1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
|
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="generator" content="pdoc 14.5.0"/>
<title>sqlglot API documentation</title>
<style>/*! * Bootstrap Reboot v5.0.0 (https://getbootstrap.com/) * Copyright 2011-2021 The Bootstrap Authors * Copyright 2011-2021 Twitter, Inc. * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/LICENSE) * Forked from Normalize.css, licensed MIT (https://github.com/necolas/normalize.css/blob/master/LICENSE.md) */*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue",Arial,"Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;background-color:currentColor;border:0;opacity:.25}hr:not([size]){height:1px}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + .6vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}abbr[data-bs-original-title],abbr[title]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;cursor:help;-webkit-text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}address{margin-bottom:1rem;font-style:normal;line-height:inherit}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem}dl,ol,ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}ol ol,ol ul,ul ol,ul ul{margin-bottom:0}dt{font-weight:700}dd{margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:0}blockquote{margin:0 0 1rem}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}small{font-size:.875em}mark{padding:.2em;background-color:#fcf8e3}sub,sup{position:relative;font-size:.75em;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}a{color:#0d6efd;text-decoration:underline}a:hover{color:#0a58ca}a:not([href]):not([class]),a:not([href]):not([class]):hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;font-size:1em;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:bidi-override}pre{display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem;overflow:auto;font-size:.875em}pre code{font-size:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:normal}code{font-size:.875em;color:#d63384;word-wrap:break-word}a>code{color:inherit}kbd{padding:.2rem .4rem;font-size:.875em;color:#fff;background-color:#212529;border-radius:.2rem}kbd kbd{padding:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:700}figure{margin:0 0 1rem}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}table{caption-side:bottom;border-collapse:collapse}caption{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem;color:#6c757d;text-align:left}th{text-align:inherit;text-align:-webkit-match-parent}tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,tr{border-color:inherit;border-style:solid;border-width:0}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0}button:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button,select{text-transform:none}[role=button]{cursor:pointer}select{word-wrap:normal}select:disabled{opacity:1}[list]::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{display:none}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]:not(:disabled),[type=reset]:not(:disabled),[type=submit]:not(:disabled),button:not(:disabled){cursor:pointer}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}textarea{resize:vertical}fieldset{min-width:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}legend{float:left;width:100%;padding:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw);line-height:inherit}@media (min-width:1200px){legend{font-size:1.5rem}}legend+*{clear:left}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{outline-offset:-2px;-webkit-appearance:textfield}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit}::-webkit-file-upload-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}output{display:inline-block}iframe{border:0}summary{display:list-item;cursor:pointer}progress{vertical-align:baseline}[hidden]{display:none!important}</style>
