=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertFirstBoot=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertPathExists=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertPathExistsGlob=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertPathIsDirectory=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertPathIsMountPoint=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertPathIsReadWrite=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertPathIsEncrypted=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertFileNotEmpty=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertFileIsExecutable=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertUser=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertGroup=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertControlGroupController=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertMemory=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertCPUs=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertCPUFeature=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertOSRelease=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertMemoryPressure=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertCPUPressure=</varname></term>
          <term><varname>AssertIOPressure=</varname></term>

          <listitem><para>Similar to the <varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname>,
          <varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname>, …, condition settings described above, these settings
          add assertion checks to the start-up of the unit. However, unlike the conditions settings, any
          assertion setting that is not met results in failure of the start job (which means this is logged
          loudly). Note that hitting a configured assertion does not cause the unit to enter the
          <literal>failed</literal> state (or in fact result in any state change of the unit), it affects
          only the job queued for it. Use assertion expressions for units that cannot operate when specific
          requirements are not met, and when this is something the administrator or user should look
          into.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Mapping of unit properties to their inverses</title>

    <para>Unit settings that create a relationship with a second unit usually show up
    in properties of both units, for example in <command>systemctl show</command>
    output. In some cases the name of the property is the same as the name of the
    configuration setting, but not always. This table lists the properties
    that are shown on two units which are connected through some dependency, and shows
    which property on "source" unit corresponds to which property on the "target" unit.
    </para>

    <table>
      <title>
        "Forward" and "reverse" unit properties
      </title>

      <tgroup cols='4'>
        <colspec colname='forward' />
        <colspec colname='reverse' />
        <colspec colname='fuse' />
        <colspec colname='ruse' />
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>"Forward" property</entry>
            <entry>"Reverse" property</entry>
            <entry namest='fuse' nameend='ruse' valign='middle'>Where used</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>Before=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>After=</varname></entry>
            <entry morerows='1' namest='fuse' nameend='ruse' valign='middle'>[Unit] section</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>After=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>Before=</varname></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>Requires=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>RequiredBy=</varname></entry>
            <entry>[Unit] section</entry>
            <entry>[Install] section</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>Wants=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>WantedBy=</varname></entry>
            <entry>[Unit] section</entry>
            <entry>[Install] section</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>PartOf=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>ConsistsOf=</varname></entry>
            <entry>[Unit] section</entry>
            <entry>an automatic property</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>BindsTo=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>BoundBy=</varname></entry>
            <entry>[Unit] section</entry>
            <entry>an automatic property</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>Requisite=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>RequisiteOf=</varname></entry>
            <entry>[Unit] section</entry>
            <entry>an automatic property</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>Conflicts=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>ConflictedBy=</varname></entry>
            <entry>[Unit] section</entry>
            <entry>an automatic property</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>Triggers=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>TriggeredBy=</varname></entry>
            <entry namest='fuse' nameend='ruse' valign='middle'>Automatic properties, see notes below</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>PropagatesReloadTo=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>ReloadPropagatedFrom=</varname></entry>
            <entry morerows='1' namest='fuse' nameend='ruse' valign='middle'>[Unit] section</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>ReloadPropagatedFrom=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>PropagatesReloadTo=</varname></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>PropagatesStopTo=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>StopPropagatedFrom=</varname></entry>
            <entry morerows='1' namest='fuse' nameend='ruse' valign='middle'>[Unit] section</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>StopPropagatedFrom=</varname></entry>
            <entry><varname>PropagatesStopTo=</varname></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><varname>Following=</varname></entry>
            <entry>n/a</entry>
            <entry>An automatic property</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <para>Note: <varname>WantedBy=</varname> and <varname>RequiredBy=</varname> are
    used in the [Install] section to create symlinks in <filename>.wants/</filename>
    and <filename>.requires/</filename> directories. They cannot be used directly as a
    unit configuration setting.</para>

    <para>Note: <varname>ConsistsOf=</varname>, <varname>BoundBy=</varname>,
    <varname>RequisiteOf=</varname>, <varname>ConflictedBy=</varname> are created
    implicitly along with their reverses and cannot be specified directly.</para>

