Adding upstream version 2:9.0.1378.upstream/2%9.0.1378upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 4300 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/filepath.c b/src/filepath.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c448edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/filepath.c
@@ -0,0 +1,4300 @@
+/* vi:set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 noet:
+ *
+ * VIM - Vi IMproved	by Bram Moolenaar
+ *
+ * Do ":help uganda"  in Vim to read copying and usage conditions.
+ * Do ":help credits" in Vim to see a list of people who contributed.
+ * See README.txt for an overview of the Vim source code.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * filepath.c: dealing with file names and paths.
+ */
+
+#include "vim.h"
+
+#ifdef MSWIN
+/*
+ * Functions for ":8" filename modifier: get 8.3 version of a filename.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Get the short path (8.3) for the filename in "fnamep".
+ * Only works for a valid file name.
+ * When the path gets longer "fnamep" is changed and the allocated buffer
+ * is put in "bufp".
+ * *fnamelen is the length of "fnamep" and set to 0 for a nonexistent path.
+ * Returns OK on success, FAIL on failure.
+ */
+    static int
+get_short_pathname(char_u **fnamep, char_u **bufp, int *fnamelen)
+{
+    int		l, len;
+    WCHAR	*newbuf;
+    WCHAR	*wfname;
+
+    len = MAXPATHL;
+    newbuf = malloc(len * sizeof(*newbuf));
+    if (newbuf == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    wfname = enc_to_utf16(*fnamep, NULL);
+    if (wfname == NULL)
+    {
+	vim_free(newbuf);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    l = GetShortPathNameW(wfname, newbuf, len);
+    if (l > len - 1)
+    {
+	// If that doesn't work (not enough space), then save the string
+	// and try again with a new buffer big enough.
+	WCHAR *newbuf_t = newbuf;
+	newbuf = vim_realloc(newbuf, (l + 1) * sizeof(*newbuf));
+	if (newbuf == NULL)
+	{
+	    vim_free(wfname);
+	    vim_free(newbuf_t);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	// Really should always succeed, as the buffer is big enough.
+	l = GetShortPathNameW(wfname, newbuf, l+1);
+    }
+    if (l != 0)
+    {
+	char_u *p = utf16_to_enc(newbuf, NULL);
+
+	if (p != NULL)
+	{
+	    vim_free(*bufp);
+	    *fnamep = *bufp = p;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    vim_free(wfname);
+	    vim_free(newbuf);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+    vim_free(wfname);
+    vim_free(newbuf);
+
+    *fnamelen = l == 0 ? l : (int)STRLEN(*bufp);
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the short path (8.3) for the filename in "fname". The converted
+ * path is returned in "bufp".
+ *
+ * Some of the directories specified in "fname" may not exist. This function
+ * will shorten the existing directories at the beginning of the path and then
+ * append the remaining non-existing path.
+ *
+ * fname - Pointer to the filename to shorten.  On return, contains the
+ *	   pointer to the shortened pathname
+ * bufp -  Pointer to an allocated buffer for the filename.
+ * fnamelen - Length of the filename pointed to by fname
+ *
+ * Returns OK on success (or nothing done) and FAIL on failure (out of memory).
+ */
+    static int
+shortpath_for_invalid_fname(
+    char_u	**fname,
+    char_u	**bufp,
+    int		*fnamelen)
+{
+    char_u	*short_fname, *save_fname, *pbuf_unused;
+    char_u	*endp, *save_endp;
+    char_u	ch;
+    int		old_len, len;
+    int		new_len, sfx_len;
+    int		retval = OK;
+
+    // Make a copy
+    old_len = *fnamelen;
+    save_fname = vim_strnsave(*fname, old_len);
+    pbuf_unused = NULL;
+    short_fname = NULL;
+
+    endp = save_fname + old_len - 1; // Find the end of the copy
+    save_endp = endp;
+
+    /*
+     * Try shortening the supplied path till it succeeds by removing one
+     * directory at a time from the tail of the path.
+     */
+    len = 0;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	// go back one path-separator
+	while (endp > save_fname && !after_pathsep(save_fname, endp + 1))
+	    --endp;
+	if (endp <= save_fname)
+	    break;		// processed the complete path
+
+	/*
+	 * Replace the path separator with a NUL and try to shorten the
+	 * resulting path.
+	 */
+	ch = *endp;
+	*endp = 0;
+	short_fname = save_fname;
+	len = (int)STRLEN(short_fname) + 1;
+	if (get_short_pathname(&short_fname, &pbuf_unused, &len) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    retval = FAIL;
+	    goto theend;
+	}
+	*endp = ch;	// preserve the string
+
+	if (len > 0)
+	    break;	// successfully shortened the path
+
+	// failed to shorten the path. Skip the path separator
+	--endp;
+    }
+
+    if (len > 0)
+    {
+	/*
+	 * Succeeded in shortening the path. Now concatenate the shortened
+	 * path with the remaining path at the tail.
+	 */
+
+	// Compute the length of the new path.
+	sfx_len = (int)(save_endp - endp) + 1;
+	new_len = len + sfx_len;
+
+	*fnamelen = new_len;
+	vim_free(*bufp);
+	if (new_len > old_len)
+	{
+	    // There is not enough space in the currently allocated string,
+	    // copy it to a buffer big enough.
+	    *fname = *bufp = vim_strnsave(short_fname, new_len);
+	    if (*fname == NULL)
+	    {
+		retval = FAIL;
+		goto theend;
+	    }
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    // Transfer short_fname to the main buffer (it's big enough),
+	    // unless get_short_pathname() did its work in-place.
+	    *fname = *bufp = save_fname;
+	    if (short_fname != save_fname)
+		STRNCPY(save_fname, short_fname, len);
+	    save_fname = NULL;
+	}
+
+	// concat the not-shortened part of the path
+	if ((*fname + len) != endp)
+	    vim_strncpy(*fname + len, endp, sfx_len);
+	(*fname)[new_len] = NUL;
+    }
+
+theend:
+    vim_free(pbuf_unused);
+    vim_free(save_fname);
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get a pathname for a partial path.
+ * Returns OK for success, FAIL for failure.
+ */
+    static int
+shortpath_for_partial(
+    char_u	**fnamep,
+    char_u	**bufp,
+    int		*fnamelen)
+{
+    int		sepcount, len, tflen;
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	*pbuf, *tfname;
+    int		hasTilde;
+
+    // Count up the path separators from the RHS.. so we know which part
+    // of the path to return.
+    sepcount = 0;
+    for (p = *fnamep; p < *fnamep + *fnamelen; MB_PTR_ADV(p))
+	if (vim_ispathsep(*p))
+	    ++sepcount;
+
+    // Need full path first (use expand_env() to remove a "~/")
+    hasTilde = (**fnamep == '~');
+    if (hasTilde)
+	pbuf = tfname = expand_env_save(*fnamep);
+    else
+	pbuf = tfname = FullName_save(*fnamep, FALSE);
+
+    len = tflen = (int)STRLEN(tfname);
+
+    if (get_short_pathname(&tfname, &pbuf, &len) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (len == 0)
+    {
+	// Don't have a valid filename, so shorten the rest of the
+	// path if we can. This CAN give us invalid 8.3 filenames, but
+	// there's not a lot of point in guessing what it might be.
+	len = tflen;
+	if (shortpath_for_invalid_fname(&tfname, &pbuf, &len) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    // Count the paths backward to find the beginning of the desired string.
+    for (p = tfname + len - 1; p >= tfname; --p)
+    {
+	if (has_mbyte)
+	    p -= mb_head_off(tfname, p);
+	if (vim_ispathsep(*p))
+	{
+	    if (sepcount == 0 || (hasTilde && sepcount == 1))
+		break;
+	    else
+		sepcount --;
+	}
+    }
+    if (hasTilde)
+    {
+	--p;
+	if (p >= tfname)
+	    *p = '~';
+	else
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+    else
+	++p;
+
+    // Copy in the string - p indexes into tfname - allocated at pbuf
+    vim_free(*bufp);
+    *fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(p);
+    *bufp = pbuf;
+    *fnamep = p;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+#endif // MSWIN
+
+/*
+ * Adjust a filename, according to a string of modifiers.
+ * *fnamep must be NUL terminated when called.  When returning, the length is
+ * determined by *fnamelen.
+ * Returns VALID_ flags or -1 for failure.
+ * When there is an error, *fnamep is set to NULL.
+ */
+    int
+modify_fname(
+    char_u	*src,		// string with modifiers
+    int		tilde_file,	// "~" is a file name, not $HOME
+    int		*usedlen,	// characters after src that are used
+    char_u	**fnamep,	// file name so far
+    char_u	**bufp,		// buffer for allocated file name or NULL
+    int		*fnamelen)	// length of fnamep
+{
+    int		valid = 0;
+    char_u	*tail;
+    char_u	*s, *p, *pbuf;
+    char_u	dirname[MAXPATHL];
+    int		c;
+    int		has_fullname = 0;
+    int		has_homerelative = 0;
+#ifdef MSWIN
+    char_u	*fname_start = *fnamep;
+    int		has_shortname = 0;
+#endif
+
+repeat:
+    // ":p" - full path/file_name
+    if (src[*usedlen] == ':' && src[*usedlen + 1] == 'p')
+    {
+	has_fullname = 1;
+
+	valid |= VALID_PATH;
+	*usedlen += 2;
+
+	// Expand "~/path" for all systems and "~user/path" for Unix and VMS
+	if ((*fnamep)[0] == '~'
+#if !defined(UNIX) && !(defined(VMS) && defined(USER_HOME))
+		&& ((*fnamep)[1] == '/'
+# ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+		    || (*fnamep)[1] == '\\'
+# endif
+		    || (*fnamep)[1] == NUL)
+#endif
+		&& !(tilde_file && (*fnamep)[1] == NUL)
+	   )
+	{
+	    *fnamep = expand_env_save(*fnamep);
+	    vim_free(*bufp);	// free any allocated file name
+	    *bufp = *fnamep;
+	    if (*fnamep == NULL)
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	// When "/." or "/.." is used: force expansion to get rid of it.
+	for (p = *fnamep; *p != NUL; MB_PTR_ADV(p))
+	{
+	    if (vim_ispathsep(*p)
+		    && p[1] == '.'
+		    && (p[2] == NUL
+			|| vim_ispathsep(p[2])
+			|| (p[2] == '.'
+			    && (p[3] == NUL || vim_ispathsep(p[3])))))
+		break;
+	}
+
+	// FullName_save() is slow, don't use it when not needed.
+	if (*p != NUL || !vim_isAbsName(*fnamep))
+	{
+	    *fnamep = FullName_save(*fnamep, *p != NUL);
+	    vim_free(*bufp);	// free any allocated file name
+	    *bufp = *fnamep;
+	    if (*fnamep == NULL)
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+#ifdef MSWIN
+# if _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0500
+	if (vim_strchr(*fnamep, '~') != NULL)
+	{
+	    // Expand 8.3 filename to full path.  Needed to make sure the same
+	    // file does not have two different names.
+	    // Note: problem does not occur if _WIN32_WINNT < 0x0500.
+	    WCHAR *wfname = enc_to_utf16(*fnamep, NULL);
+	    WCHAR buf[_MAX_PATH];
+
+	    if (wfname != NULL)
+	    {
+		if (GetLongPathNameW(wfname, buf, _MAX_PATH))
+		{
+		    char_u *q = utf16_to_enc(buf, NULL);
+
+		    if (q != NULL)
+		    {
+			vim_free(*bufp);    // free any allocated file name
+			*bufp = *fnamep = q;
+		    }
+		}
+		vim_free(wfname);
+	    }
+	}
+# endif
+#endif
+	// Append a path separator to a directory.
+	if (mch_isdir(*fnamep))
+	{
+	    // Make room for one or two extra characters.
+	    *fnamep = vim_strnsave(*fnamep, STRLEN(*fnamep) + 2);
+	    vim_free(*bufp);	// free any allocated file name
+	    *bufp = *fnamep;
+	    if (*fnamep == NULL)
+		return -1;
+	    add_pathsep(*fnamep);
+	}
+    }
+
+    // ":." - path relative to the current directory
+    // ":~" - path relative to the home directory
+    // ":8" - shortname path - postponed till after
+    while (src[*usedlen] == ':'
+		  && ((c = src[*usedlen + 1]) == '.' || c == '~' || c == '8'))
+    {
+	*usedlen += 2;
+	if (c == '8')
+	{
+#ifdef MSWIN
+	    has_shortname = 1; // Postpone this.
+#endif
+	    continue;
+	}
+	pbuf = NULL;
+	// Need full path first (use expand_env() to remove a "~/")
+	if (!has_fullname && !has_homerelative)
+	{
+	    if (**fnamep == '~')
+		p = pbuf = expand_env_save(*fnamep);
+	    else
+		p = pbuf = FullName_save(*fnamep, FALSE);
+	}
+	else
+	    p = *fnamep;
+
+	has_fullname = 0;
+
+	if (p != NULL)
+	{
+	    if (c == '.')
+	    {
+		size_t	namelen;
+
+		mch_dirname(dirname, MAXPATHL);
+		if (has_homerelative)
+		{
+		    s = vim_strsave(dirname);
+		    if (s != NULL)
+		    {
+			home_replace(NULL, s, dirname, MAXPATHL, TRUE);
+			vim_free(s);
+		    }
+		}
+		namelen = STRLEN(dirname);
+
+		// Do not call shorten_fname() here since it removes the prefix
+		// even though the path does not have a prefix.
+		if (fnamencmp(p, dirname, namelen) == 0)
+		{
+		    p += namelen;
+		    if (vim_ispathsep(*p))
+		    {
+			while (*p && vim_ispathsep(*p))
+			    ++p;
+			*fnamep = p;
+			if (pbuf != NULL)
+			{
+			    // free any allocated file name
+			    vim_free(*bufp);
+			    *bufp = pbuf;
+			    pbuf = NULL;
+			}
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		home_replace(NULL, p, dirname, MAXPATHL, TRUE);
+		// Only replace it when it starts with '~'
+		if (*dirname == '~')
+		{
+		    s = vim_strsave(dirname);
+		    if (s != NULL)
+		    {
+			*fnamep = s;
+			vim_free(*bufp);
+			*bufp = s;
+			has_homerelative = TRUE;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	    vim_free(pbuf);
+	}
+    }
+
+    tail = gettail(*fnamep);
+    *fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(*fnamep);
+
+    // ":h" - head, remove "/file_name", can be repeated
+    // Don't remove the first "/" or "c:\"
+    while (src[*usedlen] == ':' && src[*usedlen + 1] == 'h')
+    {
+	valid |= VALID_HEAD;
+	*usedlen += 2;
+	s = get_past_head(*fnamep);
+	while (tail > s && after_pathsep(s, tail))
+	    MB_PTR_BACK(*fnamep, tail);
+	*fnamelen = (int)(tail - *fnamep);
+#ifdef VMS
+	if (*fnamelen > 0)
+	    *fnamelen += 1; // the path separator is part of the path
+#endif
+	if (*fnamelen == 0)
+	{
+	    // Result is empty.  Turn it into "." to make ":cd %:h" work.