<style>/*! syntax-highlighting.css */pre{line-height:125%;}span.linenos{color:inherit; background-color:transparent; padding-left:5px; padding-right:20px;}.pdoc-code .hll{background-color:#ffffcc}.pdoc-code{background:#f8f8f8;}.pdoc-code .c{color:#3D7B7B; font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .err{border:1px solid #FF0000}.pdoc-code .k{color:#008000; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .o{color:#666666}.pdoc-code .ch{color:#3D7B7B; font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .cm{color:#3D7B7B; font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .cp{color:#9C6500}.pdoc-code .cpf{color:#3D7B7B; font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .c1{color:#3D7B7B; font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .cs{color:#3D7B7B; font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .gd{color:#A00000}.pdoc-code .ge{font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .gr{color:#E40000}.pdoc-code .gh{color:#000080; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .gi{color:#008400}.pdoc-code .go{color:#717171}.pdoc-code .gp{color:#000080; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .gs{font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .gu{color:#800080; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .gt{color:#0044DD}.pdoc-code .kc{color:#008000; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .kd{color:#008000; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .kn{color:#008000; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .kp{color:#008000}.pdoc-code .kr{color:#008000; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .kt{color:#B00040}.pdoc-code .m{color:#666666}.pdoc-code .s{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .na{color:#687822}.pdoc-code .nb{color:#008000}.pdoc-code .nc{color:#0000FF; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .no{color:#880000}.pdoc-code .nd{color:#AA22FF}.pdoc-code .ni{color:#717171; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .ne{color:#CB3F38; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .nf{color:#0000FF}.pdoc-code .nl{color:#767600}.pdoc-code .nn{color:#0000FF; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .nt{color:#008000; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .nv{color:#19177C}.pdoc-code .ow{color:#AA22FF; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .w{color:#bbbbbb}.pdoc-code .mb{color:#666666}.pdoc-code .mf{color:#666666}.pdoc-code .mh{color:#666666}.pdoc-code .mi{color:#666666}.pdoc-code .mo{color:#666666}.pdoc-code .sa{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .sb{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .sc{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .dl{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .sd{color:#BA2121; font-style:italic}.pdoc-code .s2{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .se{color:#AA5D1F; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .sh{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .si{color:#A45A77; font-weight:bold}.pdoc-code .sx{color:#008000}.pdoc-code .sr{color:#A45A77}.pdoc-code .s1{color:#BA2121}.pdoc-code .ss{color:#19177C}.pdoc-code .bp{color:#008000}.pdoc-code .fm{color:#0000FF}.pdoc-code .vc{color:#19177C}.pdoc-code .vg{color:#19177C}.pdoc-code .vi{color:#19177C}.pdoc-code .vm{color:#19177C}.pdoc-code .il{color:#666666}</style>