    <para>Note: <varname>Triggers=</varname> is created implicitly between a socket,
    path unit, or an automount unit, and the unit they activate. By default a unit
    with the same name is triggered, but this can be overridden using
    <varname>Sockets=</varname>, <varname>Service=</varname>, and <varname>Unit=</varname>
    settings. See
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
    and
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    for details. <varname>TriggeredBy=</varname> is created implicitly on the
    triggered unit.</para>

    <para>Note: <varname>Following=</varname> is used to group device aliases and points to the
    "primary" device unit that systemd is using to track device state, usually corresponding to a
    sysfs path. It does not show up in the "target" unit.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>[Install] Section Options</title>

    <para>Unit files may include an [Install] section, which carries installation information for
    the unit. This section is not interpreted by
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> during runtime; it is
    used by the <command>enable</command> and <command>disable</command> commands of the
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> tool during
    installation of a unit.</para>

    <variablelist class='unit-directives'>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Alias=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of additional names this unit shall be installed under. The names listed
        here must have the same suffix (i.e. type) as the unit filename. This option may be specified more than once,
        in which case all listed names are used. At installation time, <command>systemctl enable</command> will create
        symlinks from these names to the unit filename. Note that not all unit types support such alias names, and this
        setting is not supported for them. Specifically, mount, slice, swap, and automount units do not support
        aliasing.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>WantedBy=</varname></term>
        <term><varname>RequiredBy=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>This option may be used more than once, or a space-separated list of unit names may
        be given. A symbolic link is created in the <filename>.wants/</filename> or
        <filename>.requires/</filename> directory of each of the listed units when this unit is installed by
        <command>systemctl enable</command>. This has the effect of a dependency of type
        <varname>Wants=</varname> or <varname>Requires=</varname> being added from the listed unit to the
        current unit. The primary result is that the current unit will be started when the listed unit is
        started, see the description of <varname>Wants=</varname> and <varname>Requires=</varname> in the
        [Unit] section for details.</para>

        <para>In case of template units listing non template units, the listing unit must have
        <varname>DefaultInstance=</varname> set, or <command>systemctl enable</command> must be called with
        an instance name. The instance (default or specified) will be added to the
        <filename>.wants/</filename> or <filename>.requires/</filename> list of the listed unit. For example,
        <command>WantedBy=getty.target</command> in a service <filename>getty@.service</filename> will result
        in <command>systemctl enable getty@tty2.service</command> creating a
        <filename>getty.target.wants/getty@tty2.service</filename> link to
        <filename>getty@.service</filename>. This also applies to listing specific instances of templated
        units: this specific instance will gain the dependency. A template unit may also list a template
        unit, in which case a generic dependency will be added where each instance of the listing unit will
        have a dependency on an instance of the listed template with the same instance value. For example,
        <command>WantedBy=container@.target</command> in a service <filename>monitor@.service</filename> will
        result in <command>systemctl enable monitor@.service</command> creating a
        <filename>container@.target.wants/monitor@.service</filename> link to
        <filename>monitor@.service</filename>, which applies to all instances of
        <filename>container@.target</filename>.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>Also=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>Additional units to install/deinstall when
        this unit is installed/deinstalled. If the user requests
        installation/deinstallation of a unit with this option
        configured, <command>systemctl enable</command> and
        <command>systemctl disable</command> will automatically
        install/uninstall units listed in this option as well.</para>

        <para>This option may be used more than once, or a
        space-separated list of unit names may be
        given.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>DefaultInstance=</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>In template unit files, this specifies for
        which instance the unit shall be enabled if the template is
        enabled without any explicitly set instance. This option has
        no effect in non-template unit files. The specified string
        must be usable as instance identifier.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>The following specifiers are interpreted in the Install section:
    %a, %b, %B, %g, %G, %H, %i, %j, %l, %m, %n, %N, %o, %p, %u, %U, %v, %w, %W, %%.
    For their meaning see the next section.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Specifiers</title>

    <para>Many settings resolve specifiers which may be used to write
    generic unit files referring to runtime or unit parameters that
    are replaced when the unit files are loaded. Specifiers must be known
    and resolvable for the setting to be valid. The following
    specifiers are understood:</para>

