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diff --git a/fluent-bit/lib/jansson-e23f558/doc/tutorial.rst b/fluent-bit/lib/jansson-e23f558/doc/tutorial.rst new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bb7a6c21 --- /dev/null +++ b/fluent-bit/lib/jansson-e23f558/doc/tutorial.rst @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +.. _tutorial: + +******** +Tutorial +******** + +.. highlight:: c + +In this tutorial, we create a program that fetches the latest commits +of a repository in GitHub_ over the web. `GitHub API`_ uses JSON, so +the result can be parsed using Jansson. + +To stick to the scope of this tutorial, we will only cover the +parts of the program related to handling JSON data. For the best user +experience, the full source code is available: +:download:`github_commits.c`. To compile it (on Unix-like systems with +gcc), use the following command:: + + gcc -o github_commits github_commits.c -ljansson -lcurl + +libcurl_ is used to communicate over the web, so it is required to +compile the program. + +The command line syntax is:: + + github_commits USER REPOSITORY + +``USER`` is a GitHub user ID and ``REPOSITORY`` is the repository +name. Please note that the GitHub API is rate limited, so if you run +the program too many times within a short period of time, the sever +starts to respond with an error. + +.. _GitHub: https://github.com/ +.. _GitHub API: http://developer.github.com/ +.. _libcurl: http://curl.haxx.se/ + + +.. _tutorial-github-commits-api: + +The GitHub Repo Commits API +=========================== + +The `GitHub Repo Commits API`_ is used by sending HTTP requests to +URLs like ``https://api.github.com/repos/USER/REPOSITORY/commits``, +where ``USER`` and ``REPOSITORY`` are the GitHub user ID and the name +of the repository whose commits are to be listed, respectively. + +GitHub responds with a JSON array of the following form: + +.. code-block:: none + + [ + { + "sha": "<the commit ID>", + "commit": { + "message": "<the commit message>", + <more fields, not important to this tutorial...> + }, + <more fields...> + }, + { + "sha": "<the commit ID>", + "commit": { + "message": "<the commit message>", + <more fields...> + }, + <more fields...> + }, + <more commits...> + ] + +In our program, the HTTP request is sent using the following +function:: + + static char *request(const char *url); + +It takes the URL as a parameter, performs a HTTP GET request, and +returns a newly allocated string that contains the response body. If +the request fails, an error message is printed to stderr and the +return value is *NULL*. For full details, refer to :download:`the code +<github_commits.c>`, as the actual implementation is not important +here. + +.. _GitHub Repo Commits API: http://developer.github.com/v3/repos/commits/ + +.. _tutorial-the-program: + +The Program +=========== + +First the includes:: + + #include <string.h> + #include <jansson.h> + +Like all the programs using Jansson, we need to include +:file:`jansson.h`. + +The following definitions are used to build the GitHub API request +URL:: + + #define URL_FORMAT "https://api.github.com/repos/%s/%s/commits" + #define URL_SIZE 256 + +The following function is used when formatting the result to find the +first newline in the commit message:: + + /* Return the offset of the first newline in text or the length of + text if there's no newline */ + static int newline_offset(const char *text) + { + const char *newline = strchr(text, '\n'); + if(!newline) + return strlen(text); + else + return (int)(newline - text); + } + +The main function follows. In the beginning, we first declare a bunch +of variables and check the command line parameters:: + + int main(int argc, char *argv[]) + { + size_t i; + char *text; + char url[URL_SIZE]; + + json_t *root; + json_error_t error; + + if(argc != 3) + { + fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s USER REPOSITORY\n\n", argv[0]); + fprintf(stderr, "List commits at USER's REPOSITORY.