<style>/*! theme.css */:root{--pdoc-background:#fff;}.pdoc{--text:#212529;--muted:#6c757d;--link:#3660a5;--link-hover:#1659c5;--code:#f8f8f8;--active:#fff598;--accent:#eee;--accent2:#c1c1c1;--nav-hover:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--name:#0066BB;--def:#008800;--annotation:#007020;}</style>
<style>/*! layout.css */html, body{width:100%;height:100%;}html, main{scroll-behavior:smooth;}body{background-color:var(--pdoc-background);}@media (max-width:769px){#navtoggle{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;width:50px;height:40px;top:1rem;right:1rem;border-color:var(--text);color:var(--text);display:flex;opacity:0.8;z-index:999;}#navtoggle:hover{opacity:1;}#togglestate + div{display:none;}#togglestate:checked + div{display:inherit;}main, header{padding:2rem 3vw;}header + main{margin-top:-3rem;}.git-button{display:none !important;}nav input[type="search"]{max-width:77%;}nav input[type="search"]:first-child{margin-top:-6px;}nav input[type="search"]:valid ~ *{display:none !important;}}@media (min-width:770px){:root{--sidebar-width:clamp(12.5rem, 28vw, 22rem);}nav{position:fixed;overflow:auto;height:100vh;width:var(--sidebar-width);}main, header{padding:3rem 2rem 3rem calc(var(--sidebar-width) + 3rem);width:calc(54rem + var(--sidebar-width));max-width:100%;}header + main{margin-top:-4rem;}#navtoggle{display:none;}}#togglestate{position:absolute;height:0;opacity:0;}nav.pdoc{--pad:clamp(0.5rem, 2vw, 1.75rem);--indent:1.5rem;background-color:var(--accent);border-right:1px solid var(--accent2);box-shadow:0 0 20px rgba(50, 50, 50, .2) inset;padding:0 0 0 var(--pad);overflow-wrap:anywhere;scrollbar-width:thin; scrollbar-color:var(--accent2) transparent; z-index:1}nav.pdoc::-webkit-scrollbar{width:.4rem; }nav.pdoc::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background-color:var(--accent2); }nav.pdoc > div{padding:var(--pad) 0;}nav.pdoc .module-list-button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;color:var(--text);border-color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:1rem;}nav.pdoc .module-list-button:hover{border-color:var(--text);}nav.pdoc input[type=search]{display:block;outline-offset:0;width:calc(100% - var(--pad));}nav.pdoc .logo{max-width:calc(100% - var(--pad));max-height:35vh;display:block;margin:0 auto 1rem;transform:translate(calc(-.5 * var(--pad)), 0);}nav.pdoc ul{list-style:none;padding-left:0;}nav.pdoc > div > ul{margin-left:calc(0px - var(--pad));}nav.pdoc li a{padding:.2rem 0 .2rem calc(var(--pad) + var(--indent));}nav.pdoc > div > ul > li > a{padding-left:var(--pad);}nav.pdoc li{transition:all 100ms;}nav.pdoc li:hover{background-color:var(--nav-hover);}nav.pdoc a, nav.pdoc a:hover{color:var(--text);}nav.pdoc a{display:block;}nav.pdoc > h2:first-of-type{margin-top:1.5rem;}nav.pdoc .class:before{content:"class ";color:var(--muted);}nav.pdoc .function:after{content:"()";color:var(--muted);}nav.pdoc footer:before{content:"";display:block;width:calc(100% - var(--pad));border-top:solid var(--accent2) 1px;margin-top:1.5rem;padding-top:.5rem;}nav.pdoc footer{font-size:small;}</style>
<style>/*! content.css */.pdoc{color:var(--text);box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1.5;background:none;}.pdoc .pdoc-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;border:solid black 1px;border-radius:2px;font-size:.75rem;padding:calc(0.5em - 1px) 1em;transition:100ms all;}.pdoc .pdoc-alert{padding:1rem 1rem 1rem calc(1.5rem + 24px);border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:.25rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:1rem center;margin-bottom:1rem;}.pdoc .pdoc-alert > *:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.pdoc .pdoc-alert-note {color:#084298;background-color:#cfe2ff;border-color:#b6d4fe;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%2224%22%20height%3D%2224%22%20fill%3D%22%23084298%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M8%2016A8%208%200%201%200%208%200a8%208%200%200%200%200%2016zm.93-9.412-1%204.705c-.07.34.029.533.304.533.194%200%20.487-.07.686-.246l-.088.416c-.287.346-.92.598-1.465.598-.703%200-1.002-.422-.808-1.319l.738-3.468c.064-.293.006-.399-.287-.47l-.451-.081.082-.381%202.29-.287zM8%205.5a1%201%200%201%201%200-2%201%201%200%200%201%200%202z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.pdoc .pdoc-alert-warning{color:#664d03;background-color:#fff3cd;border-color:#ffecb5;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%2224%22%20height%3D%2224%22%20fill%3D%22%23664d03%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M8.982%201.566a1.13%201.13%200%200%200-1.96%200L.165%2013.233c-.457.778.091%201.767.98%201.767h13.713c.889%200%201.438-.99.98-1.767L8.982%201.566zM8%205c.535%200%20.954.462.9.995l-.35%203.507a.552.552%200%200%201-1.1%200L7.1%205.995A.905.905%200%200%201%208%205zm.002%206a1%201%200%201%201%200%202%201%201%200%200%201%200-2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.pdoc .pdoc-alert-danger{color:#842029;background-color:#f8d7da;border-color:#f5c2c7;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%2224%22%20height%3D%2224%22%20fill%3D%22%23842029%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.52.359A.5.5%200%200%201%206%200h4a.5.5%200%200%201%20.474.658L8.694%206H12.5a.5.5%200%200%201%20.395.807l-7%209a.5.5%200%200%201-.873-.454L6.823%209.5H3.5a.5.5%200%200%201-.48-.641l2.5-8.5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.pdoc .visually-hidden{position:absolute !important;width:1px !important;height:1px !important;padding:0 !important;margin:-1px !important;overflow:hidden !important;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;white-space:nowrap !important;border:0 !important;}.pdoc h1, .pdoc h2, .pdoc h3{font-weight:300;margin:.3em 0;padding:.2em 0;}.pdoc > section:not(.module-info) h1{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;}.pdoc > section:not(.module-info) h2{font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:500;}.pdoc > section:not(.module-info) h3{font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:500;}.pdoc > section:not(.module-info) h4{font-size:1.2rem;}.pdoc > section:not(.module-info) h5{font-size:1.1rem;}.pdoc a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--link);}.pdoc a:hover{color:var(--link-hover);}.pdoc blockquote{margin-left:2rem;}.pdoc pre{border-top:1px solid var(--accent2);border-bottom:1px solid var(--accent2);margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;padding:.5rem 0 .5rem .5rem;overflow-x:auto;background-color:var(--code);}.pdoc code{color:var(--text);padding:.2em .4em;margin:0;font-size:85%;background-color:var(--accent);border-radius:6px;}.pdoc a > code{color:inherit;}.pdoc pre > code{display:inline-block;font-size:inherit;background:none;border:none;padding:0;}.pdoc > section:not(.module-info){margin-bottom:1.5rem;}.pdoc .modulename{margin-top:0;font-weight:bold;}.pdoc .modulename a{color:var(--link);transition:100ms all;}.pdoc .git-button{float:right;border:solid var(--link) 1px;}.pdoc .git-button:hover{background-color:var(--link);color:var(--pdoc-background);}.view-source-toggle-state,.view-source-toggle-state ~ .pdoc-code{display:none;}.view-source-toggle-state:checked ~ .pdoc-code{display:block;}.view-source-button{display:inline-block;float:right;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.5rem;color:var(--muted);padding:0 .4rem 0 1.3rem;cursor:pointer;text-indent:-2px;}.view-source-button > span{visibility:hidden;}.module-info .view-source-button{float:none;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;margin:-1.2rem .4rem -.2rem 0;}.view-source-button::before{position:absolute;content:"View Source";display:list-item;list-style-type:disclosure-closed;}.view-source-toggle-state:checked ~ .attr .view-source-button::before,.view-source-toggle-state:checked ~ .view-source-button::before{list-style-type:disclosure-open;}.pdoc .docstring{margin-bottom:1.5rem;}.pdoc section:not(.module-info) .docstring{margin-left:clamp(0rem, 5vw - 2rem, 1rem);}.pdoc .docstring .pdoc-code{margin-left:1em;margin-right:1em;}.pdoc h1:target,.pdoc h2:target,.pdoc h3:target,.pdoc h4:target,.pdoc h5:target,.pdoc h6:target,.pdoc .pdoc-code > pre > span:target{background-color:var(--active);box-shadow:-1rem 0 0 0 var(--active);}.pdoc .pdoc-code > pre > span:target{display:block;}.pdoc div:target > .attr,.pdoc section:target > .attr,.pdoc dd:target > a{background-color:var(--active);}.pdoc *{scroll-margin:2rem;}.pdoc .pdoc-code .linenos{user-select:none;}.pdoc .attr:hover{filter:contrast(0.95);}.pdoc section, .pdoc .classattr{position:relative;}.pdoc .headerlink{--width:clamp(1rem, 3vw, 2rem);position:absolute;top:0;left:calc(0rem - var(--width));transition:all 100ms ease-in-out;opacity:0;}.pdoc .headerlink::before{content:"#";display:block;text-align:center;width:var(--width);height:2.3rem;line-height:2.3rem;font-size:1.5rem;}.pdoc .attr:hover ~ .headerlink,.pdoc *:target > .headerlink,.pdoc .headerlink:hover{opacity:1;}.pdoc .attr{display:block;margin:.5rem 0 .5rem;padding:.4rem .4rem .4rem 1rem;background-color:var(--accent);overflow-x:auto;}.pdoc .classattr{margin-left:2rem;}.pdoc .name{color:var(--name);font-weight:bold;}.pdoc .def{color:var(--def);font-weight:bold;}.pdoc .signature{background-color:transparent;}.pdoc .param, .pdoc .return-annotation{white-space:pre;}.pdoc .signature.multiline .param{display:block;}.pdoc .signature.condensed .param{display:inline-block;}.pdoc .annotation{color:var(--annotation);}.pdoc .view-value-toggle-state,.pdoc .view-value-toggle-state ~ .default_value{display:none;}.pdoc .view-value-toggle-state:checked ~ .default_value{display:inherit;}.pdoc .view-value-button{font-size:.5rem;vertical-align:middle;border-style:dashed;margin-top:-0.1rem;}.pdoc .view-value-button:hover{background:white;}.pdoc .view-value-button::before{content:"show";text-align:center;width:2.2em;display:inline-block;}.pdoc .view-value-toggle-state:checked ~ .view-value-button::before{content:"hide";}.pdoc .inherited{margin-left:2rem;}.pdoc .inherited dt{font-weight:700;}.pdoc .inherited dt, .pdoc .inherited dd{display:inline;margin-left:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;}.pdoc .inherited dd:not(:last-child):after{content:", ";}.pdoc .inherited .class:before{content:"class ";}.pdoc .inherited .function a:after{content:"()";}.pdoc .search-result .docstring{overflow:auto;max-height:25vh;}.pdoc .search-result.focused > .attr{background-color:var(--active);}.pdoc .attribution{margin-top:2rem;display:block;opacity:0.5;transition:all 200ms;filter:grayscale(100%);}.pdoc .attribution:hover{opacity:1;filter:grayscale(0%);}.pdoc .attribution img{margin-left:5px;height:35px;vertical-align:middle;width:70px;transition:all 200ms;}.pdoc table{display:block;width:max-content;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;margin-bottom:1rem;}.pdoc table th{font-weight:600;}.pdoc table th, .pdoc table td{padding:6px 13px;border:1px solid var(--accent2);}</style>
<style>/*! custom.css */</style></head>
<body>
<nav class="pdoc">