+	    p = vim_strsave((char_u *)".");
+	    if (p == NULL)
+		return -1;
+	    vim_free(*bufp);
+	    *bufp = *fnamep = tail = p;
+	    *fnamelen = 1;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    while (tail > s && !after_pathsep(s, tail))
+		MB_PTR_BACK(*fnamep, tail);
+	}
+    }
+
+    // ":8" - shortname
+    if (src[*usedlen] == ':' && src[*usedlen + 1] == '8')
+    {
+	*usedlen += 2;
+#ifdef MSWIN
+	has_shortname = 1;
+#endif
+    }
+
+#ifdef MSWIN
+    /*
+     * Handle ":8" after we have done 'heads' and before we do 'tails'.
+     */
+    if (has_shortname)
+    {
+	// Copy the string if it is shortened by :h and when it wasn't copied
+	// yet, because we are going to change it in place.  Avoids changing
+	// the buffer name for "%:8".
+	if (*fnamelen < (int)STRLEN(*fnamep) || *fnamep == fname_start)
+	{
+	    p = vim_strnsave(*fnamep, *fnamelen);
+	    if (p == NULL)
+		return -1;
+	    vim_free(*bufp);
+	    *bufp = *fnamep = p;
+	}
+
+	// Split into two implementations - makes it easier.  First is where
+	// there isn't a full name already, second is where there is.
+	if (!has_fullname && !vim_isAbsName(*fnamep))
+	{
+	    if (shortpath_for_partial(fnamep, bufp, fnamelen) == FAIL)
+		return -1;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    int		l = *fnamelen;
+
+	    // Simple case, already have the full-name.
+	    // Nearly always shorter, so try first time.
+	    if (get_short_pathname(fnamep, bufp, &l) == FAIL)
+		return -1;
+
+	    if (l == 0)
+	    {
+		// Couldn't find the filename, search the paths.
+		l = *fnamelen;
+		if (shortpath_for_invalid_fname(fnamep, bufp, &l) == FAIL)
+		    return -1;
+	    }
+	    *fnamelen = l;
+	}
+    }
+#endif // MSWIN
+
+    // ":t" - tail, just the basename
+    if (src[*usedlen] == ':' && src[*usedlen + 1] == 't')
+    {
+	*usedlen += 2;
+	*fnamelen -= (int)(tail - *fnamep);
+	*fnamep = tail;
+    }
+
+    // ":e" - extension, can be repeated
+    // ":r" - root, without extension, can be repeated
+    while (src[*usedlen] == ':'
+	    && (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'e' || src[*usedlen + 1] == 'r'))
+    {
+	// find a '.' in the tail:
+	// - for second :e: before the current fname
+	// - otherwise: The last '.'
+	if (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'e' && *fnamep > tail)
+	    s = *fnamep - 2;
+	else
+	    s = *fnamep + *fnamelen - 1;
+	for ( ; s > tail; --s)
+	    if (s[0] == '.')
+		break;
+	if (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'e')		// :e
+	{
+	    if (s > tail)
+	    {
+		*fnamelen += (int)(*fnamep - (s + 1));
+		*fnamep = s + 1;
+#ifdef VMS
+		// cut version from the extension
+		s = *fnamep + *fnamelen - 1;
+		for ( ; s > *fnamep; --s)
+		    if (s[0] == ';')
+			break;
+		if (s > *fnamep)
+		    *fnamelen = s - *fnamep;
+#endif
+	    }
+	    else if (*fnamep <= tail)
+		*fnamelen = 0;
+	}
+	else				// :r
+	{
+	    char_u *limit = *fnamep;
+
+	    if (limit < tail)
+		limit = tail;
+	    if (s > limit)	// remove one extension
+		*fnamelen = (int)(s - *fnamep);
+	}
+	*usedlen += 2;
+    }
+
+    // ":s?pat?foo?" - substitute
+    // ":gs?pat?foo?" - global substitute
+    if (src[*usedlen] == ':'
+	    && (src[*usedlen + 1] == 's'
+		|| (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'g' && src[*usedlen + 2] == 's')))
+    {
+	char_u	    *str;
+	char_u	    *pat;
+	char_u	    *sub;
+	int	    sep;
+	char_u	    *flags;
+	int	    didit = FALSE;
+
+	flags = (char_u *)"";
+	s = src + *usedlen + 2;
+	if (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'g')
+	{
+	    flags = (char_u *)"g";
+	    ++s;
+	}
+
+	sep = *s++;
+	if (sep)
+	{
+	    // find end of pattern
+	    p = vim_strchr(s, sep);
+	    if (p != NULL)
+	    {
+		pat = vim_strnsave(s, p - s);
+		if (pat != NULL)
+		{
+		    s = p + 1;
+		    // find end of substitution
+		    p = vim_strchr(s, sep);
+		    if (p != NULL)
+		    {
+			sub = vim_strnsave(s, p - s);
+			str = vim_strnsave(*fnamep, *fnamelen);
+			if (sub != NULL && str != NULL)
+			{
+			    *usedlen = (int)(p + 1 - src);
+			    s = do_string_sub(str, pat, sub, NULL, flags);
+			    if (s != NULL)
+			    {
+				*fnamep = s;
+				*fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(s);
+				vim_free(*bufp);
+				*bufp = s;
+				didit = TRUE;
+			    }
+			}
+			vim_free(sub);
+			vim_free(str);
+		    }
+		    vim_free(pat);
+		}
+	    }
+	    // after using ":s", repeat all the modifiers
+	    if (didit)
+		goto repeat;
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (src[*usedlen] == ':' && src[*usedlen + 1] == 'S')
+    {
+	// vim_strsave_shellescape() needs a NUL terminated string.
+	c = (*fnamep)[*fnamelen];
+	if (c != NUL)
+	    (*fnamep)[*fnamelen] = NUL;
+	p = vim_strsave_shellescape(*fnamep, FALSE, FALSE);
+	if (c != NUL)
+	    (*fnamep)[*fnamelen] = c;
+	if (p == NULL)
+	    return -1;
+	vim_free(*bufp);
+	*bufp = *fnamep = p;
+	*fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(p);
+	*usedlen += 2;
+    }
+
+    return valid;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Shorten the path of a file from "~/foo/../.bar/fname" to "~/f/../.b/fname"
+ * "trim_len" specifies how many characters to keep for each directory.
+ * Must be 1 or more.
+ * It's done in-place.
+ */
+    static void
+shorten_dir_len(char_u *str, int trim_len)
+{
+    char_u	*tail, *s, *d;
+    int		skip = FALSE;
+    int		dirchunk_len = 0;
+
+    tail = gettail(str);
+    d = str;
+    for (s = str; ; ++s)
+    {
+	if (s >= tail)		    // copy the whole tail
+	{
+	    *d++ = *s;
+	    if (*s == NUL)
+		break;
+	}
+	else if (vim_ispathsep(*s))	    // copy '/' and next char
+	{
+	    *d++ = *s;
+	    skip = FALSE;
+	    dirchunk_len = 0;
+	}
+	else if (!skip)
+	{
+	    *d++ = *s;			// copy next char
+	    if (*s != '~' && *s != '.') // and leading "~" and "."
+	    {
+		++dirchunk_len; // only count word chars for the size
+
+		// keep copying chars until we have our preferred length (or
+		// until the above if/else branches move us along)
+		if (dirchunk_len >= trim_len)
+		    skip = TRUE;
+	    }
+
+	    if (has_mbyte)
+	    {
+		int l = mb_ptr2len(s);
+
+		while (--l > 0)
+		    *d++ = *++s;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Shorten the path of a file from "~/foo/../.bar/fname" to "~/f/../.b/fname"
+ * It's done in-place.
+ */
+    void
+shorten_dir(char_u *str)
+{
+    shorten_dir_len(str, 1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if "fname" is a readable file.
+ */
+    int
+file_is_readable(char_u *fname)
+{
+    int		fd;
+
+#ifndef O_NONBLOCK
+# define O_NONBLOCK 0
+#endif
+    if (*fname && !mch_isdir(fname)
+	      && (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK, 0)) >= 0)
+    {
+	close(fd);
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+#if defined(FEAT_EVAL) || defined(PROTO)
+
+/*
+ * "chdir(dir)" function
+ */
+    void
+f_chdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*cwd;
+    cdscope_T	scope = CDSCOPE_GLOBAL;
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+
+    if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_STRING)
+    {
+	// Returning an empty string means it failed.
+	// No error message, for historic reasons.
+	if (in_vim9script())
+	    (void) check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    // Return the current directory
+    cwd = alloc(MAXPATHL);
+    if (cwd != NULL)
+    {
+	if (mch_dirname(cwd, MAXPATHL) != FAIL)
+	{
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+	    slash_adjust(cwd);
+#endif
+	    rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(cwd);
+	}
+	vim_free(cwd);
+    }
+
+    if (curwin->w_localdir != NULL)
+	scope = CDSCOPE_WINDOW;
+    else if (curtab->tp_localdir != NULL)
+	scope = CDSCOPE_TABPAGE;
+
+    if (!changedir_func(argvars[0].vval.v_string, TRUE, scope))
+	// Directory change failed
+	VIM_CLEAR(rettv->vval.v_string);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "delete()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_delete(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	nbuf[NUMBUFLEN];
+    char_u	*name;
+    char_u	*flags;
+
+    rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+    if (check_restricted() || check_secure())
+	return;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL))
+	return;
+
+    name = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+    if (name == NULL || *name == NUL)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_invalid_argument));
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	flags = tv_get_string_buf(&argvars[1], nbuf);
+    else
+	flags = (char_u *)"";
+
+    if (*flags == NUL)
+	// delete a file
+	rettv->vval.v_number = mch_remove(name) == 0 ? 0 : -1;
+    else if (STRCMP(flags, "d") == 0)
+	// delete an empty directory
+	rettv->vval.v_number = mch_rmdir(name) == 0 ? 0 : -1;
+    else if (STRCMP(flags, "rf") == 0)
+	// delete a directory recursively
+	rettv->vval.v_number = delete_recursive(name);
+    else
+	semsg(_(e_invalid_expression_str), flags);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "executable()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_executable(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    // Check in $PATH and also check directly if there is a directory name.
+    rettv->vval.v_number = mch_can_exe(tv_get_string(&argvars[0]), NULL, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "exepath()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_exepath(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u *p = NULL;
+
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_nonempty_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+    (void)mch_can_exe(tv_get_string(&argvars[0]), &p, TRUE);
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "filereadable()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_filereadable(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+    rettv->vval.v_number = file_is_readable(tv_get_string(&argvars[0]));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return 0 for not writable, 1 for writable file, 2 for a dir which we have
+ * rights to write into.
+ */
+    void
+f_filewritable(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+    rettv->vval.v_number = filewritable(tv_get_string(&argvars[0]));
+}
+
+    static void
+findfilendir(
+    typval_T	*argvars UNUSED,
+    typval_T	*rettv,
+    int		find_what UNUSED)
+{
+    char_u	*fname;
+    char_u	*fresult = NULL;
+    char_u	*path = *curbuf->b_p_path == NUL ? p_path : curbuf->b_p_path;
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	pathbuf[NUMBUFLEN];
+    int		count = 1;
+    int		first = TRUE;
+    int		error = FALSE;
+
+    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_nonempty_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL)))
+	return;
+
+    fname = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	p = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[1], pathbuf);
+	if (p == NULL)
+	    error = TRUE;
+	else
+	{
+	    if (*p != NUL)
+		path = p;
+
+	    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+		count = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (count < 0 && rettv_list_alloc(rettv) == FAIL)
+	error = TRUE;
+
+    if (*fname != NUL && !error)
+    {
+	do
+	{
+	    if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING || rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST)
+		vim_free(fresult);
+	    fresult = find_file_in_path_option(first ? fname : NULL,
+					       first ? (int)STRLEN(fname) : 0,
+					0, first, path,
+					find_what,
+					curbuf->b_ffname,
+					find_what == FINDFILE_DIR
+					    ? (char_u *)"" : curbuf->b_p_sua);
+	    first = FALSE;
+
+	    if (fresult != NULL && rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST)
+		list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, fresult, -1);
+
+	} while ((rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST || --count > 0) && fresult != NULL);
+    }
+
+    if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING)
+	rettv->vval.v_string = fresult;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "finddir({fname}[, {path}[, {count}]])" function
+ */
+    void
+f_finddir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    findfilendir(argvars, rettv, FINDFILE_DIR);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "findfile({fname}[, {path}[, {count}]])" function
+ */
+    void
+f_findfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    findfilendir(argvars, rettv, FINDFILE_FILE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "fnamemodify({fname}, {mods})" function
+ */
+    void
+f_fnamemodify(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*fname;
+    char_u	*mods;
+    int		usedlen = 0;
+    int		len = 0;
+    char_u	*fbuf = NULL;
+    char_u	buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL))
+	return;
+
+    fname = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
+    mods = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[1], buf);
+    if (mods == NULL || fname == NULL)
+	fname = NULL;
+    else
+    {
+	len = (int)STRLEN(fname);
+	if (mods != NULL && *mods != NUL)
+	    (void)modify_fname(mods, FALSE, &usedlen, &fname, &fbuf, &len);
+    }
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    if (fname == NULL)
+	rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+    else
+	rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strnsave(fname, len);
+    vim_free(fbuf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "getcwd()" function
+ *
+ * Return the current working directory of a window in a tab page.
+ * First optional argument 'winnr' is the window number or -1 and the second
+ * optional argument 'tabnr' is the tab page number.
+ *
+ * If no arguments are supplied, then return the directory of the current
+ * window.
+ * If only 'winnr' is specified and is not -1 or 0 then return the directory of
+ * the specified window.
+ * If 'winnr' is 0 then return the directory of the current window.
+ * If both 'winnr and 'tabnr' are specified and 'winnr' is -1 then return the
+ * directory of the specified tab page.  Otherwise return the directory of the
+ * specified window in the specified tab page.
+ * If the window or the tab page doesn't exist then return NULL.
