path: root/README.md

# SQLGlot

SQLGlot is a no dependency Python SQL parser, transpiler, and optimizer. It can be used to format SQL or translate between different dialects like [DuckDB](https://duckdb.org/), [Presto](https://prestodb.io/), [Spark](https://spark.apache.org/), [Snowflake](https://www.snowflake.com/en/), and [BigQuery](https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/). It aims to read a wide variety of SQL inputs and output syntactically correct SQL in the targeted dialects.

It is a very comprehensive generic SQL parser with a robust [test suite](tests). It is also quite [performant](#benchmarks) while being written purely in Python.

You can easily [customize](#custom-dialects) the parser, [analyze](#metadata) queries, traverse expression trees, and programmatically [build](#build-and-modify-sql) SQL.

Syntax [errors](#parser-errors) are highlighted and dialect incompatibilities can warn or raise depending on configurations.

Contributions are very welcome in SQLGlot; read the [contribution guide](https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md) to get started!

## Table of Contents

* [Install](#install)
* [Documentation](#documentation)
* [Run Tests & Lint](#run-tests-and-lint)
* [Examples](#examples)
   * [Formatting and Transpiling](#formatting-and-transpiling)
   * [Metadata](#metadata)
   * [Parser Errors](#parser-errors)
   * [Unsupported Errors](#unsupported-errors)
   * [Build and Modify SQL](#build-and-modify-sql)
   * [SQL Optimizer](#sql-optimizer)
   * [SQL Annotations](#sql-annotations)
   * [AST Introspection](#ast-introspection)
   * [AST Diff](#ast-diff)
   * [Custom Dialects](#custom-dialects)
* [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)
* [Optional Dependencies](#optional-dependencies)

## Install

From PyPI:

```
pip3 install sqlglot
```

Or with a local checkout:

```
pip3 install -e .
```

Requirements for development (optional):

```
pip3 install -r dev-requirements.txt
```

## Documentation

SQLGlot's uses [pdocs](https://pdoc.dev/) to serve its API documentation:

```
pdoc sqlglot --docformat google
```

## Run Tests and Lint

```
# set `SKIP_INTEGRATION=1` to skip integration tests
./run_checks.sh
```


## Examples

### Formatting and Transpiling

Easily translate from one dialect to another. For example, date/time functions vary from dialects and can be hard to deal with:

```python
import sqlglot
sqlglot.transpile("SELECT EPOCH_MS(1618088028295)", read="duckdb", write="hive")[0]
```

```sql
'SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1618088028295 / 1000)'
```

SQLGlot can even translate custom time formats:

```python
import sqlglot
sqlglot.transpile("SELECT STRFTIME(x, '%y-%-m-%S')", read="duckdb", write="hive")[0]
```

```sql
"SELECT DATE_FORMAT(x, 'yy-M-ss')"
```

As another example, let's suppose that we want to read in a SQL query that contains a CTE and a cast to `REAL`, and then transpile it to Spark, which uses backticks as identifiers and `FLOAT` instead of `REAL`:

```python
import sqlglot

sql = """WITH baz AS (SELECT a, c FROM foo WHERE a = 1) SELECT f.a, b.b, baz.c, CAST("b"."a" AS REAL) d FROM foo f JOIN bar b ON f.a = b.a LEFT JOIN baz ON f.a = baz.a"""
print(sqlglot.transpile(sql, write="spark", identify=True, pretty=True)[0])
```

```sql
WITH `baz` AS (
  SELECT
    `a`,
    `c`
  FROM `foo`
  WHERE
    `a` = 1
)
SELECT
  `f`.`a`,
  `b`.`b`,
  `baz`.`c`,
  CAST(`b`.`a` AS FLOAT) AS `d`
FROM `foo` AS `f`
JOIN `bar` AS `b`
  ON `f`.`a` = `b`.`a`
LEFT JOIN `baz`
  ON `f`.`a` = `baz`.`a`
```

### Metadata

You can explore SQL with expression helpers to do things like find columns and tables:

```python
from sqlglot import parse_one, exp

# print all column references (a and b)
for column in parse_one("SELECT a, b + 1 AS c FROM d").find_all(exp.Column):
  print(column.alias_or_name)

# find all projections in select statements (a and c)
for select in parse_one("SELECT a, b + 1 AS c FROM d").find_all(exp.Select):
  for projection in select.expressions:
    print(projection.alias_or_name)

# find all tables (x, y, z)
for table in parse_one("SELECT * FROM x JOIN y JOIN z").find_all(exp.Table):
  print(table.name)
```

### Parser Errors

A syntax error will result in a parser error:

```python
import sqlglot
sqlglot.transpile("SELECT foo( FROM bar")
```

```
sqlglot.errors.ParseError: Expecting ). Line 1, Col: 13.
  select foo( FROM bar
              ~~~~
```

### Unsupported Errors

Presto `APPROX_DISTINCT` supports the accuracy argument which is not supported in Hive:

```python
import sqlglot
sqlglot.transpile("SELECT APPROX_DISTINCT(a, 0.1) FROM foo", read="presto", write="hive")
```

```sql
APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy
'SELECT APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(a) FROM foo'
```