<label id="navtoggle" for="togglestate" class="pdoc-button"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'><path stroke-linecap='round' stroke="currentColor" stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/></svg></label>
<input id="togglestate" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div>
<input type="search" placeholder="Search..." role="searchbox" aria-label="search"
pattern=".+" required>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#install">Install</a></li>
<li><a href="#versioning">Versioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#get-in-touch">Get in Touch</a></li>
<li><a href="#faq">FAQ</a></li>
<li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><a href="#used-by">Used By</a></li>
<li><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#run-tests-and-lint">Run Tests and Lint</a></li>
<li><a href="#benchmarks">Benchmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="#optional-dependencies">Optional Dependencies</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Submodules</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html">dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/diff.html">diff</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/errors.html">errors</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/executor.html">executor</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/expressions.html">expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/generator.html">generator</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/helper.html">helper</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/jsonpath.html">jsonpath</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/lineage.html">lineage</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/optimizer.html">optimizer</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/parser.html">parser</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/planner.html">planner</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/schema.html">schema</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/serde.html">serde</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/time.html">time</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/tokens.html">tokens</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/transforms.html">transforms</a></li>
<li><a href="sqlglot/trie.html">trie</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>API Documentation</h2>
<ul class="memberlist">
<li>
<a class="variable" href="#logger">logger</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="variable" href="#pretty">pretty</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="function" href="#tokenize">tokenize</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="function" href="#parse">parse</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="function" href="#parse_one">parse_one</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="function" href="#transpile">transpile</a>
</li>
</ul>
<footer>Copyright (c) 2023 Toby Mao</footer>
<a class="attribution" title="pdoc: Python API documentation generator" href="https://pdoc.dev" target="_blank">
built with <span class="visually-hidden">pdoc</span><img
alt="pdoc logo"