+ */
+    void
+f_getcwd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    win_T	*wp = NULL;
+    tabpage_T	*tp = NULL;
+    char_u	*cwd;
+    int		global = FALSE;
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL)))
+	return;
+
+    if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_NUMBER
+	    && argvars[0].vval.v_number == -1
+	    && argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	global = TRUE;
+    else
+	wp = find_tabwin(&argvars[0], &argvars[1], &tp);
+
+    if (wp != NULL && wp->w_localdir != NULL
+					   && argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(wp->w_localdir);
+    else if (tp != NULL && tp->tp_localdir != NULL
+					   && argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(tp->tp_localdir);
+    else if (wp != NULL || tp != NULL || global)
+    {
+	if (globaldir != NULL && argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	    rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(globaldir);
+	else
+	{
+	    cwd = alloc(MAXPATHL);
+	    if (cwd != NULL)
+	    {
+		if (mch_dirname(cwd, MAXPATHL) != FAIL)
+		    rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(cwd);
+		vim_free(cwd);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+    if (rettv->vval.v_string != NULL)
+	slash_adjust(rettv->vval.v_string);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert "st" to file permission string.
+ */
+    char_u *
+getfpermst(stat_T *st, char_u *perm)
+{
+    char_u	    flags[] = "rwx";
+    int		    i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
+    {
+	if (st->st_mode & (1 << (8 - i)))
+	    perm[i] = flags[i % 3];
+	else
+	    perm[i] = '-';
+    }
+    return perm;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "getfperm({fname})" function
+ */
+    void
+f_getfperm(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*fname;
+    stat_T	st;
+    char_u	*perm = NULL;
+    char_u	permbuf[] = "---------";
+
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    fname = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
+	perm = vim_strsave(getfpermst(&st, permbuf));
+    rettv->vval.v_string = perm;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "getfsize({fname})" function
+ */
+    void
+f_getfsize(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*fname;
+    stat_T	st;
+
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    fname = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
+    {
+	if (mch_isdir(fname))
+	    rettv->vval.v_number = 0;
+	else
+	{
+	    rettv->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)st.st_size;
+
+	    // non-perfect check for overflow
+	    if ((off_T)rettv->vval.v_number != (off_T)st.st_size)
+		rettv->vval.v_number = -2;
+	}
+    }
+    else
+	  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "getftime({fname})" function
+ */
+    void
+f_getftime(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*fname;
+    stat_T	st;
+
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    fname = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
+	rettv->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)st.st_mtime;
+    else
+	rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert "st" to file type string.
+ */
+    char_u *
+getftypest(stat_T *st)
+{
+    char    *t;
+
+    if (S_ISREG(st->st_mode))
+	t = "file";
+    else if (S_ISDIR(st->st_mode))
+	t = "dir";
+    else if (S_ISLNK(st->st_mode))
+	t = "link";
+    else if (S_ISBLK(st->st_mode))
+	t = "bdev";
+    else if (S_ISCHR(st->st_mode))
+	t = "cdev";
+    else if (S_ISFIFO(st->st_mode))
+	t = "fifo";
+    else if (S_ISSOCK(st->st_mode))
+	t = "socket";
+    else
+	t = "other";
+    return (char_u*)t;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "getftype({fname})" function
+ */
+    void
+f_getftype(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*fname;
+    stat_T	st;
+    char_u	*type = NULL;
+
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    fname = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    if (mch_lstat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
+	type = vim_strsave(getftypest(&st));
+    rettv->vval.v_string = type;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "glob()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_glob(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    int		options = WILD_SILENT|WILD_USE_NL;
+    expand_T	xpc;
+    int		error = FALSE;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_bool_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && (check_for_opt_bool_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL
+			|| (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+			    && check_for_opt_bool_arg(argvars, 3) == FAIL)))))
+	return;
+
+    // When the optional second argument is non-zero, don't remove matches
+    // for 'wildignore' and don't put matches for 'suffixes' at the end.
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	if (tv_get_bool_chk(&argvars[1], &error))
+	    options |= WILD_KEEP_ALL;
+	if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	{
+	    if (tv_get_bool_chk(&argvars[2], &error))
+		rettv_list_set(rettv, NULL);
+	    if (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+				    && tv_get_bool_chk(&argvars[3], &error))
+		options |= WILD_ALLLINKS;
+	}
+    }
+    if (!error)
+    {
+	ExpandInit(&xpc);
+	xpc.xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;
+	if (p_wic)
+	    options += WILD_ICASE;
+	if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING)
+	    rettv->vval.v_string = ExpandOne(&xpc, tv_get_string(&argvars[0]),
+						     NULL, options, WILD_ALL);
+	else if (rettv_list_alloc(rettv) == OK)
+	{
+	  int i;
+
+	  ExpandOne(&xpc, tv_get_string(&argvars[0]),
+						NULL, options, WILD_ALL_KEEP);
+	  for (i = 0; i < xpc.xp_numfiles; i++)
+	      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, xpc.xp_files[i], -1);
+
+	  ExpandCleanup(&xpc);
+	}
+    }
+    else
+	rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "glob2regpat()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_glob2regpat(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+    char_u	*pat;
+
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    pat = tv_get_string_buf_chk_strict(&argvars[0], buf, in_vim9script());
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = (pat == NULL)
+			 ? NULL : file_pat_to_reg_pat(pat, NULL, NULL, FALSE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "globpath()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_globpath(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    int		flags = WILD_IGNORE_COMPLETESLASH;
+    char_u	buf1[NUMBUFLEN];
+    char_u	*file;
+    int		error = FALSE;
+    garray_T	ga;
+    int		i;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_bool_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && (check_for_opt_bool_arg(argvars, 3) == FAIL
+			|| (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+			    && check_for_opt_bool_arg(argvars, 4) == FAIL)))))
+	return;
+
+    file = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[1], buf1);
+
+    // When the optional second argument is non-zero, don't remove matches
+    // for 'wildignore' and don't put matches for 'suffixes' at the end.
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	if (tv_get_bool_chk(&argvars[2], &error))
+	    flags |= WILD_KEEP_ALL;
+	if (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	{
+	    if (tv_get_bool_chk(&argvars[3], &error))
+		rettv_list_set(rettv, NULL);
+	    if (argvars[4].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+				    && tv_get_bool_chk(&argvars[4], &error))
+		flags |= WILD_ALLLINKS;
+	}
+    }
+    if (file != NULL && !error)
+    {
+	ga_init2(&ga, sizeof(char_u *), 10);
+	globpath(tv_get_string(&argvars[0]), file, &ga, flags, FALSE);
+	if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING)
+	    rettv->vval.v_string = ga_concat_strings(&ga, "\n");
+	else if (rettv_list_alloc(rettv) == OK)
+	    for (i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; ++i)
+		list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+					    ((char_u **)(ga.ga_data))[i], -1);
+	ga_clear_strings(&ga);
+    }
+    else
+	rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "isdirectory()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_isdirectory(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    rettv->vval.v_number = mch_isdir(tv_get_string(&argvars[0]));
+}
+
+/*
+ * "isabsolutepath()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_isabsolutepath(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    rettv->vval.v_number = mch_isFullName(tv_get_string_strict(&argvars[0]));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create the directory in which "dir" is located, and higher levels when
+ * needed.
+ * Set "created" to the full name of the first created directory.  It will be
+ * NULL until that happens.
+ * Return OK or FAIL.
+ */
+    static int
+mkdir_recurse(char_u *dir, int prot, char_u **created)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	*updir;
+    int		r = FAIL;
+
+    // Get end of directory name in "dir".
+    // We're done when it's "/" or "c:/".
+    p = gettail_sep(dir);
+    if (p <= get_past_head(dir))
+	return OK;
+
+    // If the directory exists we're done.  Otherwise: create it.
+    updir = vim_strnsave(dir, p - dir);
+    if (updir == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (mch_isdir(updir))
+	r = OK;
+    else if (mkdir_recurse(updir, prot, created) == OK)
+    {
+	r = vim_mkdir_emsg(updir, prot);
+	if (r == OK && created != NULL && *created == NULL)
+	    *created = FullName_save(updir, FALSE);
+    }
+    vim_free(updir);
+    return r;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "mkdir()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_mkdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*dir;
+    char_u	buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+    int		prot = 0755;
+    int		defer = FALSE;
+    int		defer_recurse = FALSE;
+    char_u	*created = NULL;
+
+    rettv->vval.v_number = FAIL;
+    if (check_restricted() || check_secure())
+	return;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_nonempty_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL)))
+	return;
+
+    dir = tv_get_string_buf(&argvars[0], buf);
+    if (*dir == NUL)
+	return;
+
+    if (*gettail(dir) == NUL)
+	// remove trailing slashes
+	*gettail_sep(dir) = NUL;
+
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	char_u *arg2;
+
+	if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	{
+	    prot = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[2], NULL);
+	    if (prot == -1)
+		return;
+	}
+	arg2 = tv_get_string(&argvars[1]);
+	defer = vim_strchr(arg2, 'D') != NULL;
+	defer_recurse = vim_strchr(arg2, 'R') != NULL;
+	if ((defer || defer_recurse) && !can_add_defer())
+	    return;
+
+	if (vim_strchr(arg2, 'p') != NULL)
+	{
+	    if (mch_isdir(dir))
+	    {
+		// With the "p" flag it's OK if the dir already exists.
+		rettv->vval.v_number = OK;
+		return;
+	    }
+	    mkdir_recurse(dir, prot, defer || defer_recurse ? &created : NULL);
+	}
+    }
+    rettv->vval.v_number = vim_mkdir_emsg(dir, prot);
+
+    // Handle "D" and "R": deferred deletion of the created directory.
+    if (rettv->vval.v_number == OK
+				&& created == NULL && (defer || defer_recurse))
+	created = FullName_save(dir, FALSE);
+    if (created != NULL)
+    {
+	typval_T tv[2];
+
+	tv[0].v_type = VAR_STRING;
+	tv[0].v_lock = 0;
+	tv[0].vval.v_string = created;
+	tv[1].v_type = VAR_STRING;
+	tv[1].v_lock = 0;
+	tv[1].vval.v_string = vim_strsave(
+				       (char_u *)(defer_recurse ? "rf" : "d"));
+	if (tv[0].vval.v_string == NULL || tv[1].vval.v_string == NULL
+		|| add_defer((char_u *)"delete", 2, tv) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    vim_free(tv[0].vval.v_string);
+	    vim_free(tv[1].vval.v_string);
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * "pathshorten()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_pathshorten(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		trim_len = 1;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL))
+	return;
+
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	trim_len = (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]);
+	if (trim_len < 1)
+	    trim_len = 1;
+    }
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    p = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
+
+    if (p == NULL)
+	rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+    else
+    {
+	p = vim_strsave(p);
+	rettv->vval.v_string = p;
+	if (p != NULL)
+	    shorten_dir_len(p, trim_len);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Common code for readdir_checkitem() and readdirex_checkitem().
+ * Either "name" or "dict" is NULL.
+ */
+    static int
+checkitem_common(void *context, char_u *name, dict_T *dict)
+{
+    typval_T	*expr = (typval_T *)context;
+    typval_T	save_val;
+    typval_T	rettv;
+    typval_T	argv[2];
+    int		retval = 0;
+    int		error = FALSE;
+
+    prepare_vimvar(VV_VAL, &save_val);
+    if (name != NULL)
+    {
+	set_vim_var_string(VV_VAL, name, -1);
+	argv[0].v_type = VAR_STRING;
+	argv[0].vval.v_string = name;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	set_vim_var_dict(VV_VAL, dict);
+	argv[0].v_type = VAR_DICT;
+	argv[0].vval.v_dict = dict;
+    }
+
+    if (eval_expr_typval(expr, argv, 1, NULL, &rettv) == FAIL)
+	goto theend;
+
+    // We want to use -1, but also true/false should be allowed.
+    if (rettv.v_type == VAR_SPECIAL || rettv.v_type == VAR_BOOL)
+    {
+	rettv.v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
+	rettv.vval.v_number = rettv.vval.v_number == VVAL_TRUE;
+    }
+    retval = tv_get_number_chk(&rettv, &error);
+    if (error)
+	retval = -1;
+    clear_tv(&rettv);
+
+theend:
+    if (name != NULL)
+	set_vim_var_string(VV_VAL, NULL, 0);
+    else
+	set_vim_var_dict(VV_VAL, NULL);
+    restore_vimvar(VV_VAL, &save_val);
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate "expr" (= "context") for readdir().
+ */
+    static int
+readdir_checkitem(void *context, void *item)
+{
+    char_u	*name = (char_u *)item;
+
+    return checkitem_common(context, name, NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Process the keys in the Dict argument to the readdir() and readdirex()
+ * functions.  Assumes the Dict argument is the 3rd argument.
+ */
+    static int
+readdirex_dict_arg(typval_T *argvars, int *cmp)
+{
+    char_u     *compare;
+
+    if (check_for_nonnull_dict_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (dict_has_key(argvars[2].vval.v_dict, "sort"))
+	compare = dict_get_string(argvars[2].vval.v_dict, "sort", FALSE);
+    else
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_dictionary_key_str_required), "sort");
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    if (STRCMP(compare, (char_u *) "none") == 0)
+	*cmp = READDIR_SORT_NONE;
+    else if (STRCMP(compare, (char_u *) "case") == 0)
+	*cmp = READDIR_SORT_BYTE;
+    else if (STRCMP(compare, (char_u *) "icase") == 0)
+	*cmp = READDIR_SORT_IC;
+    else if (STRCMP(compare, (char_u *) "collate") == 0)
+	*cmp = READDIR_SORT_COLLATE;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "readdir()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_readdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    typval_T	*expr;
+    int		ret;
+    char_u	*path;
+    char_u	*p;
+    garray_T	ga;
+    int		i;
+    int		sort = READDIR_SORT_BYTE;
+
+    if (rettv_list_alloc(rettv) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && check_for_opt_dict_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL)))
+	return;
+
+    path = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+    expr = &argvars[1];
+
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN && argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN &&
+	    readdirex_dict_arg(argvars, &sort) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    ret = readdir_core(&ga, path, FALSE, (void *)expr,
+	    (expr->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) ? NULL : readdir_checkitem, sort);
+    if (ret == OK)
+    {
+	for (i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++)
+	{
+	    p = ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i];
+	    list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, p, -1);
+	}
+    }
+    ga_clear_strings(&ga);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate "expr" (= "context") for readdirex().