    <table class='specifiers'>
      <title>Specifiers available in unit files</title>
      <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
        <colspec colname="spec" />
        <colspec colname="mean" />
        <colspec colname="detail" />
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>Specifier</entry>
            <entry>Meaning</entry>
            <entry>Details</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <!-- We do not use the common definition from standard-specifiers.xml here since it includes a
                 reference onto our own man page, which would make the rendered version self-referential. -->
            <entry><literal>%a</literal></entry>
            <entry>Architecture</entry>
            <entry>A short string identifying the architecture of the local system. A string such as <constant>x86</constant>, <constant>x86-64</constant> or <constant>arm64</constant>. See the architectures defined for <varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname> above for a full list.</entry>
          </row>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="A"/>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="b"/>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="B"/>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%C</literal></entry>
            <entry>Cache directory root</entry>
            <entry>This is either <filename>/var/cache</filename> (for the system manager) or the path <literal>$XDG_CACHE_HOME</literal> resolves to (for user managers).</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%d</literal></entry>
            <entry>Credentials directory</entry>
            <entry>This is the value of the <literal>$CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY</literal> environment variable if available. See section "Credentials" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%E</literal></entry>
            <entry>Configuration directory root</entry>
            <entry>This is either <filename>/etc/</filename> (for the system manager) or the path <literal>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</literal> resolves to (for user managers).</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%f</literal></entry>
            <entry>Unescaped filename</entry>
            <entry>This is either the unescaped instance name (if applicable) with <filename>/</filename> prepended (if applicable), or the unescaped prefix name prepended with <filename>/</filename>. This implements unescaping according to the rules for escaping absolute file system paths discussed above.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%g</literal></entry>
            <entry>User group</entry>
            <entry>This is the name of the group running the service manager instance. In case of the system manager this resolves to <literal>root</literal>.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%G</literal></entry>
            <entry>User GID</entry>
            <entry>This is the numeric GID of the user running the service manager instance. In case of the system manager this resolves to <literal>0</literal>.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%h</literal></entry>
            <entry>User home directory</entry>
            <entry>This is the home directory of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>. In case of the system manager this resolves to <literal>/root</literal>.

Note that this setting is <emphasis>not</emphasis> influenced by the <varname>User=</varname> setting configurable in the [Service] section of the service unit.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <!-- We do not use the common definition from standard-specifiers.xml here since we want a
                 slightly more verbose explanation here, referring to the reload cycle. -->
            <entry><literal>%H</literal></entry>
            <entry>Host name</entry>
            <entry>The hostname of the running system at the point in time the unit configuration is loaded.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%i</literal></entry>
            <entry>Instance name</entry>
            <entry>For instantiated units this is the string between the first <literal>@</literal> character and the type suffix. Empty for non-instantiated units.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%I</literal></entry>
            <entry>Unescaped instance name</entry>
            <entry>Same as <literal>%i</literal>, but with escaping undone.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%j</literal></entry>
            <entry>Final component of the prefix</entry>
            <entry>This is the string between the last <literal>-</literal> and the end of the prefix name. If there is no <literal>-</literal>, this is the same as <literal>%p</literal>.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%J</literal></entry>
            <entry>Unescaped final component of the prefix</entry>
            <entry>Same as <literal>%j</literal>, but with escaping undone.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%l</literal></entry>
            <!-- We do not use the common definition from standard-specifiers.xml here since we want a
                 slightly more verbose explanation here, referring to the reload cycle. -->
            <entry>Short host name</entry>
            <entry>The hostname of the running system at the point in time the unit configuration is loaded, truncated at the first dot to remove any domain component.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%L</literal></entry>
            <entry>Log directory root</entry>
            <entry>This is either <filename>/var/log</filename> (for the system manager) or the path <literal>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</literal> resolves to with <filename index="false">/log</filename> appended (for user managers).</entry>
          </row>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="m"/>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="M"/>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%n</literal></entry>
            <entry>Full unit name</entry>
            <entry></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%N</literal></entry>
            <entry>Full unit name</entry>
            <entry>Same as <literal>%n</literal>, but with the type suffix removed.</entry>
          </row>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="o"/>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%p</literal></entry>
            <entry>Prefix name</entry>
            <entry>For instantiated units, this refers to the string before the first <literal>@</literal> character of the unit name. For non-instantiated units, same as <literal>%N</literal>.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%P</literal></entry>
            <entry>Unescaped prefix name</entry>
            <entry>Same as <literal>%p</literal>, but with escaping undone.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <!-- We do not use the common definition from standard-specifiers.xml here since we want a
                 slightly more verbose explanation here, referring to the reload cycle. -->
            <entry><literal>%q</literal></entry>
            <entry>Pretty host name</entry>
            <entry>The pretty hostname of the running system at the point in time the unit configuration is loaded, as read from the <varname>PRETTY_HOSTNAME=</varname> field of <filename>/etc/machine-info</filename>. If not set, resolves to the short hostname. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-info</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%s</literal></entry>
            <entry>User shell</entry>
            <entry>This is the shell of the user running the service manager instance.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%S</literal></entry>
            <entry>State directory root</entry>
            <entry>This is either <filename>/var/lib</filename> (for the system manager) or the path <literal>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</literal> resolves to (for user managers).</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%t</literal></entry>
            <entry>Runtime directory root</entry>
            <entry>This is either <filename>/run/</filename> (for the system manager) or the path <literal>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</literal> resolves to (for user managers).</entry>
          </row>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="T"/>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
            <entry>User name</entry>
            <entry>This is the name of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>. In case of the system manager this resolves to <literal>root</literal>.