src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20role%3D%22img%22%20aria-label%3D%22pdoc%20logo%22%20width%3D%22300%22%20height%3D%22150%22%20viewBox%3D%22-1%200%2060%2030%22%3E%3Ctitle%3Epdoc%3C/title%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M29.621%2021.293c-.011-.273-.214-.475-.511-.481a.5.5%200%200%200-.489.503l-.044%201.393c-.097.551-.695%201.215-1.566%201.704-.577.428-1.306.486-2.193.182-1.426-.617-2.467-1.654-3.304-2.487l-.173-.172a3.43%203.43%200%200%200-.365-.306.49.49%200%200%200-.286-.196c-1.718-1.06-4.931-1.47-7.353.191l-.219.15c-1.707%201.187-3.413%202.131-4.328%201.03-.02-.027-.49-.685-.141-1.763.233-.721.546-2.408.772-4.076.042-.09.067-.187.046-.288.166-1.347.277-2.625.241-3.351%201.378-1.008%202.271-2.586%202.271-4.362%200-.976-.272-1.935-.788-2.774-.057-.094-.122-.18-.184-.268.033-.167.052-.339.052-.516%200-1.477-1.202-2.679-2.679-2.679-.791%200-1.496.352-1.987.9a6.3%206.3%200%200%200-1.001.029c-.492-.564-1.207-.929-2.012-.929-1.477%200-2.679%201.202-2.679%202.679A2.65%202.65%200%200%200%20.97%206.554c-.383.747-.595%201.572-.595%202.41%200%202.311%201.507%204.29%203.635%205.107-.037.699-.147%202.27-.423%203.294l-.137.461c-.622%202.042-2.515%208.257%201.727%2010.643%201.614.908%203.06%201.248%204.317%201.248%202.665%200%204.492-1.524%205.322-2.401%201.476-1.559%202.886-1.854%206.491.82%201.877%201.393%203.514%201.753%204.861%201.068%202.223-1.713%202.811-3.867%203.399-6.374.077-.846.056-1.469.054-1.537zm-4.835%204.313c-.054.305-.156.586-.242.629-.034-.007-.131-.022-.307-.157-.145-.111-.314-.478-.456-.908.221.121.432.25.675.355.115.039.219.051.33.081zm-2.251-1.238c-.05.33-.158.648-.252.694-.022.001-.125-.018-.307-.157-.217-.166-.488-.906-.639-1.573.358.344.754.693%201.198%201.036zm-3.887-2.337c-.006-.116-.018-.231-.041-.342.635.145%201.189.368%201.599.625.097.231.166.481.174.642-.03.049-.055.101-.067.158-.046.013-.128.026-.298.004-.278-.037-.901-.57-1.367-1.087zm-1.127-.497c.116.306.176.625.12.71-.019.014-.117.045-.345.016-.206-.027-.604-.332-.986-.695.41-.051.816-.056%201.211-.031zm-4.535%201.535c.209.22.379.47.358.598-.006.041-.088.138-.351.234-.144.055-.539-.063-.979-.259a11.66%2011.66%200%200%200%20.972-.573zm.983-.664c.359-.237.738-.418%201.126-.554.25.237.479.548.457.694-.006.042-.087.138-.351.235-.174.064-.694-.105-1.232-.375zm-3.381%201.794c-.022.145-.061.29-.149.401-.133.166-.358.248-.69.251h-.002c-.133%200-.306-.26-.45-.621.417.091.854.07%201.291-.031zm-2.066-8.077a4.78%204.78%200%200%201-.775-.584c.172-.115.505-.254.88-.378l-.105.962zm-.331%202.302a10.32%2010.32%200%200%201-.828-.502c.202-.143.576-.328.984-.49l-.156.992zm-.45%202.157l-.701-.403c.214-.115.536-.249.891-.376a11.57%2011.57%200%200%201-.19.779zm-.181%201.716c.064.398.194.702.298.893-.194-.051-.435-.162-.736-.398.061-.119.224-.3.438-.495zM8.87%204.141c0%20.152-.123.276-.276.276s-.275-.124-.275-.276.123-.276.276-.276.275.124.275.276zm-.735-.389a1.15%201.15%200%200%200-.314.783%201.16%201.16%200%200%200%201.162%201.162c.457%200%20.842-.27%201.032-.653.026.117.042.238.042.362a1.68%201.68%200%200%201-1.679%201.679%201.68%201.68%200%200%201-1.679-1.679c0-.843.626-1.535%201.436-1.654zM5.059%205.406A1.68%201.68%200%200%201%203.38%207.085a1.68%201.68%200%200%201-1.679-1.679c0-.037.009-.072.011-.109.21.3.541.508.935.508a1.16%201.16%200%200%200%201.162-1.162%201.14%201.14%200%200%200-.474-.912c.015%200%20.03-.005.045-.005.926.001%201.679.754%201.679%201.68zM3.198%204.141c0%20.152-.123.276-.276.276s-.275-.124-.275-.276.123-.276.276-.276.275.124.275.276zM1.375%208.964c0-.52.103-1.035.288-1.52.466.394%201.06.64%201.717.64%201.144%200%202.116-.725%202.499-1.738.383%201.012%201.355%201.738%202.499%201.738.867%200%201.631-.421%202.121-1.062.307.605.478%201.267.478%201.942%200%202.486-2.153%204.51-4.801%204.51s-4.801-2.023-4.801-4.51zm24.342%2019.349c-.985.498-2.267.168-3.813-.979-3.073-2.281-5.453-3.199-7.813-.705-1.315%201.391-4.163%203.365-8.423.97-3.174-1.786-2.239-6.266-1.261-9.479l.146-.492c.276-1.02.395-2.457.444-3.268a6.11%206.11%200%200%200%201.18.115%206.01%206.01%200%200%200%202.536-.562l-.006.175c-.802.215-1.848.612-2.021%201.25-.079.295.021.601.274.837.219.203.415.364.598.501-.667.304-1.243.698-1.311%201