+ */
+    static int
+readdirex_checkitem(void *context, void *item)
+{
+    dict_T	*dict = (dict_T*)item;
+
+    return checkitem_common(context, NULL, dict);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "readdirex()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_readdirex(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    typval_T	*expr;
+    int		ret;
+    char_u	*path;
+    garray_T	ga;
+    int		i;
+    int		sort = READDIR_SORT_BYTE;
+
+    if (rettv_list_alloc(rettv) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && check_for_opt_dict_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL)))
+	return;
+
+    path = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+    expr = &argvars[1];
+
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN && argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN &&
+	    readdirex_dict_arg(argvars, &sort) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    ret = readdir_core(&ga, path, TRUE, (void *)expr,
+	    (expr->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) ? NULL : readdirex_checkitem, sort);
+    if (ret == OK)
+    {
+	for (i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++)
+	{
+	    dict_T  *dict = ((dict_T**)ga.ga_data)[i];
+	    list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, dict);
+	    dict_unref(dict);
+	}
+    }
+    ga_clear(&ga);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "readfile()" function
+ */
+    static void
+read_file_or_blob(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int always_blob)
+{
+    int		binary = FALSE;
+    int		blob = always_blob;
+    int		failed = FALSE;
+    char_u	*fname;
+    FILE	*fd;
+    char_u	buf[(IOSIZE/256)*256];	// rounded to avoid odd + 1
+    int		io_size = sizeof(buf);
+    int		readlen;		// size of last fread()
+    char_u	*prev	 = NULL;	// previously read bytes, if any
+    long	prevlen  = 0;		// length of data in prev
+    long	prevsize = 0;		// size of prev buffer
+    long	maxline  = MAXLNUM;
+    long	cnt	 = 0;
+    char_u	*p;			// position in buf
+    char_u	*start;			// start of current line
+    off_T	offset = 0;
+    off_T	size = -1;
+
+    if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	if (always_blob)
+	{
+	    offset = (off_T)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]);
+	    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+		size = (off_T)tv_get_number(&argvars[2]);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    if (STRCMP(tv_get_string(&argvars[1]), "b") == 0)
+		binary = TRUE;
+	    if (STRCMP(tv_get_string(&argvars[1]), "B") == 0)
+		blob = TRUE;
+
+	    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+		maxline = (long)tv_get_number(&argvars[2]);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if ((blob ? rettv_blob_alloc(rettv) : rettv_list_alloc(rettv)) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    // Always open the file in binary mode, library functions have a mind of
+    // their own about CR-LF conversion.
+    fname = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+
+    if (mch_isdir(fname))
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_str_is_directory), fname);
+	return;
+    }
+    if (*fname == NUL || (fd = mch_fopen((char *)fname, READBIN)) == NULL)
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_cant_open_file_str),
+			       *fname == NUL ? (char_u *)_("<empty>") : fname);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (blob)
+    {
+	if (read_blob(fd, rettv, offset, size) == FAIL)
+	    semsg(_(e_cant_read_file_str), fname);
+	fclose(fd);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    while (cnt < maxline || maxline < 0)
+    {
+	readlen = (int)fread(buf, 1, io_size, fd);
+
+	// This for loop processes what was read, but is also entered at end
+	// of file so that either:
+	// - an incomplete line gets written
+	// - a "binary" file gets an empty line at the end if it ends in a
+	//   newline.
+	for (p = buf, start = buf;
+		p < buf + readlen || (readlen <= 0 && (prevlen > 0 || binary));
+		++p)
+	{
+	    if (readlen <= 0 || *p == '\n')
+	    {
+		listitem_T  *li;
+		char_u	    *s	= NULL;
+		long_u	    len = p - start;
+
+		// Finished a line.  Remove CRs before NL.
+		if (readlen > 0 && !binary)
+		{
+		    while (len > 0 && start[len - 1] == '\r')
+			--len;
+		    // removal may cross back to the "prev" string
+		    if (len == 0)
+			while (prevlen > 0 && prev[prevlen - 1] == '\r')
+			    --prevlen;
+		}
+		if (prevlen == 0)
+		    s = vim_strnsave(start, len);
+		else
+		{
+		    // Change "prev" buffer to be the right size.  This way
+		    // the bytes are only copied once, and very long lines are
+		    // allocated only once.
+		    if ((s = vim_realloc(prev, prevlen + len + 1)) != NULL)
+		    {
+			mch_memmove(s + prevlen, start, len);
+			s[prevlen + len] = NUL;
+			prev = NULL; // the list will own the string
+			prevlen = prevsize = 0;
+		    }
+		}
+		if (s == NULL)
+		{
+		    do_outofmem_msg((long_u) prevlen + len + 1);
+		    failed = TRUE;
+		    break;
+		}
+
+		if ((li = listitem_alloc()) == NULL)
+		{
+		    vim_free(s);
+		    failed = TRUE;
+		    break;
+		}
+		li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
+		li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
+		li->li_tv.vval.v_string = s;
+		list_append(rettv->vval.v_list, li);
+
+		start = p + 1; // step over newline
+		if ((++cnt >= maxline && maxline >= 0) || readlen <= 0)
+		    break;
+	    }
+	    else if (*p == NUL)
+		*p = '\n';
+	    // Check for utf8 "bom"; U+FEFF is encoded as EF BB BF.  Do this
+	    // when finding the BF and check the previous two bytes.
+	    else if (*p == 0xbf && enc_utf8 && !binary)
+	    {
+		// Find the two bytes before the 0xbf.	If p is at buf, or buf
+		// + 1, these may be in the "prev" string.
+		char_u back1 = p >= buf + 1 ? p[-1]
+				     : prevlen >= 1 ? prev[prevlen - 1] : NUL;
+		char_u back2 = p >= buf + 2 ? p[-2]
+			  : p == buf + 1 && prevlen >= 1 ? prev[prevlen - 1]
+			  : prevlen >= 2 ? prev[prevlen - 2] : NUL;
+
+		if (back2 == 0xef && back1 == 0xbb)
+		{
+		    char_u *dest = p - 2;
+
+		    // Usually a BOM is at the beginning of a file, and so at
+		    // the beginning of a line; then we can just step over it.
+		    if (start == dest)
+			start = p + 1;
+		    else
+		    {
+			// have to shuffle buf to close gap
+			int adjust_prevlen = 0;
+
+			if (dest < buf)
+			{
+			    // must be 1 or 2
+			    adjust_prevlen = (int)(buf - dest);
+			    dest = buf;
+			}
+			if (readlen > p - buf + 1)
+			    mch_memmove(dest, p + 1, readlen - (p - buf) - 1);
+			readlen -= 3 - adjust_prevlen;
+			prevlen -= adjust_prevlen;
+			p = dest - 1;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	} // for
+
+	if (failed || (cnt >= maxline && maxline >= 0) || readlen <= 0)
+	    break;
+	if (start < p)
+	{
+	    // There's part of a line in buf, store it in "prev".
+	    if (p - start + prevlen >= prevsize)
+	    {
+		// need bigger "prev" buffer
+		char_u *newprev;
+
+		// A common use case is ordinary text files and "prev" gets a
+		// fragment of a line, so the first allocation is made
+		// small, to avoid repeatedly 'allocing' large and
+		// 'reallocing' small.
+		if (prevsize == 0)
+		    prevsize = (long)(p - start);
+		else
+		{
+		    long grow50pc = (prevsize * 3) / 2;
+		    long growmin  = (long)((p - start) * 2 + prevlen);
+		    prevsize = grow50pc > growmin ? grow50pc : growmin;
+		}
+		newprev = vim_realloc(prev, prevsize);
+		if (newprev == NULL)
+		{
+		    do_outofmem_msg((long_u)prevsize);
+		    failed = TRUE;
+		    break;
+		}
+		prev = newprev;
+	    }
+	    // Add the line part to end of "prev".
+	    mch_memmove(prev + prevlen, start, p - start);
+	    prevlen += (long)(p - start);
+	}
+    } // while
+
+    // For a negative line count use only the lines at the end of the file,
+    // free the rest.
+    if (!failed && maxline < 0)
+	while (cnt > -maxline)
+	{
+	    listitem_remove(rettv->vval.v_list, rettv->vval.v_list->lv_first);
+	    --cnt;
+	}
+
+    if (failed)
+    {
+	// an empty list is returned on error
+	list_free(rettv->vval.v_list);
+	rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    }
+
+    vim_free(prev);
+    fclose(fd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "readblob()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_readblob(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL)))
+	return;
+
+    read_file_or_blob(argvars, rettv, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "readfile()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_nonempty_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
+		    && check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL)))
+	return;
+
+    read_file_or_blob(argvars, rettv, FALSE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * "resolve()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_resolve(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
+    char_u	*buf = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    if (in_vim9script() && check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    p = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
+#ifdef FEAT_SHORTCUT
+    {
+	char_u	*v = NULL;
+
+	v = mch_resolve_path(p, TRUE);
+	if (v != NULL)
+	    rettv->vval.v_string = v;
+	else
+	    rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(p);
+    }
+#else
+# ifdef HAVE_READLINK
+    {
+	char_u	*cpy;
+	int	len;
+	char_u	*remain = NULL;
+	char_u	*q;
+	int	is_relative_to_current = FALSE;
+	int	has_trailing_pathsep = FALSE;
+	int	limit = 100;
+
+	p = vim_strsave(p);
+	if (p == NULL)
+	    goto fail;
+	if (p[0] == '.' && (vim_ispathsep(p[1])
+				   || (p[1] == '.' && (vim_ispathsep(p[2])))))
+	    is_relative_to_current = TRUE;
+
+	len = STRLEN(p);
+	if (len > 1 && after_pathsep(p, p + len))
+	{
+	    has_trailing_pathsep = TRUE;
+	    p[len - 1] = NUL; // the trailing slash breaks readlink()
+	}
+
+	q = getnextcomp(p);
+	if (*q != NUL)
+	{
+	    // Separate the first path component in "p", and keep the
+	    // remainder (beginning with the path separator).
+	    remain = vim_strsave(q - 1);
+	    q[-1] = NUL;
+	}
+
+	buf = alloc(MAXPATHL + 1);
+	if (buf == NULL)
+	{
+	    vim_free(p);
+	    goto fail;
+	}
+
+	for (;;)
+	{
+	    for (;;)
+	    {
+		len = readlink((char *)p, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL);
+		if (len <= 0)
+		    break;
+		buf[len] = NUL;
+
+		if (limit-- == 0)
+		{
+		    vim_free(p);
+		    vim_free(remain);
+		    emsg(_(e_too_many_symbolic_links_cycle));
+		    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+		    goto fail;
+		}
+
+		// Ensure that the result will have a trailing path separator
+		// if the argument has one.
+		if (remain == NULL && has_trailing_pathsep)
+		    add_pathsep(buf);
+
+		// Separate the first path component in the link value and
+		// concatenate the remainders.
+		q = getnextcomp(vim_ispathsep(*buf) ? buf + 1 : buf);
+		if (*q != NUL)
+		{
+		    if (remain == NULL)
+			remain = vim_strsave(q - 1);
+		    else
+		    {
+			cpy = concat_str(q - 1, remain);
+			if (cpy != NULL)
+			{
+			    vim_free(remain);
+			    remain = cpy;
+			}
+		    }
+		    q[-1] = NUL;
+		}
+
+		q = gettail(p);
+		if (q > p && *q == NUL)
+		{
+		    // Ignore trailing path separator.
+		    q[-1] = NUL;
+		    q = gettail(p);
+		}
+		if (q > p && !mch_isFullName(buf))
+		{
+		    // symlink is relative to directory of argument
+		    cpy = alloc(STRLEN(p) + STRLEN(buf) + 1);
+		    if (cpy != NULL)
+		    {
+			STRCPY(cpy, p);
+			STRCPY(gettail(cpy), buf);
+			vim_free(p);
+			p = cpy;
+		    }
+		}
+		else
+		{
+		    vim_free(p);
+		    p = vim_strsave(buf);
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    if (remain == NULL)
+		break;
+
+	    // Append the first path component of "remain" to "p".
+	    q = getnextcomp(remain + 1);
+	    len = q - remain - (*q != NUL);
+	    cpy = vim_strnsave(p, STRLEN(p) + len);
+	    if (cpy != NULL)
+	    {
+		STRNCAT(cpy, remain, len);
+		vim_free(p);
+		p = cpy;
+	    }
+	    // Shorten "remain".
+	    if (*q != NUL)
+		STRMOVE(remain, q - 1);
+	    else
+		VIM_CLEAR(remain);
+	}
+
+	// If the result is a relative path name, make it explicitly relative to
+	// the current directory if and only if the argument had this form.
+	if (!vim_ispathsep(*p))
+	{
+	    if (is_relative_to_current
+		    && *p != NUL
+		    && !(p[0] == '.'
+			&& (p[1] == NUL
+			    || vim_ispathsep(p[1])
+			    || (p[1] == '.'
+				&& (p[2] == NUL
+				    || vim_ispathsep(p[2]))))))
+	    {
+		// Prepend "./".
+		cpy = concat_str((char_u *)"./", p);
+		if (cpy != NULL)
+		{
+		    vim_free(p);
+		    p = cpy;
+		}
+	    }
+	    else if (!is_relative_to_current)
+	    {
+		// Strip leading "./".
+		q = p;
+		while (q[0] == '.' && vim_ispathsep(q[1]))
+		    q += 2;
+		if (q > p)
+		    STRMOVE(p, p + 2);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	// Ensure that the result will have no trailing path separator
+	// if the argument had none.  But keep "/" or "//".
+	if (!has_trailing_pathsep)
+	{
+	    q = p + STRLEN(p);
+	    if (after_pathsep(p, q))
+		*gettail_sep(p) = NUL;
+	}
+
+	rettv->vval.v_string = p;
+    }
+# else
+    rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(p);
+# endif
+#endif
+
+    simplify_filename(rettv->vval.v_string);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
+fail:
+    vim_free(buf);
+#endif
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "tempname()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_tempname(typval_T *argvars UNUSED, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    static int	x = 'A';
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = vim_tempname(x, FALSE);
+
+    // Advance 'x' to use A-Z and 0-9, so that there are at least 34 different
+    // names.  Skip 'I' and 'O', they are used for shell redirection.
+    do
+    {
+	if (x == 'Z')
+	    x = '0';
+	else if (x == '9')
+	    x = 'A';
+	else
+	    ++x;
+    } while (x == 'I' || x == 'O');
+}
+
+/*
+ * "writefile()" function
+ */
+    void
+f_writefile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    int		binary = FALSE;
+    int		append = FALSE;
+    int		defer = FALSE;
+#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
+    int		do_fsync = p_fs;
+#endif
+    char_u	*fname;
+    FILE	*fd;
+    int		ret = 0;
+    listitem_T	*li;
+    list_T	*list = NULL;
+    blob_T	*blob = NULL;
+
+    rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+    if (check_secure())
+	return;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_list_or_blob_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_string_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL))
+	return;
+
+    if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST)
+    {
+	list = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
+	if (list == NULL)
+	    return;
+	CHECK_LIST_MATERIALIZE(list);
+	FOR_ALL_LIST_ITEMS(list, li)
+	    if (tv_get_string_chk(&li->li_tv) == NULL)
+		return;
+    }
+    else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_BLOB)
+    {
+	blob = argvars[0].vval.v_blob;
+	if (blob == NULL)
+	    return;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_invalid_argument_str),
+		_("writefile() first argument must be a List or a Blob"));
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	char_u *arg2 = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[2]);
+
+	if (arg2 == NULL)
+	    return;
+	if (vim_strchr(arg2, 'b') != NULL)
+	    binary = TRUE;
+	if (vim_strchr(arg2, 'a') != NULL)
+	    append = TRUE;
+	if (vim_strchr(arg2, 'D') != NULL)
+	    defer = TRUE;
+#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
+	if (vim_strchr(arg2, 's') != NULL)
+	    do_fsync = TRUE;
+	else if (vim_strchr(arg2, 'S') != NULL)
+	    do_fsync = FALSE;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    fname = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[1]);
+    if (fname == NULL)
+	return;
+
+    if (defer && !can_add_defer())
+	return;
+
+    // Always open the file in binary mode, library functions have a mind of
+    // their own about CR-LF conversion.