### Build and Modify SQL

SQLGlot supports incrementally building sql expressions:

```python
from sqlglot import select, condition

where = condition("x=1").and_("y=1")
select("*").from_("y").where(where).sql()
```

```sql
'SELECT * FROM y WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'
```

You can also modify a parsed tree:

```python
from sqlglot import parse_one
parse_one("SELECT x FROM y").from_("z").sql()
```

```sql
'SELECT x FROM y, z'
```

There is also a way to recursively transform the parsed tree by applying a mapping function to each tree node:

```python
from sqlglot import exp, parse_one

expression_tree = parse_one("SELECT a FROM x")

def transformer(node):
    if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and node.name == "a":
        return parse_one("FUN(a)")
    return node

transformed_tree = expression_tree.transform(transformer)
transformed_tree.sql()
```

```sql
'SELECT FUN(a) FROM x'
```

### SQL Optimizer

SQLGlot can rewrite queries into an "optimized" form. It performs a variety of [techniques](sqlglot/optimizer/optimizer.py) to create a new canonical AST. This AST can be used to standardize queries or provide the foundations for implementing an actual engine. For example:

```python
import sqlglot
from sqlglot.optimizer import optimize

print(
    optimize(
        sqlglot.parse_one("""
            SELECT A OR (B OR (C AND D))
            FROM x
            WHERE Z = date '2021-01-01' + INTERVAL '1' month OR 1 = 0
        """),
        schema={"x": {"A": "INT", "B": "INT", "C": "INT", "D": "INT", "Z": "STRING"}}
    ).sql(pretty=True)
)
```

```
SELECT
  (
    "x"."A" OR "x"."B" OR "x"."C"
  ) AND (
    "x"."A" OR "x"."B" OR "x"."D"
  ) AS "_col_0"
FROM "x" AS "x"
WHERE
  "x"."Z" = CAST('2021-02-01' AS DATE)
```

### SQL Annotations

SQLGlot supports annotations in the sql expression. This is an experimental feature that is not part of any of the SQL standards but it can be useful when needing to annotate what a selected field is supposed to be. Below is an example:

```sql
SELECT
  user # primary_key,
  country
FROM users
```

### AST Introspection

You can see the AST version of the sql by calling `repr`:

```python
from sqlglot import parse_one
print(repr(parse_one("SELECT a + 1 AS z")))
```

```python
(SELECT expressions:
  (ALIAS this:
    (ADD this:
      (COLUMN this:
        (IDENTIFIER this: a, quoted: False)), expression:
      (LITERAL this: 1, is_string: False)), alias:
    (IDENTIFIER this: z, quoted: False)))
```

### AST Diff

SQLGlot can calculate the difference between two expressions and output changes in a form of a sequence of actions needed to transform a source expression into a target one:

```python
from sqlglot import diff, parse_one
diff(parse_one("SELECT a + b, c, d"), parse_one("SELECT c, a - b, d"))
```

```python
[
  Remove(expression=(ADD this:
    (COLUMN this:
      (IDENTIFIER this: a, quoted: False)), expression:
    (COLUMN this:
      (IDENTIFIER this: b, quoted: False)))),
  Insert(expression=(SUB this:
    (COLUMN this:
      (IDENTIFIER this: a, quoted: False)), expression:
    (COLUMN this:
      (IDENTIFIER this: b, quoted: False)))),
  Move(expression=(COLUMN this:
    (IDENTIFIER this: c, quoted: False))),
  Keep(source=(IDENTIFIER this: b, quoted: False), target=(IDENTIFIER this: b, quoted: False)),
  ...
]
```

### Custom Dialects

[Dialects](sqlglot/dialects) can be added by subclassing `Dialect`:

```python
from sqlglot import exp
from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect
from sqlglot.generator import Generator
from sqlglot.tokens import Tokenizer, TokenType


class Custom(Dialect):
    class Tokenizer(Tokenizer):
        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]

        KEYWORDS = {
            **Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
            "INT64": TokenType.BIGINT,
            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
        }

    class Generator(Generator):
        TRANSFORMS = {exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"[{self.expressions(e)}]"}

        TYPE_MAPPING = {
            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
        }

print(Dialect["custom"])
```

```python
<class '__main__.Custom'>
```

## Benchmarks

[Benchmarks](benchmarks) run on Python 3.10.5 in seconds.

|           Query |         sqlglot |         sqltree |        sqlparse |  moz_sql_parser |        sqloxide |
| --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | --------------- |
|            tpch |   0.01178 (1.0) | 0.01173 (0.995) | 0.04676 (3.966) | 0.06800 (5.768) | 0.00094 (0.080) |
|           short |   0.00084 (1.0) | 0.00079 (0.948) | 0.00296 (3.524) | 0.00443 (5.266) | 0.00006 (0.072) |
|            long |   0.01102 (1.0) | 0.01044 (0.947) | 0.04349 (3.945) | 0.05998 (5.440) | 0.00084 (0.077) |
|           crazy |   0.03751 (1.0) | 0.03471 (0.925) | 11.0796 (295.3) | 1.03355 (27.55) | 0.00529 (0.141) |


## Optional Dependencies

SQLGlot uses [dateutil](https://github.com/dateutil/dateutil) to simplify literal timedelta expressions. The optimizer will not simplify expressions like the following if the module cannot be found:

```sql
x + interval '1' month
```