Note that this setting is <emphasis>not</emphasis> influenced by the <varname>User=</varname> setting configurable in the [Service] section of the service unit.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%U</literal></entry>
            <entry>User UID</entry>
            <entry>This is the numeric UID of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>. In case of the system manager this resolves to <literal>0</literal>.

Note that this setting is <emphasis>not</emphasis> influenced by the <varname>User=</varname> setting configurable in the [Service] section of the service unit.</entry>
          </row>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="v"/>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="V"/>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="w"/>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="W"/>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%y</literal></entry>
            <entry>The path to the fragment</entry>
            <entry>This is the path where the main part of the unit file is located. For linked unit files, the real path outside of the unit search directories is used. For units that don't have a fragment file, this specifier will raise an error.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>%Y</literal></entry>
            <entry>The directory of the fragment</entry>
            <entry>This is the directory part of <literal>%y</literal>.</entry>
          </row>
          <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="percent"/>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <example>
      <title>Allowing units to be enabled</title>

      <para>The following snippet (highlighted) allows a unit (e.g.
      <filename>foo.service</filename>) to be enabled via
      <command>systemctl enable</command>:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Foo

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-daemon

<emphasis>[Install]</emphasis>
<emphasis>WantedBy=multi-user.target</emphasis></programlisting>

      <para>After running <command>systemctl enable</command>, a
      symlink
      <filename index="false">/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/foo.service</filename>
      linking to the actual unit will be created. It tells systemd to
      pull in the unit when starting
      <filename>multi-user.target</filename>. The inverse
      <command>systemctl disable</command> will remove that symlink
      again.</para>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Overriding vendor settings</title>

      <para>There are two methods of overriding vendor settings in
      unit files: copying the unit file from
      <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename> to
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and modifying the
      chosen settings. Alternatively, one can create a directory named
      <filename><replaceable>unit</replaceable>.d/</filename> within
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and place a drop-in
      file <filename><replaceable>name</replaceable>.conf</filename>
      there that only changes the specific settings one is interested
      in. Note that multiple such drop-in files are read if
      present, processed in lexicographic order of their filename.</para>

      <para>The advantage of the first method is that one easily
      overrides the complete unit, the vendor unit is not parsed at
      all anymore. It has the disadvantage that improvements to the
      unit file by the vendor are not automatically incorporated on
      updates.</para>

      <para>The advantage of the second method is that one only
      overrides the settings one specifically wants, where updates to
      the unit by the vendor automatically apply. This has the
      disadvantage that some future updates by the vendor might be
      incompatible with the local changes.</para>

      <para>This also applies for user instances of systemd, but with
      different locations for the unit files. See the section on unit
      load paths for further details.</para>

      <para>Suppose there is a vendor-supplied unit
      <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service</filename> with
      the following contents:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Some HTTP server
After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service
Requires=sqldb.service
AssertPathExists=/srv/webserver