+    if (*fname == NUL || (fd = mch_fopen((char *)fname,
+				      append ? APPENDBIN : WRITEBIN)) == NULL)
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_cant_create_file_str),
+			       *fname == NUL ? (char_u *)_("<empty>") : fname);
+	ret = -1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	if (defer)
+	{
+	    typval_T tv;
+
+	    tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
+	    tv.v_lock = 0;
+	    tv.vval.v_string = FullName_save(fname, FALSE);
+	    if (tv.vval.v_string == NULL
+		    || add_defer((char_u *)"delete", 1, &tv) == FAIL)
+	    {
+		ret = -1;
+		fclose(fd);
+		(void)mch_remove(fname);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (ret == 0)
+	{
+	    if (blob)
+	    {
+		if (write_blob(fd, blob) == FAIL)
+		    ret = -1;
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		if (write_list(fd, list, binary) == FAIL)
+		    ret = -1;
+	    }
+#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
+	    if (ret == 0 && do_fsync)
+		// Ignore the error, the user wouldn't know what to do about
+		// it.  May happen for a device.
+		vim_ignored = vim_fsync(fileno(fd));
+#endif
+	    fclose(fd);
+	}
+    }
+
+    rettv->vval.v_number = ret;
+}
+
+#endif // FEAT_EVAL
+
+#if defined(FEAT_BROWSE) || defined(PROTO)
+/*
+ * Generic browse function.  Calls gui_mch_browse() when possible.
+ * Later this may pop-up a non-GUI file selector (external command?).
+ */
+    char_u *
+do_browse(
+    int		flags,		// BROWSE_SAVE and BROWSE_DIR
+    char_u	*title,		// title for the window
+    char_u	*dflt,		// default file name (may include directory)
+    char_u	*ext,		// extension added
+    char_u	*initdir,	// initial directory, NULL for current dir or
+				// when using path from "dflt"
+    char_u	*filter,	// file name filter
+    buf_T	*buf)		// buffer to read/write for
+{
+    char_u		*fname;
+    static char_u	*last_dir = NULL;    // last used directory
+    char_u		*tofree = NULL;
+    int			save_cmod_flags = cmdmod.cmod_flags;
+
+    // Must turn off browse to avoid that autocommands will get the
+    // flag too!
+    cmdmod.cmod_flags &= ~CMOD_BROWSE;
+
+    if (title == NULL || *title == NUL)
+    {
+	if (flags & BROWSE_DIR)
+	    title = (char_u *)_("Select Directory dialog");
+	else if (flags & BROWSE_SAVE)
+	    title = (char_u *)_("Save File dialog");
+	else
+	    title = (char_u *)_("Open File dialog");
+    }
+
+    // When no directory specified, use default file name, default dir, buffer
+    // dir, last dir or current dir
+    if ((initdir == NULL || *initdir == NUL) && dflt != NULL && *dflt != NUL)
+    {
+	if (mch_isdir(dflt))		// default file name is a directory
+	{
+	    initdir = dflt;
+	    dflt = NULL;
+	}
+	else if (gettail(dflt) != dflt)	// default file name includes a path
+	{
+	    tofree = vim_strsave(dflt);
+	    if (tofree != NULL)
+	    {
+		initdir = tofree;
+		*gettail(initdir) = NUL;
+		dflt = gettail(dflt);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (initdir == NULL || *initdir == NUL)
+    {
+	// When 'browsedir' is a directory, use it
+	if (STRCMP(p_bsdir, "last") != 0
+		&& STRCMP(p_bsdir, "buffer") != 0
+		&& STRCMP(p_bsdir, "current") != 0
+		&& mch_isdir(p_bsdir))
+	    initdir = p_bsdir;
+	// When saving or 'browsedir' is "buffer", use buffer fname
+	else if (((flags & BROWSE_SAVE) || *p_bsdir == 'b')
+		&& buf != NULL && buf->b_ffname != NULL)
+	{
+	    if (dflt == NULL || *dflt == NUL)
+		dflt = gettail(curbuf->b_ffname);
+	    tofree = vim_strsave(curbuf->b_ffname);
+	    if (tofree != NULL)
+	    {
+		initdir = tofree;
+		*gettail(initdir) = NUL;
+	    }
+	}
+	// When 'browsedir' is "last", use dir from last browse
+	else if (*p_bsdir == 'l')
+	    initdir = last_dir;
+	// When 'browsedir is "current", use current directory.  This is the
+	// default already, leave initdir empty.
+    }
+
+# ifdef FEAT_GUI
+    if (gui.in_use)		// when this changes, also adjust f_has()!
+    {
+	if (filter == NULL
+#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
+		&& (filter = get_var_value((char_u *)"b:browsefilter")) == NULL
+		&& (filter = get_var_value((char_u *)"g:browsefilter")) == NULL
+#  endif
+	)
+	    filter = BROWSE_FILTER_DEFAULT;
+	if (flags & BROWSE_DIR)
+	{
+#  if defined(FEAT_GUI_GTK) || defined(MSWIN)
+	    // For systems that have a directory dialog.
+	    fname = gui_mch_browsedir(title, initdir);
+#  else
+	    // Generic solution for selecting a directory: select a file and
+	    // remove the file name.
+	    fname = gui_mch_browse(0, title, dflt, ext, initdir, (char_u *)"");
+#  endif
+#  if !defined(FEAT_GUI_GTK)
+	    // Win32 adds a dummy file name, others return an arbitrary file
+	    // name.  GTK+ 2 returns only the directory,
+	    if (fname != NULL && *fname != NUL && !mch_isdir(fname))
+	    {
+		// Remove the file name.
+		char_u	    *tail = gettail_sep(fname);
+
+		if (tail == fname)
+		    *tail++ = '.';	// use current dir
+		*tail = NUL;
+	    }
+#  endif
+	}
+	else
+	    fname = gui_mch_browse(flags & BROWSE_SAVE,
+			       title, dflt, ext, initdir, (char_u *)_(filter));
+
+	// We hang around in the dialog for a while, the user might do some
+	// things to our files.  The Win32 dialog allows deleting or renaming
+	// a file, check timestamps.
+	need_check_timestamps = TRUE;
+	did_check_timestamps = FALSE;
+    }
+    else
+# endif
+    {
+	// TODO: non-GUI file selector here
+	emsg(_(e_sorry_no_file_browser_in_console_mode));
+	fname = NULL;
+    }
+
+    // keep the directory for next time
+    if (fname != NULL)
+    {
+	vim_free(last_dir);
+	last_dir = vim_strsave(fname);
+	if (last_dir != NULL && !(flags & BROWSE_DIR))
+	{
+	    *gettail(last_dir) = NUL;
+	    if (*last_dir == NUL)
+	    {
+		// filename only returned, must be in current dir
+		vim_free(last_dir);
+		last_dir = alloc(MAXPATHL);
+		if (last_dir != NULL)
+		    mch_dirname(last_dir, MAXPATHL);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    vim_free(tofree);
+    cmdmod.cmod_flags = save_cmod_flags;
+
+    return fname;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(FEAT_EVAL) || defined(PROTO)
+
+/*
+ * "browse(save, title, initdir, default)" function
+ */
+    void
+f_browse(typval_T *argvars UNUSED, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+# ifdef FEAT_BROWSE
+    int		save;
+    char_u	*title;
+    char_u	*initdir;
+    char_u	*defname;
+    char_u	buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+    char_u	buf2[NUMBUFLEN];
+    int		error = FALSE;
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_bool_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_string_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_string_arg(argvars, 3) == FAIL))
+	return;
+
+    save = (int)tv_get_bool_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
+    title = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[1]);
+    initdir = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[2], buf);
+    defname = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[3], buf2);
+
+    if (error || title == NULL || initdir == NULL || defname == NULL)
+	rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+    else
+	rettv->vval.v_string =
+		 do_browse(save ? BROWSE_SAVE : 0,
+				 title, defname, NULL, initdir, NULL, curbuf);
+# else
+    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+# endif
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+}
+
+/*
+ * "browsedir(title, initdir)" function
+ */
+    void
+f_browsedir(typval_T *argvars UNUSED, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+# ifdef FEAT_BROWSE
+    char_u	*title;
+    char_u	*initdir;
+    char_u	buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && (check_for_string_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_string_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL))
+	return;
+
+    title = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
+    initdir = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[1], buf);
+
+    if (title == NULL || initdir == NULL)
+	rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+    else
+	rettv->vval.v_string = do_browse(BROWSE_DIR,
+				    title, NULL, NULL, initdir, NULL, curbuf);
+# else
+    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+# endif
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+}
+
+#endif // FEAT_EVAL
+
+/*
+ * Replace home directory by "~" in each space or comma separated file name in
+ * 'src'.
+ * If anything fails (except when out of space) dst equals src.
+ */
+    void
+home_replace(
+    buf_T	*buf,	// when not NULL, check for help files
+    char_u	*src,	// input file name
+    char_u	*dst,	// where to put the result
+    int		dstlen,	// maximum length of the result
+    int		one)	// if TRUE, only replace one file name, include
+			// spaces and commas in the file name.
+{
+    size_t	dirlen = 0, envlen = 0;
+    size_t	len;
+    char_u	*homedir_env, *homedir_env_orig;
+    char_u	*p;
+
+    if (src == NULL)
+    {
+	*dst = NUL;
+	return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If the file is a help file, remove the path completely.
+     */
+    if (buf != NULL && buf->b_help)
+    {
+	vim_snprintf((char *)dst, dstlen, "%s", gettail(src));
+	return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * We check both the value of the $HOME environment variable and the
+     * "real" home directory.
+     */
+    if (homedir != NULL)
+	dirlen = STRLEN(homedir);
+
+#ifdef VMS
+    homedir_env_orig = homedir_env = mch_getenv((char_u *)"SYS$LOGIN");
+#else
+    homedir_env_orig = homedir_env = mch_getenv((char_u *)"HOME");
+#endif
+#ifdef MSWIN
+    if (homedir_env == NULL)
+	homedir_env_orig = homedir_env = mch_getenv((char_u *)"USERPROFILE");
+#endif
+    // Empty is the same as not set.
+    if (homedir_env != NULL && *homedir_env == NUL)
+	homedir_env = NULL;
+
+    if (homedir_env != NULL && *homedir_env == '~')
+    {
+	int	usedlen = 0;
+	int	flen;
+	char_u	*fbuf = NULL;
+
+	flen = (int)STRLEN(homedir_env);
+	(void)modify_fname((char_u *)":p", FALSE, &usedlen,
+						  &homedir_env, &fbuf, &flen);
+	flen = (int)STRLEN(homedir_env);
+	if (flen > 0 && vim_ispathsep(homedir_env[flen - 1]))
+	    // Remove the trailing / that is added to a directory.
+	    homedir_env[flen - 1] = NUL;
+    }
+
+    if (homedir_env != NULL)
+	envlen = STRLEN(homedir_env);
+
+    if (!one)
+	src = skipwhite(src);
+    while (*src && dstlen > 0)
+    {
+	/*
+	 * Here we are at the beginning of a file name.
+	 * First, check to see if the beginning of the file name matches
+	 * $HOME or the "real" home directory. Check that there is a '/'
+	 * after the match (so that if e.g. the file is "/home/pieter/bla",
+	 * and the home directory is "/home/piet", the file does not end up
+	 * as "~er/bla" (which would seem to indicate the file "bla" in user
+	 * er's home directory)).
+	 */
+	p = homedir;
+	len = dirlen;
+	for (;;)
+	{
+	    if (   len
+		&& fnamencmp(src, p, len) == 0
+		&& (vim_ispathsep(src[len])
+		    || (!one && (src[len] == ',' || src[len] == ' '))
+		    || src[len] == NUL))
+	    {
+		src += len;
+		if (--dstlen > 0)
+		    *dst++ = '~';
+
+		// Do not add directory separator into dst, because dst is
+		// expected to just return the directory name without the
+		// directory separator '/'.
+		break;
+	    }
+	    if (p == homedir_env)
+		break;
+	    p = homedir_env;
+	    len = envlen;
+	}
+
+	// if (!one) skip to separator: space or comma
+	while (*src && (one || (*src != ',' && *src != ' ')) && --dstlen > 0)
+	    *dst++ = *src++;
+	// skip separator
+	while ((*src == ' ' || *src == ',') && --dstlen > 0)
+	    *dst++ = *src++;
+    }
+    // if (dstlen == 0) out of space, what to do???
+
+    *dst = NUL;
+
+    if (homedir_env != homedir_env_orig)
+	vim_free(homedir_env);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Like home_replace, store the replaced string in allocated memory.
+ * When something fails, NULL is returned.
+ */
+    char_u  *
+home_replace_save(
+    buf_T	*buf,	// when not NULL, check for help files
+    char_u	*src)	// input file name
+{
+    char_u	*dst;
+    unsigned	len;
+
+    len = 3;			// space for "~/" and trailing NUL
+    if (src != NULL)		// just in case
+	len += (unsigned)STRLEN(src);
+    dst = alloc(len);
+    if (dst != NULL)
+	home_replace(buf, src, dst, len, TRUE);
+    return dst;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compare two file names and return:
+ * FPC_SAME   if they both exist and are the same file.
+ * FPC_SAMEX  if they both don't exist and have the same file name.
+ * FPC_DIFF   if they both exist and are different files.
+ * FPC_NOTX   if they both don't exist.
+ * FPC_DIFFX  if one of them doesn't exist.
+ * For the first name environment variables are expanded if "expandenv" is
+ * TRUE.