\n\n"); + return 2; + } + +Then we build the request URL using the user and repository names +given as command line parameters:: + + snprintf(url, URL_SIZE, URL_FORMAT, argv[1], argv[2]); + +This uses the ``URL_SIZE`` and ``URL_FORMAT`` constants defined above. +Now we're ready to actually request the JSON data over the web:: + + text = request(url); + if(!text) + return 1; + +If an error occurs, our function ``request`` prints the error and +returns *NULL*, so it's enough to just return 1 from the main +function. + +Next we'll call :func:`json_loads()` to decode the JSON text we got +as a response:: + + root = json_loads(text, 0, &error); + free(text); + + if(!root) + { + fprintf(stderr, "error: on line %d: %s\n", error.line, error.text); + return 1; + } + +We don't need the JSON text anymore, so we can free the ``text`` +variable right after decoding it. If :func:`json_loads()` fails, it +returns *NULL* and sets error information to the :type:`json_error_t` +structure given as the second parameter. In this case, our program +prints the error information out and returns 1 from the main function. + +Now we're ready to extract the data out of the decoded JSON response. +The structure of the response JSON was explained in section +:ref:`tutorial-github-commits-api`. + +We check that the returned value really is an array:: + + if(!json_is_array(root)) + { + fprintf(stderr, "error: root is not an array\n"); + json_decref(root); + return 1; + } + +Then we proceed to loop over all the commits in the array:: + + for(i = 0; i < json_array_size(root); i++) + { + json_t *data, *sha, *commit, *message; + const char *message_text; + + data = json_array_get(root, i); + if(!json_is_object(data)) + { + fprintf(stderr, "error: commit data %d is not an object\n", i + 1); + json_decref(root); + return 1; + } + ... + +The function :func:`json_array_size()` returns the size of a JSON +array. First, we again declare some variables and then extract the +i'th element of the ``root`` array using :func:`json_array_get()`. +We also check that the resulting value is a JSON object. + +Next we'll extract the commit ID (a hexadecimal SHA-1 sum), +intermediate commit info object, and the commit message from that +object. We also do proper type checks:: + + sha = json_object_get(data, "sha"); + if(!json_is_string(sha)) + { + fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: sha is not a string\n", i + 1); + json_decref(root); + return 1; + } + + commit = json_object_get(data, "commit"); + if(!json_is_object(commit)) + { + fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: commit is not an object\n", i + 1); + json_decref(root); + return 1; + } + + message = json_object_get(commit, "message"); + if(!json_is_string(message)) + { + fprintf(stderr, "error: commit %d: message is not a string\n", i + 1); + json_decref(root); + return 1; + } + ... + +And finally, we'll print the first 8 characters of the commit ID and +the first line of the commit message. A C-style string is extracted +from a JSON string using :func:`json_string_value()`:: + + message_text = json_string_value(message); + printf("%.8s %.*s\n", + json_string_value(sha), + newline_offset(message_text), + message_text); + } + +After sending the HTTP request, we decoded the JSON text using +:func:`json_loads()`, remember? It returns a *new reference* to the +JSON value it decodes. When we're finished with the value, we'll need +to decrease the reference count using :func:`json_decref()`. This way +Jansson can release the resources:: + + json_decref(root); + return 0; + +For a detailed explanation of reference counting in Jansson, see +:ref:`apiref-reference-count` in :ref:`apiref`. + +The program's ready, let's test it and view the latest commits in +Jansson's repository: + +.. code-block:: shell + + $ ./github_commits akheron jansson + 1581f26a Merge branch '2.3' + aabfd493 load: Change buffer_pos to be a size_t + bd72efbd load: Avoid unexpected behaviour in macro expansion + e8fd3e30 Document and tweak json_load_callback() + 873eddaf Merge pull request #60 from rogerz/contrib + bd2c0c73 Ignore the binary test_load_callback + 17a51a4b Merge branch '2.3' + 09c39adc Add json_load_callback to the list of exported symbols + cbb80baf Merge pull request #57 from rogerz/contrib + 040bd7b0 Add json_load_callback() + 2637faa4 Make test stripping locale independent + <...> + + +Conclusion +========== + +In this tutorial, we implemented a program that fetches the latest +commits of a GitHub repository using the GitHub Repo Commits API. +Jansson was used to decode the JSON response and to extract the commit +data. + +This tutorial only covered a small part of Jansson. For example, we +did not create or manipulate JSON values at all. Proceed to +:ref:`apiref` to explore all features of Jansson. |