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server
Nice=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>

      <para>Now one wants to change some settings as an administrator:
      firstly, in the local setup, <filename>/srv/webserver</filename>
      might not exist, because the HTTP server is configured to use
      <filename>/srv/www</filename> instead. Secondly, the local
      configuration makes the HTTP server also depend on a memory
      cache service, <filename>memcached.service</filename>, that
      should be pulled in (<varname>Requires=</varname>) and also be
      ordered appropriately (<varname>After=</varname>). Thirdly, in
      order to harden the service a bit more, the administrator would
      like to set the <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname> setting (see
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
      for details). And lastly, the administrator would like to reset
      the niceness of the service to its default value of 0.</para>

      <para>The first possibility is to copy the unit file to
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service</filename> and
      change the chosen settings:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Some HTTP server
After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service <emphasis>memcached.service</emphasis>
Requires=sqldb.service <emphasis>memcached.service</emphasis>
AssertPathExists=<emphasis>/srv/www</emphasis>

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server
<emphasis>Nice=0</emphasis>
<emphasis>PrivateTmp=yes</emphasis>

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>

      <para>Alternatively, the administrator could create a drop-in
      file
      <filename>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/local.conf</filename>
      with the following contents:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
After=memcached.service
Requires=memcached.service
# Reset all assertions and then re-add the condition we want
AssertPathExists=
AssertPathExists=/srv/www

[Service]
Nice=0
PrivateTmp=yes</programlisting>

      <para>Note that for drop-in files, if one wants to remove
      entries from a setting that is parsed as a list (and is not a
      dependency), such as <varname>AssertPathExists=</varname> (or
      e.g. <varname>ExecStart=</varname> in service units), one needs
      to first clear the list before re-adding all entries except the
      one that is to be removed. Dependencies (<varname>After=</varname>, etc.)
      cannot be reset to an empty list, so dependencies can only be
      added in drop-ins. If you want to remove dependencies, you have
      to override the entire unit.</para>

    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Top level drop-ins with template units</title>

      <para>Top level per-type drop-ins can be used to change some aspect of
      all units of a particular type. For example by creating the
      <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/service.d/</filename>
      directory with a drop-in file, the contents of the drop-in file can be
      applied to all service units. We can take this further by having the
      top-level drop-in instantiate a secondary helper unit. Consider for
      example the following set of units and drop-in files where we install
      an <varname>OnFailure=</varname> dependency for all service units.</para>

      <para>
      <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/failure-handler@.service</filename>:</para>

      <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=My failure handler for %i

[Service]
Type=oneshot
# Perform some special action for when %i exits unexpectedly.
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/myfailurehandler %i
     </programlisting>

     <para>We can then add an instance of
     <filename index='false'>failure-handler@.service</filename> as an
     <varname>OnFailure=</varname> dependency for all service units.</para>

    <para>
    <filename index='false'>/etc/systemd/system/service.d/10-all.conf</filename>:</para>

    <programlisting>[Unit]
OnFailure=failure-handler@%N.service
    </programlisting>

    <para>Now, after running <command>systemctl daemon-reload</command> all
    services will have acquired an <varname>OnFailure=</varname> dependency on
    <filename index='false'>failure-handler@%N.service</filename>. The
    template instance units will also have gained the dependency which results
    in the creation of a recursive dependency chain. systemd will try to detect
    these recursive dependency chains where a template unit directly and
    recursively depends on itself and will remove such dependencies
    automatically if it finds them. If systemd doesn't detect the recursive
    dependency chain, we can break the chain ourselves by disabling the drop-in
    for the template instance units via a symlink to
    <filename index='false'>/dev/null</filename>:</para>

    <programlisting>
<command>mkdir /etc/systemd/system/failure-handler@.service.d/</command>
<command>ln -s /dev/null /etc/systemd/system/failure-handler@.service.d/10-all.conf</command>
<command>systemctl daemon-reload</command>
    </programlisting>

    <para>This ensures that if a <filename index='false'>failure-handler@.service</filename> instance fails it will not trigger an instance named
    <filename index='false'>failure-handler@failure-handler.service</filename>.</para>

    </example>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para>
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    </para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>