+ */
+    int
+fullpathcmp(
+    char_u *s1,
+    char_u *s2,
+    int	    checkname,		// when both don't exist, check file names
+    int	    expandenv)
+{
+#ifdef UNIX
+    char_u	    exp1[MAXPATHL];
+    char_u	    full1[MAXPATHL];
+    char_u	    full2[MAXPATHL];
+    stat_T	    st1, st2;
+    int		    r1, r2;
+
+    if (expandenv)
+	expand_env(s1, exp1, MAXPATHL);
+    else
+	vim_strncpy(exp1, s1, MAXPATHL - 1);
+    r1 = mch_stat((char *)exp1, &st1);
+    r2 = mch_stat((char *)s2, &st2);
+    if (r1 != 0 && r2 != 0)
+    {
+	// if mch_stat() doesn't work, may compare the names
+	if (checkname)
+	{
+	    if (fnamecmp(exp1, s2) == 0)
+		return FPC_SAMEX;
+	    r1 = vim_FullName(exp1, full1, MAXPATHL, FALSE);
+	    r2 = vim_FullName(s2, full2, MAXPATHL, FALSE);
+	    if (r1 == OK && r2 == OK && fnamecmp(full1, full2) == 0)
+		return FPC_SAMEX;
+	}
+	return FPC_NOTX;
+    }
+    if (r1 != 0 || r2 != 0)
+	return FPC_DIFFX;
+    if (st1.st_dev == st2.st_dev && st1.st_ino == st2.st_ino)
+	return FPC_SAME;
+    return FPC_DIFF;
+#else
+    char_u  *exp1;		// expanded s1
+    char_u  *full1;		// full path of s1
+    char_u  *full2;		// full path of s2
+    int	    retval = FPC_DIFF;
+    int	    r1, r2;
+
+    // allocate one buffer to store three paths (alloc()/free() is slow!)
+    if ((exp1 = alloc(MAXPATHL * 3)) != NULL)
+    {
+	full1 = exp1 + MAXPATHL;
+	full2 = full1 + MAXPATHL;
+
+	if (expandenv)
+	    expand_env(s1, exp1, MAXPATHL);
+	else
+	    vim_strncpy(exp1, s1, MAXPATHL - 1);
+	r1 = vim_FullName(exp1, full1, MAXPATHL, FALSE);
+	r2 = vim_FullName(s2, full2, MAXPATHL, FALSE);
+
+	// If vim_FullName() fails, the file probably doesn't exist.
+	if (r1 != OK && r2 != OK)
+	{
+	    if (checkname && fnamecmp(exp1, s2) == 0)
+		retval = FPC_SAMEX;
+	    else
+		retval = FPC_NOTX;
+	}
+	else if (r1 != OK || r2 != OK)
+	    retval = FPC_DIFFX;
+	else if (fnamecmp(full1, full2))
+	    retval = FPC_DIFF;
+	else
+	    retval = FPC_SAME;
+	vim_free(exp1);
+    }
+    return retval;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the tail of a path: the file name.
+ * When the path ends in a path separator the tail is the NUL after it.
+ * Fail safe: never returns NULL.
+ */
+    char_u *
+gettail(char_u *fname)
+{
+    char_u  *p1, *p2;
+
+    if (fname == NULL)
+	return (char_u *)"";
+    for (p1 = p2 = get_past_head(fname); *p2; )	// find last part of path
+    {
+	if (vim_ispathsep_nocolon(*p2))
+	    p1 = p2 + 1;
+	MB_PTR_ADV(p2);
+    }
+    return p1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get pointer to tail of "fname", including path separators.  Putting a NUL
+ * here leaves the directory name.  Takes care of "c:/" and "//".
+ * Always returns a valid pointer.
+ */
+    char_u *
+gettail_sep(char_u *fname)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	*t;
+
+    p = get_past_head(fname);	// don't remove the '/' from "c:/file"
+    t = gettail(fname);
+    while (t > p && after_pathsep(fname, t))
+	--t;
+#ifdef VMS
+    // path separator is part of the path
+    ++t;
+#endif
+    return t;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get the next path component (just after the next path separator).
+ */
+    char_u *
+getnextcomp(char_u *fname)
+{
+    while (*fname && !vim_ispathsep(*fname))
+	MB_PTR_ADV(fname);
+    if (*fname)
+	++fname;
+    return fname;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get a pointer to one character past the head of a path name.
+ * Unix: after "/"; DOS: after "c:\"; Amiga: after "disk:/"; Mac: no head.
+ * If there is no head, path is returned.
+ */
+    char_u *
+get_past_head(char_u *path)
+{
+    char_u  *retval;
+
+#if defined(MSWIN)
+    // may skip "c:"
+    if (isalpha(path[0]) && path[1] == ':')
+	retval = path + 2;
+    else
+	retval = path;
+#else
+# if defined(AMIGA)
+    // may skip "label:"
+    retval = vim_strchr(path, ':');
+    if (retval == NULL)
+	retval = path;
+# else	// Unix
+    retval = path;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+    while (vim_ispathsep(*retval))
+	++retval;
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if 'c' is a path separator.
+ * Note that for MS-Windows this includes the colon.
+ */
+    int
+vim_ispathsep(int c)
+{
+#ifdef UNIX
+    return (c == '/');	    // UNIX has ':' inside file names
+#else
+# ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+    return (c == ':' || c == '/' || c == '\\');
+# else
+#  ifdef VMS
+    // server"user passwd"::device:[full.path.name]fname.extension;version"
+    return (c == ':' || c == '[' || c == ']' || c == '/'
+	    || c == '<' || c == '>' || c == '"' );
+#  else
+    return (c == ':' || c == '/');
+#  endif // VMS
+# endif
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Like vim_ispathsep(c), but exclude the colon for MS-Windows.
+ */
+    int
+vim_ispathsep_nocolon(int c)
+{
+    return vim_ispathsep(c)
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+	&& c != ':'
+#endif
+	;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if the directory of "fname" exists, FALSE otherwise.
+ * Also returns TRUE if there is no directory name.
+ * "fname" must be writable!.
+ */
+    int
+dir_of_file_exists(char_u *fname)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		c;
+    int		retval;
+
+    p = gettail_sep(fname);
+    if (p == fname)
+	return TRUE;
+    c = *p;
+    *p = NUL;
+    retval = mch_isdir(fname);
+    *p = c;
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Versions of fnamecmp() and fnamencmp() that handle '/' and '\' equally
+ * and deal with 'fileignorecase'.
+ */
+    int
+vim_fnamecmp(char_u *x, char_u *y)
+{
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+    return vim_fnamencmp(x, y, MAXPATHL);
+#else
+    if (p_fic)
+	return MB_STRICMP(x, y);
+    return STRCMP(x, y);
+#endif
+}
+
+    int
+vim_fnamencmp(char_u *x, char_u *y, size_t len)
+{
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+    char_u	*px = x;
+    char_u	*py = y;
+    int		cx = NUL;
+    int		cy = NUL;
+
+    while (len > 0)
+    {
+	cx = PTR2CHAR(px);
+	cy = PTR2CHAR(py);
+	if (cx == NUL || cy == NUL
+	    || ((p_fic ? MB_TOLOWER(cx) != MB_TOLOWER(cy) : cx != cy)
+		&& !(cx == '/' && cy == '\\')
+		&& !(cx == '\\' && cy == '/')))
+	    break;
+	len -= mb_ptr2len(px);
+	px += mb_ptr2len(px);
+	py += mb_ptr2len(py);
+    }
+    if (len == 0)
+	return 0;
+    return (cx - cy);
+#else
+    if (p_fic)
+	return MB_STRNICMP(x, y, len);
+    return STRNCMP(x, y, len);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Concatenate file names fname1 and fname2 into allocated memory.
+ * Only add a '/' or '\\' when 'sep' is TRUE and it is necessary.
+ */
+    char_u  *
+concat_fnames(char_u *fname1, char_u *fname2, int sep)
+{
+    char_u  *dest;
+
+    dest = alloc(STRLEN(fname1) + STRLEN(fname2) + 3);
+    if (dest == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    STRCPY(dest, fname1);
+    if (sep)
+	add_pathsep(dest);
+    STRCAT(dest, fname2);
+    return dest;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add a path separator to a file name, unless it already ends in a path
+ * separator.
+ */
+    void
+add_pathsep(char_u *p)
+{
+    if (*p != NUL && !after_pathsep(p, p + STRLEN(p)))
+	STRCAT(p, PATHSEPSTR);
+}
+
+/*
+ * FullName_save - Make an allocated copy of a full file name.
+ * Returns NULL when out of memory.
+ */
+    char_u  *
+FullName_save(
+    char_u	*fname,
+    int		force)		// force expansion, even when it already looks
+				// like a full path name
+{
+    char_u	*buf;
+    char_u	*new_fname = NULL;
+
+    if (fname == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    buf = alloc(MAXPATHL);
+    if (buf == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (vim_FullName(fname, buf, MAXPATHL, force) != FAIL)
+	new_fname = vim_strsave(buf);
+    else
+	new_fname = vim_strsave(fname);
+    vim_free(buf);
+    return new_fname;
+}
+
+/*
+ * return TRUE if "fname" exists.
+ */
+    int
+vim_fexists(char_u *fname)
+{
+    stat_T st;
+
+    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st))
+	return FALSE;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Invoke expand_wildcards() for one pattern.
+ * Expand items like "%:h" before the expansion.
+ * Returns OK or FAIL.
+ */
+    int
+expand_wildcards_eval(
+    char_u	 **pat,		// pointer to input pattern
+    int		  *num_file,	// resulting number of files
+    char_u	***file,	// array of resulting files
+    int		   flags)	// EW_DIR, etc.
+{
+    int		ret = FAIL;
+    char_u	*eval_pat = NULL;
+    char_u	*exp_pat = *pat;
+    char	*ignored_msg;
+    int		usedlen;
+    int		is_cur_alt_file = *exp_pat == '%' || *exp_pat == '#';
+    int		star_follows = FALSE;
+
+    if (is_cur_alt_file || *exp_pat == '<')
+    {
+	++emsg_off;
+	eval_pat = eval_vars(exp_pat, exp_pat, &usedlen,
+					       NULL, &ignored_msg, NULL, TRUE);
+	--emsg_off;
+	if (eval_pat != NULL)
+	{
+	    star_follows = STRCMP(exp_pat + usedlen, "*") == 0;
+	    exp_pat = concat_str(eval_pat, exp_pat + usedlen);
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (exp_pat != NULL)
+	ret = expand_wildcards(1, &exp_pat, num_file, file, flags);
+
+    if (eval_pat != NULL)
+    {
+	if (*num_file == 0 && is_cur_alt_file && star_follows)
+	{
+	    // Expanding "%" or "#" and the file does not exist: Add the
+	    // pattern anyway (without the star) so that this works for remote
+	    // files and non-file buffer names.
+	    *file = ALLOC_ONE(char_u *);
+	    if (*file != NULL)
+	    {
+		**file = eval_pat;
+		eval_pat = NULL;
+		*num_file = 1;
+		ret = OK;
+	    }
+	}
+	vim_free(exp_pat);
+	vim_free(eval_pat);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand wildcards.  Calls gen_expand_wildcards() and removes files matching
+ * 'wildignore'.
+ * Returns OK or FAIL.  When FAIL then "num_files" won't be set.
+ */
+    int
+expand_wildcards(
+    int		   num_pat,	// number of input patterns
+    char_u	 **pat,		// array of input patterns
+    int		  *num_files,	// resulting number of files
+    char_u	***files,	// array of resulting files
+    int		   flags)	// EW_DIR, etc.
+{
+    int		retval;
+    int		i, j;
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		non_suf_match;	// number without matching suffix
+
+    retval = gen_expand_wildcards(num_pat, pat, num_files, files, flags);
+
+    // When keeping all matches, return here
+    if ((flags & EW_KEEPALL) || retval == FAIL)
+	return retval;
+
+    /*
+     * Remove names that match 'wildignore'.
+     */
+    if (*p_wig)
+    {
+	char_u	*ffname;
+
+	// check all files in (*files)[]
+	for (i = 0; i < *num_files; ++i)
+	{
+	    ffname = FullName_save((*files)[i], FALSE);
+	    if (ffname == NULL)		// out of memory
+		break;
+# ifdef VMS
+	    vms_remove_version(ffname);
+# endif
+	    if (match_file_list(p_wig, (*files)[i], ffname))
+	    {
+		// remove this matching file from the list
+		vim_free((*files)[i]);
+		for (j = i; j + 1 < *num_files; ++j)
+		    (*files)[j] = (*files)[j + 1];
+		--*num_files;
+		--i;
+	    }
+	    vim_free(ffname);
+	}
+
+	// If the number of matches is now zero, we fail.
+	if (*num_files == 0)
+	{
+	    VIM_CLEAR(*files);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Move the names where 'suffixes' match to the end.
+     * Skip when interrupted, the result probably won't be used.
+     */
+    if (*num_files > 1 && !got_int)
+    {
+	non_suf_match = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < *num_files; ++i)
+	{
+	    if (!match_suffix((*files)[i]))
+	    {
+		/*
+		 * Move the name without matching suffix to the front
+		 * of the list.
+		 */
+		p = (*files)[i];
+		for (j = i; j > non_suf_match; --j)
+		    (*files)[j] = (*files)[j - 1];
+		(*files)[non_suf_match++] = p;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if "fname" matches with an entry in 'suffixes'.
+ */
+    int
+match_suffix(char_u *fname)
+{
+    int		fnamelen, setsuflen;
+    char_u	*setsuf;
+#define MAXSUFLEN 30	    // maximum length of a file suffix
+    char_u	suf_buf[MAXSUFLEN];
+
+    fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(fname);
+    setsuflen = 0;
+    for (setsuf = p_su; *setsuf; )
+    {
+	setsuflen = copy_option_part(&setsuf, suf_buf, MAXSUFLEN, ".,");
+	if (setsuflen == 0)
+	{
+	    char_u *tail = gettail(fname);
+
+	    // empty entry: match name without a '.'
+	    if (vim_strchr(tail, '.') == NULL)
+	    {
+		setsuflen = 1;
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    if (fnamelen >= setsuflen
+		    && fnamencmp(suf_buf, fname + fnamelen - setsuflen,
+						  (size_t)setsuflen) == 0)
+		break;
+	    setsuflen = 0;
+	}
+    }
+    return (setsuflen != 0);
+}
+
+#ifdef VIM_BACKTICK
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if we can expand this backtick thing here.
+ */
+    static int
+vim_backtick(char_u *p)
+{
+    return (*p == '`' && *(p + 1) != NUL && *(p + STRLEN(p) - 1) == '`');
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand an item in `backticks` by executing it as a command.
+ * Currently only works when pat[] starts and ends with a `.
+ * Returns number of file names found, -1 if an error is encountered.
+ */
+    static int
+expand_backtick(
+    garray_T	*gap,
+    char_u	*pat,
+    int		flags)	// EW_* flags
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	*cmd;
+    char_u	*buffer;
+    int		cnt = 0;
+    int		i;
+
+    // Create the command: lop off the backticks.
+    cmd = vim_strnsave(pat + 1, STRLEN(pat) - 2);
+    if (cmd == NULL)
+	return -1;
+
+#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
+    if (*cmd == '=')	    // `={expr}`: Expand expression
+	buffer = eval_to_string(cmd + 1, TRUE, FALSE);
+    else
+#endif
+	buffer = get_cmd_output(cmd, NULL,
+				(flags & EW_SILENT) ? SHELL_SILENT : 0, NULL);
+    vim_free(cmd);
+    if (buffer == NULL)
+	return -1;
+
+    cmd = buffer;
+    while (*cmd != NUL)
+    {
+	cmd = skipwhite(cmd);		// skip over white space
+	p = cmd;
+	while (*p != NUL && *p != '\r' && *p != '\n') // skip over entry
+	    ++p;
+	// add an entry if it is not empty
+	if (p > cmd)
+	{
+	    i = *p;
+	    *p = NUL;
+	    addfile(gap, cmd, flags);
+	    *p = i;
+	    ++cnt;
+	}
+	cmd = p;
+	while (*cmd != NUL && (*cmd == '\r' || *cmd == '\n'))
+	    ++cmd;
+    }
+
+    vim_free(buffer);
+    return cnt;
+}
+#endif // VIM_BACKTICK
+
+#if defined(MSWIN)
+/*
+ * File name expansion code for MS-DOS, Win16 and Win32.  It's here because
+ * it's shared between these systems.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * comparison function for qsort in dos_expandpath()
+ */
+    static int
+pstrcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+    return (pathcmp(*(char **)a, *(char **)b, -1));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Recursively expand one path component into all matching files and/or
+ * directories.  Adds matches to "gap".  Handles "*", "?", "[a-z]", "**", etc.
+ * Return the number of matches found.
+ * "path" has backslashes before chars that are not to be expanded, starting
+ * at "path[wildoff]".
+ * Return the number of matches found.
+ * NOTE: much of this is identical to unix_expandpath(), keep in sync!
+ */
+    static int
+dos_expandpath(
+    garray_T	*gap,
+    char_u	*path,
+    int		wildoff,
+    int		flags,		// EW_* flags
+    int		didstar)	// expanded "**" once already
+{
+    char_u	*buf;
+    char_u	*path_end;
+    char_u	*p, *s, *e;
+    int		start_len = gap->ga_len;
+    char_u	*pat;
+    regmatch_T	regmatch;
+    int		starts_with_dot;
+    int		matches;
+    int		len;
+    int		starstar = FALSE;
+    static int	stardepth = 0;	    // depth for "**" expansion
+    HANDLE		hFind = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    WIN32_FIND_DATAW    wfb;
+    WCHAR		*wn = NULL;	// UCS-2 name, NULL when not used.
+    char_u		*matchname;
+    int			ok;
+    char_u		*p_alt;
+
+    // Expanding "**" may take a long time, check for CTRL-C.
+    if (stardepth > 0)
+    {
+	ui_breakcheck();
+	if (got_int)
+	    return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Make room for file name.  When doing encoding conversion the actual
+    // length may be quite a bit longer, thus use the maximum possible length.
+    buf = alloc(MAXPATHL);
+    if (buf == NULL)
+	return 0;
+
+    /*
+     * Find the first part in the path name that contains a wildcard or a ~1.
+     * Copy it into buf, including the preceding characters.
+     */
+    p = buf;
+    s = buf;
+    e = NULL;
+    path_end = path;
+    while (*path_end != NUL)
+    {
+	// May ignore a wildcard that has a backslash before it; it will
+	// be removed by rem_backslash() or file_pat_to_reg_pat() below.
+	if (path_end >= path + wildoff && rem_backslash(path_end))
+	    *p++ = *path_end++;
+	else if (*path_end == '\\' || *path_end == ':' || *path_end == '/')
+	{
+	    if (e != NULL)
+		break;
+	    s = p + 1;
+	}
+	else if (path_end >= path + wildoff
+			 && vim_strchr((char_u *)"*?[~", *path_end) != NULL)
+	    e = p;
+	if (has_mbyte)
+	{
+	    len = (*mb_ptr2len)(path_end);
+	    STRNCPY(p, path_end, len);
+	    p += len;
+	    path_end += len;
+	}
+	else
+	    *p++ = *path_end++;
+    }
+    e = p;
+    *e = NUL;
+
+    // now we have one wildcard component between s and e
+    // Remove backslashes between "wildoff" and the start of the wildcard
+    // component.
+    for (p = buf + wildoff; p < s; ++p)
+	if (rem_backslash(p))
+	{
+	    STRMOVE(p, p + 1);
+	    --e;
+	    --s;
+	}
+
+    // Check for "**" between "s" and "e".
+    for (p = s; p < e; ++p)
+	if (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*')
+	    starstar = TRUE;
+
+    starts_with_dot = *s == '.';
+    pat = file_pat_to_reg_pat(s, e, NULL, FALSE);
+    if (pat == NULL)
+    {
+	vim_free(buf);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    // compile the regexp into a program
+    if (flags & (EW_NOERROR | EW_NOTWILD))
+	++emsg_silent;
+    regmatch.rm_ic = TRUE;		// Always ignore case
+    regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pat, RE_MAGIC);
+    if (flags & (EW_NOERROR | EW_NOTWILD))
+	--emsg_silent;
+    vim_free(pat);
+
+    if (regmatch.regprog == NULL && (flags & EW_NOTWILD) == 0)
+    {
+	vim_free(buf);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    // remember the pattern or file name being looked for
+    matchname = vim_strsave(s);
+
+    // If "**" is by itself, this is the first time we encounter it and more
+    // is following then find matches without any directory.
+    if (!didstar && stardepth < 100 && starstar && e - s == 2
+							  && *path_end == '/')
+    {
+	STRCPY(s, path_end + 1);
+	++stardepth;
+	(void)dos_expandpath(gap, buf, (int)(s - buf), flags, TRUE);
+	--stardepth;
+    }
+
+    // Scan all files in the directory with "dir/ *.*"
+    STRCPY(s, "*.*");
+    wn = enc_to_utf16(buf, NULL);
+    if (wn != NULL)
+	hFind = FindFirstFileW(wn, &wfb);
+    ok = (hFind != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE);
+
+    while (ok)
+    {
+	p = utf16_to_enc(wfb.cFileName, NULL);   // p is allocated here
+
+	if (p == NULL)
+	    break;  // out of memory
+
+	// Do not use the alternate filename when the file name ends in '~',
+	// because it picks up backup files: short name for "foo.vim~" is
+	// "foo~1.vim", which matches "*.vim".
+	if (*wfb.cAlternateFileName == NUL || p[STRLEN(p) - 1] == '~')
+	    p_alt = NULL;
+	else
+	    p_alt = utf16_to_enc(wfb.cAlternateFileName, NULL);
+
+	// Ignore entries starting with a dot, unless when asked for.  Accept
+	// all entries found with "matchname".
+	if ((p[0] != '.' || starts_with_dot
+			 || ((flags & EW_DODOT)
+			     && p[1] != NUL && (p[1] != '.' || p[2] != NUL)))
+		&& (matchname == NULL
+		  || (regmatch.regprog != NULL
+		      && (vim_regexec(&regmatch, p, (colnr_T)0)
+			 || (p_alt != NULL
+				&& vim_regexec(&regmatch, p_alt, (colnr_T)0))))
+		  || ((flags & EW_NOTWILD)
+		     && fnamencmp(path + (s - buf), p, e - s) == 0)))
+	{
+	    STRCPY(s, p);
+	    len = (int)STRLEN(buf);
+
+	    if (starstar && stardepth < 100
+			  && (wfb.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY))
+	    {
+		// For "**" in the pattern first go deeper in the tree to
+		// find matches.
+		STRCPY(buf + len, "/**");
+		STRCPY(buf + len + 3, path_end);
+		++stardepth;
+		(void)dos_expandpath(gap, buf, len + 1, flags, TRUE);
+		--stardepth;
+	    }
+
+	    STRCPY(buf + len, path_end);
+	    if (mch_has_exp_wildcard(path_end))
+	    {
+		// need to expand another component of the path
+		// remove backslashes for the remaining components only
+		(void)dos_expandpath(gap, buf, len + 1, flags, FALSE);
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		// no more wildcards, check if there is a match
+		// remove backslashes for the remaining components only
+		if (*path_end != 0)
+		    backslash_halve(buf + len + 1);
+		if (mch_getperm(buf) >= 0)	// add existing file
+		    addfile(gap, buf, flags);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	vim_free(p_alt);
+	vim_free(p);
+	ok = FindNextFileW(hFind, &wfb);
+    }
+
+    FindClose(hFind);
+    vim_free(wn);
+    vim_free(buf);
+    vim_regfree(regmatch.regprog);
+    vim_free(matchname);
+
+    matches = gap->ga_len - start_len;
+    if (matches > 0)
+	qsort(((char_u **)gap->ga_data) + start_len, (size_t)matches,
+						   sizeof(char_u *), pstrcmp);
+    return matches;
+}
+
+    int
+mch_expandpath(
+    garray_T	*gap,
+    char_u	*path,
+    int		flags)		// EW_* flags
+{
+    return dos_expandpath(gap, path, 0, flags, FALSE);
+}
+#endif // MSWIN
+
+#if (defined(UNIX) && !defined(VMS)) || defined(USE_UNIXFILENAME) \
+	|| defined(PROTO)
+/*
+ * Unix style wildcard expansion code.
+ * It's here because it's used both for Unix and Mac.
+ */
+    static int
+pstrcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+    return (pathcmp(*(char **)a, *(char **)b, -1));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Recursively expand one path component into all matching files and/or
+ * directories.  Adds matches to "gap".  Handles "*", "?", "[a-z]", "**", etc.
+ * "path" has backslashes before chars that are not to be expanded, starting
+ * at "path + wildoff".
+ * Return the number of matches found.
+ * NOTE: much of this is identical to dos_expandpath(), keep in sync!
+ */
+    int
+unix_expandpath(
+    garray_T	*gap,
+    char_u	*path,
+    int		wildoff,
+    int		flags,		// EW_* flags
+    int		didstar)	// expanded "**" once already
+{
+    char_u	*buf;
+    size_t	buflen;
+    char_u	*path_end;
+    char_u	*p, *s, *e;
+    int		start_len = gap->ga_len;
+    char_u	*pat;
+    regmatch_T	regmatch;
+    int		starts_with_dot;
+    int		matches;
+    int		len;
+    int		starstar = FALSE;
+    static int	stardepth = 0;	    // depth for "**" expansion
+
+    DIR		*dirp;
+    struct dirent *dp;
+
+    // Expanding "**" may take a long time, check for CTRL-C.
+    if (stardepth > 0)
+    {
+	ui_breakcheck();
+	if (got_int)
+	    return 0;
+    }
+
+    // make room for file name
+    buflen = STRLEN(path) + BASENAMELEN + 5;
+    buf = alloc(buflen);
+    if (buf == NULL)
+	return 0;
+
+    /*
+     * Find the first part in the path name that contains a wildcard.
+     * When EW_ICASE is set every letter is considered to be a wildcard.
+     * Copy it into "buf", including the preceding characters.
+     */
+    p = buf;
+    s = buf;
+    e = NULL;
+    path_end = path;
+    while (*path_end != NUL)
+    {
+	// May ignore a wildcard that has a backslash before it; it will
+	// be removed by rem_backslash() or file_pat_to_reg_pat() below.
+	if (path_end >= path + wildoff && rem_backslash(path_end))
+	    *p++ = *path_end++;
+	else if (*path_end == '/')
+	{
+	    if (e != NULL)
+		break;
+	    s = p + 1;
+	}
+	else if (path_end >= path + wildoff
+			 && (vim_strchr((char_u *)"*?[{~$", *path_end) != NULL
+			     || (!p_fic && (flags & EW_ICASE)
+					  && vim_isalpha(PTR2CHAR(path_end)))))
+	    e = p;
+	if (has_mbyte)
+	{
+	    len = (*mb_ptr2len)(path_end);
+	    STRNCPY(p, path_end, len);
+	    p += len;
+	    path_end += len;
+	}
+	else
+	    *p++ = *path_end++;
+    }
+    e = p;
+    *e = NUL;
+
+    // Now we have one wildcard component between "s" and "e".
+    // Remove backslashes between "wildoff" and the start of the wildcard
+    // component.
+    for (p = buf + wildoff; p < s; ++p)
+	if (rem_backslash(p))
+	{
+	    STRMOVE(p, p + 1);
+	    --e;
+	    --s;
+	}
+
+    // Check for "**" between "s" and "e".
+    for (p = s; p < e; ++p)
+	if (p[0] == '*' && p[1] == '*')
+	    starstar = TRUE;
+
+    // convert the file pattern to a regexp pattern
+    starts_with_dot = *s == '.';
+    pat = file_pat_to_reg_pat(s, e, NULL, FALSE);
+    if (pat == NULL)
+    {
+	vim_free(buf);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    // compile the regexp into a program
+    if (flags & EW_ICASE)
+	regmatch.rm_ic = TRUE;		// 'wildignorecase' set
+    else
+	regmatch.rm_ic = p_fic;	// ignore case when 'fileignorecase' is set
+    if (flags & (EW_NOERROR | EW_NOTWILD))
+	++emsg_silent;
+    regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pat, RE_MAGIC);
+    if (flags & (EW_NOERROR | EW_NOTWILD))
+	--emsg_silent;
+    vim_free(pat);
+
+    if (regmatch.regprog == NULL && (flags & EW_NOTWILD) == 0)
+    {
+	vim_free(buf);
+	return 0;
+    }
+
+    // If "**" is by itself, this is the first time we encounter it and more
+    // is following then find matches without any directory.
+    if (!didstar && stardepth < 100 && starstar && e - s == 2
+							  && *path_end == '/')
+    {
+	STRCPY(s, path_end + 1);
+	++stardepth;
+	(void)unix_expandpath(gap, buf, (int)(s - buf), flags, TRUE);
+	--stardepth;
+    }
+
+    // open the directory for scanning
+    *s = NUL;
+    dirp = opendir(*buf == NUL ? "." : (char *)buf);
+
+    // Find all matching entries
+    if (dirp != NULL)
+    {
+	while (!got_int)
+	{
+	    dp = readdir(dirp);
+	    if (dp == NULL)
+		break;
+	    if ((dp->d_name[0] != '.' || starts_with_dot
+			|| ((flags & EW_DODOT)
+			    && dp->d_name[1] != NUL
+			    && (dp->d_name[1] != '.' || dp->d_name[2] != NUL)))
+		 && ((regmatch.regprog != NULL && vim_regexec(&regmatch,
+					     (char_u *)dp->d_name, (colnr_T)0))
+		   || ((flags & EW_NOTWILD)
+		     && fnamencmp(path + (s - buf), dp->d_name, e - s) == 0)))
+	    {
+		STRCPY(s, dp->d_name);
+		len = STRLEN(buf);
+
+		if (starstar && stardepth < 100)
+		{
+		    // For "**" in the pattern first go deeper in the tree to
+		    // find matches.
+		    vim_snprintf((char *)buf + len, buflen - len,
+							    "/**%s", path_end);
+		    ++stardepth;
+		    (void)unix_expandpath(gap, buf, len + 1, flags, TRUE);
+		    --stardepth;
+		}
+
+		vim_snprintf((char *)buf + len, buflen - len, "%s", path_end);
+		if (mch_has_exp_wildcard(path_end)) // handle more wildcards
+		{
+		    // need to expand another component of the path
+		    // remove backslashes for the remaining components only
+		    (void)unix_expandpath(gap, buf, len + 1, flags, FALSE);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+		    stat_T  sb;
+
+		    // no more wildcards, check if there is a match
+		    // remove backslashes for the remaining components only
+		    if (*path_end != NUL)
+			backslash_halve(buf + len + 1);
+		    // add existing file or symbolic link
+		    if ((flags & EW_ALLLINKS) ? mch_lstat((char *)buf, &sb) >= 0
+						      : mch_getperm(buf) >= 0)
+		    {
+#ifdef MACOS_CONVERT
+			size_t precomp_len = STRLEN(buf)+1;
+			char_u *precomp_buf =
+			    mac_precompose_path(buf, precomp_len, &precomp_len);
+
+			if (precomp_buf)
+			{
+			    mch_memmove(buf, precomp_buf, precomp_len);
+			    vim_free(precomp_buf);
+			}
+#endif
+			addfile(gap, buf, flags);
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+
+	closedir(dirp);
+    }
+
+    vim_free(buf);
+    vim_regfree(regmatch.regprog);
+
+    // When interrupted the matches probably won't be used and sorting can be
+    // slow, thus skip it.
+    matches = gap->ga_len - start_len;
+    if (matches > 0 && !got_int)
+	qsort(((char_u **)gap->ga_data) + start_len, matches,
+						   sizeof(char_u *), pstrcmp);
+    return matches;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if "p" contains what looks like an environment variable.
+ * Allowing for escaping.
+ */
+    static int
+has_env_var(char_u *p)
+{
+    for ( ; *p; MB_PTR_ADV(p))
+    {
+	if (*p == '\\' && p[1] != NUL)
+	    ++p;
+	else if (vim_strchr((char_u *)
+#if defined(MSWIN)
+				    "$%"
+#else
+				    "$"
+#endif
+					, *p) != NULL)
+	    return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+#ifdef SPECIAL_WILDCHAR
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if "p" contains a special wildcard character, one that Vim
+ * cannot expand, requires using a shell.
+ */
+    static int
+has_special_wildchar(char_u *p)
+{
+    for ( ; *p; MB_PTR_ADV(p))
+    {
+	// Disallow line break characters.
+	if (*p == '\r' || *p == '\n')
+	    break;
+	// Allow for escaping.
+	if (*p == '\\' && p[1] != NUL && p[1] != '\r' && p[1] != '\n')
+	    ++p;
+	else if (vim_strchr((char_u *)SPECIAL_WILDCHAR, *p) != NULL)
+	{
+	    // A { must be followed by a matching }.
+	    if (*p == '{' && vim_strchr(p, '}') == NULL)
+		continue;
+	    // A quote and backtick must be followed by another one.
+	    if ((*p == '`' || *p == '\'') && vim_strchr(p, *p) == NULL)
+		continue;
+	    return TRUE;
+	}
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Generic wildcard expansion code.
+ *
+ * Characters in "pat" that should not be expanded must be preceded with a
+ * backslash. E.g., "/path\ with\ spaces/my\*star*"
+ *
+ * Return FAIL when no single file was found.  In this case "num_file" is not
+ * set, and "file" may contain an error message.
+ * Return OK when some files found.  "num_file" is set to the number of
+ * matches, "file" to the array of matches.  Call FreeWild() later.
+ */
+    int
+gen_expand_wildcards(
+    int		num_pat,	// number of input patterns
+    char_u	**pat,		// array of input patterns
+    int		*num_file,	// resulting number of files
+    char_u	***file,	// array of resulting files
+    int		flags)		// EW_* flags
+{
+    int			i;
+    garray_T		ga;
+    char_u		*p;
+    static int		recursive = FALSE;
+    int			add_pat;
+    int			retval = OK;
+    int			did_expand_in_path = FALSE;
+
+    /*
+     * expand_env() is called to expand things like "~user".  If this fails,
+     * it calls ExpandOne(), which brings us back here.  In this case, always
+     * call the machine specific expansion function, if possible.  Otherwise,
+     * return FAIL.
+     */
+    if (recursive)
+#ifdef SPECIAL_WILDCHAR
+	return mch_expand_wildcards(num_pat, pat, num_file, file, flags);
+#else
+	return FAIL;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SPECIAL_WILDCHAR
+    /*
+     * If there are any special wildcard characters which we cannot handle
+     * here, call machine specific function for all the expansion.  This
+     * avoids starting the shell for each argument separately.
+     * For `=expr` do use the internal function.
+     */
+    for (i = 0; i < num_pat; i++)
+    {
+	if (has_special_wildchar(pat[i])
+# ifdef VIM_BACKTICK
+		&& !(vim_backtick(pat[i]) && pat[i][1] == '=')
+# endif
+	   )
+	    return mch_expand_wildcards(num_pat, pat, num_file, file, flags);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    recursive = TRUE;
+
+    /*
+     * The matching file names are stored in a growarray.  Init it empty.
+     */
+    ga_init2(&ga, sizeof(char_u *), 30);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < num_pat && !got_int; ++i)
+    {
+	add_pat = -1;
+	p = pat[i];
+
+#ifdef VIM_BACKTICK
+	if (vim_backtick(p))
+	{
+	    add_pat = expand_backtick(&ga, p, flags);
+	    if (add_pat == -1)
+		retval = FAIL;
+	}
+	else
+#endif
+	{
+	    /*
+	     * First expand environment variables, "~/" and "~user/".
+	     */
+	    if ((has_env_var(p) && !(flags & EW_NOTENV)) || *p == '~')
+	    {
+		p = expand_env_save_opt(p, TRUE);
+		if (p == NULL)
+		    p = pat[i];
+#ifdef UNIX
+		/*
+		 * On Unix, if expand_env() can't expand an environment
+		 * variable, use the shell to do that.  Discard previously
+		 * found file names and start all over again.
+		 */
+		else if (has_env_var(p) || *p == '~')
+		{
+		    vim_free(p);
+		    ga_clear_strings(&ga);
+		    i = mch_expand_wildcards(num_pat, pat, num_file, file,
+							 flags|EW_KEEPDOLLAR);
+		    recursive = FALSE;
+		    return i;
+		}
+#endif
+	    }
+
+	    /*
+	     * If there are wildcards or case-insensitive expansion is
+	     * required: Expand file names and add each match to the list.  If
+	     * there is no match, and EW_NOTFOUND is given, add the pattern.
+	     * Otherwise: Add the file name if it exists or when EW_NOTFOUND is
+	     * given.
+	     */
+	    if (mch_has_exp_wildcard(p) || (flags & EW_ICASE))
+	    {
+		if ((flags & EW_PATH)
+			&& !mch_isFullName(p)
+			&& !(p[0] == '.'
+			    && (vim_ispathsep(p[1])
+				|| (p[1] == '.' && vim_ispathsep(p[2]))))
+		   )
+		{
+		    // :find completion where 'path' is used.
+		    // Recursiveness is OK here.
+		    recursive = FALSE;
+		    add_pat = expand_in_path(&ga, p, flags);
+		    recursive = TRUE;
+		    did_expand_in_path = TRUE;
+		}
+		else
+		    add_pat = mch_expandpath(&ga, p, flags);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (add_pat == -1 || (add_pat == 0 && (flags & EW_NOTFOUND)))
+	{
+	    char_u	*t = backslash_halve_save(p);
+
+	    // When EW_NOTFOUND is used, always add files and dirs.  Makes
+	    // "vim c:/" work.
+	    if (flags & EW_NOTFOUND)
+		addfile(&ga, t, flags | EW_DIR | EW_FILE);
+	    else
+		addfile(&ga, t, flags);
+
+	    if (t != p)
+		vim_free(t);
+	}
+
+	if (did_expand_in_path && ga.ga_len > 0 && (flags & EW_PATH))
+	    uniquefy_paths(&ga, p);
+	if (p != pat[i])
+	    vim_free(p);
+    }
+
+    // When returning FAIL the array must be freed here.
+    if (retval == FAIL)
+	ga_clear_strings(&ga);
+
+    *num_file = ga.ga_len;
+    *file = (ga.ga_data != NULL) ? (char_u **)ga.ga_data
+						  : (char_u **)_("no matches");
+
+    recursive = FALSE;
+
+    return ((flags & EW_EMPTYOK) || ga.ga_data != NULL) ? retval : FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add a file to a file list.  Accepted flags:
+ * EW_DIR	add directories
+ * EW_FILE	add files
+ * EW_EXEC	add executable files
+ * EW_NOTFOUND	add even when it doesn't exist
+ * EW_ADDSLASH	add slash after directory name
+ * EW_ALLLINKS	add symlink also when the referred file does not exist
+ */
+    void
+addfile(
+    garray_T	*gap,
+    char_u	*f,	// filename
+    int		flags)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		isdir;
+    stat_T	sb;
+
+    // if the file/dir/link doesn't exist, may not add it
+    if (!(flags & EW_NOTFOUND) && ((flags & EW_ALLLINKS)
+			? mch_lstat((char *)f, &sb) < 0 : mch_getperm(f) < 0))
+	return;
+
+#ifdef FNAME_ILLEGAL
+    // if the file/dir contains illegal characters, don't add it
+    if (vim_strpbrk(f, (char_u *)FNAME_ILLEGAL) != NULL)
+	return;
+#endif
+
+    isdir = mch_isdir(f);
+    if ((isdir && !(flags & EW_DIR)) || (!isdir && !(flags & EW_FILE)))
+	return;
+
+    // If the file isn't executable, may not add it.  Do accept directories.
+    // When invoked from expand_shellcmd() do not use $PATH.
+    if (!isdir && (flags & EW_EXEC)
+			     && !mch_can_exe(f, NULL, !(flags & EW_SHELLCMD)))
+	return;
+
+    // Make room for another item in the file list.
+    if (ga_grow(gap, 1) == FAIL)
+	return;
+
+    p = alloc(STRLEN(f) + 1 + isdir);
+    if (p == NULL)
+	return;
+
+    STRCPY(p, f);
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+    slash_adjust(p);
+#endif
+    /*
+     * Append a slash or backslash after directory names if none is present.
+     */
+    if (isdir && (flags & EW_ADDSLASH))
+	add_pathsep(p);
+    ((char_u **)gap->ga_data)[gap->ga_len++] = p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free the list of files returned by expand_wildcards() or other expansion
+ * functions.
+ */
+    void
+FreeWild(int count, char_u **files)
+{
+    if (count <= 0 || files == NULL)
+	return;
+    while (count--)
+	vim_free(files[count]);
+    vim_free(files);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compare path "p[]" to "q[]".
+ * If "maxlen" >= 0 compare "p[maxlen]" to "q[maxlen]"
+ * Return value like strcmp(p, q), but consider path separators.
+ */
+    int
+pathcmp(const char *p, const char *q, int maxlen)
+{
+    int		i, j;
+    int		c1, c2;
+    const char	*s = NULL;
+
+    for (i = 0, j = 0; maxlen < 0 || (i < maxlen && j < maxlen);)
+    {
+	c1 = PTR2CHAR((char_u *)p + i);
+	c2 = PTR2CHAR((char_u *)q + j);
+
+	// End of "p": check if "q" also ends or just has a slash.
+	if (c1 == NUL)
+	{
+	    if (c2 == NUL)  // full match
+		return 0;
+	    s = q;
+	    i = j;
+	    break;
+	}
+
+	// End of "q": check if "p" just has a slash.
+	if (c2 == NUL)
+	{
+	    s = p;
+	    break;
+	}
+
+	if ((p_fic ? MB_TOUPPER(c1) != MB_TOUPPER(c2) : c1 != c2)
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+		// consider '/' and '\\' to be equal
+		&& !((c1 == '/' && c2 == '\\')
+		    || (c1 == '\\' && c2 == '/'))
+#endif
+		)
+	{
+	    if (vim_ispathsep(c1))
+		return -1;
+	    if (vim_ispathsep(c2))
+		return 1;
+	    return p_fic ? MB_TOUPPER(c1) - MB_TOUPPER(c2)
+		    : c1 - c2;  // no match
+	}
+
+	i += mb_ptr2len((char_u *)p + i);
+	j += mb_ptr2len((char_u *)q + j);
+    }
+    if (s == NULL)	// "i" or "j" ran into "maxlen"
+	return 0;
+
+    c1 = PTR2CHAR((char_u *)s + i);
+    c2 = PTR2CHAR((char_u *)s + i + mb_ptr2len((char_u *)s + i));
+    // ignore a trailing slash, but not "//" or ":/"
+    if (c2 == NUL
+	    && i > 0
+	    && !after_pathsep((char_u *)s, (char_u *)s + i)
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+	    && (c1 == '/' || c1 == '\\')
+#else
+	    && c1 == '/'
+#endif
+       )
+	return 0;   // match with trailing slash
+    if (s == q)
+	return -1;	    // no match
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if "name" is a full (absolute) path name or URL.
+ */
+    int
+vim_isAbsName(char_u *name)
+{
+    return (path_with_url(name) != 0 || mch_isFullName(name));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get absolute file name into buffer "buf[len]".
+ *
+ * return FAIL for failure, OK otherwise
+ */
+    int
+vim_FullName(
+    char_u	*fname,
+    char_u	*buf,
+    int		len,
+    int		force)	    // force expansion even when already absolute
+{
+    int		retval = OK;
+    int		url;
+
+    *buf = NUL;
+    if (fname == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    url = path_with_url(fname);
+    if (!url)
+	retval = mch_FullName(fname, buf, len, force);
+    if (url || retval == FAIL)
+    {
+	// something failed; use the file name (truncate when too long)
+	vim_strncpy(buf, fname, len - 1);
+    }
+#if defined(MSWIN)
+    slash_adjust(buf);
+#endif
+    return retval;
+}