.179-.02.144-.022.507.393.787.213.144.395.26.564.365-1.285.521-1.361.96-1.381%201.126-.018.142-.011.496.427.746l.854.489c-.473.389-.971.914-.999%201.429-.018.278.095.532.316.713.675.556%201.231.721%201.653.721.059%200%20.104-.014.158-.02.207.707.641%201.64%201.513%201.64h.013c.8-.008%201.236-.345%201.462-.626.173-.216.268-.457.325-.692.424.195.93.374%201.372.374.151%200%20.294-.021.423-.068.732-.27.944-.704.993-1.021.009-.061.003-.119.002-.179.266.086.538.147.789.147.15%200%20.294-.021.423-.069.542-.2.797-.489.914-.754.237.147.478.258.704.288.106.014.205.021.296.021.356%200%20.595-.101.767-.229.438.435%201.094.992%201.656%201.067.106.014.205.021.296.021a1.56%201.56%200%200%200%20.323-.035c.17.575.453%201.289.866%201.605.358.273.665.362.914.362a.99.99%200%200%200%20.421-.093%201.03%201.03%200%200%200%20.245-.164c.168.428.39.846.68%201.068.358.273.665.362.913.362a.99.99%200%200%200%20.421-.093c.317-.148.512-.448.639-.762.251.157.495.257.726.257.127%200%20.25-.024.37-.071.427-.17.706-.617.841-1.314.022-.015.047-.022.068-.038.067-.051.133-.104.196-.159-.443%201.486-1.107%202.761-2.086%203.257zM8.66%209.925a.5.5%200%201%200-1%200c0%20.653-.818%201.205-1.787%201.205s-1.787-.552-1.787-1.205a.5.5%200%201%200-1%200c0%201.216%201.25%202.205%202.787%202.205s2.787-.989%202.787-2.205zm4.4%2015.965l-.208.097c-2.661%201.258-4.708%201.436-6.086.527-1.542-1.017-1.88-3.19-1.844-4.198a.4.4%200%200%200-.385-.414c-.242-.029-.406.164-.414.385-.046%201.249.367%203.686%202.202%204.896.708.467%201.547.7%202.51.7%201.248%200%202.706-.392%204.362-1.174l.185-.086a.4.4%200%200%200%20.205-.527c-.089-.204-.326-.291-.527-.206zM9.547%202.292c.093.077.205.114.317.114a.5.5%200%200%200%20.318-.886L8.817.397a.5.5%200%200%200-.703.068.5.5%200%200%200%20.069.703l1.364%201.124zm-7.661-.065c.086%200%20.173-.022.253-.068l1.523-.893a.5.5%200%200%200-.506-.863l-1.523.892a.5.5%200%200%200-.179.685c.094.158.261.247.432.247z%22%20transform%3D%22matrix%28-1%200%200%201%2058%200%29%22%20fill%3D%22%233bb300%22/%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M.3%2021.86V10.18q0-.46.02-.68.04-.22.18-.5.28-.54%201.34-.54%201.06%200%201.42.28.38.26.44.78.76-1.04%202.38-1.04%201.64%200%203.1%201.54%201.46%201.54%201.46%203.58%200%202.04-1.46%203.58-1.44%201.54-3.08%201.54-1.64%200-2.38-.92v4.04q0%20.46-.04.68-.02.22-.18.5-.14.3-.5.42-.36.12-.98.12-.62%200-1-.12-.36-.12-.52-.4-.14-.28-.18-.5-.02-.22-.02-.68zm3.96-9.42q-.46.54-.46%201.18%200%20.64.46%201.18.48.52%201.2.52.74%200%201.24-.52.52-.52.52-1.18%200-.66-.48-1.18-.48-.54-1.26-.54-.76%200-1.22.54zm14.741-8.36q.16-.3.54-.42.38-.12%201-.12.64%200%201.02.12.38.12.52.42.16.3.18.54.04.22.04.68v11.94q0%20.46-.04.7-.02.22-.18.5-.3.54-1.7.54-1.38%200-1.54-.98-.84.96-2.34.96-1.8%200-3.28-1.56-1.48-1.58-1.48-3.66%200-2.1%201.48-3.68%201.5-1.58%203.28-1.58%201.48%200%202.3%201v-4.2q0-.46.02-.68.04-.24.18-.52zm-3.24%2010.86q.52.54%201.26.54.74%200%201.22-.54.5-.54.5-1.18%200-.66-.48-1.22-.46-.56-1.26-.56-.8%200-1.28.56-.48.54-.48%201.2%200%20.66.52%201.2zm7.833-1.2q0-2.4%201.68-3.96%201.68-1.56%203.84-1.56%202.16%200%203.82%201.56%201.66%201.54%201.66%203.94%200%201.66-.86%202.96-.86%201.28-2.1%201.9-1.22.6-2.54.6-1.32%200-2.56-.64-1.24-.66-2.1-1.92-.84-1.28-.84-2.88zm4.18%201.44q.64.48%201.3.48.66%200%201.32-.5.66-.5.66-1.48%200-.98-.62-1.46-.62-.48-1.34-.48-.72%200-1.34.5-.62.5-.62%201.48%200%20.96.64%201.46zm11.412-1.44q0%20.84.56%201.32.56.46%201.18.46.64%200%201.18-.36.56-.38.9-.38.6%200%201.46%201.06.46.58.46%201.04%200%20.76-1.1%201.42-1.14.8-2.8.8-1.86%200-3.58-1.34-.82-.64-1.34-1.7-.52-1.08-.52-2.36%200-1.3.52-2.34.52-1.06%201.34-1.7%201.66-1.32%203.54-1.32.76%200%201.48.22.72.2%201.06.4l.32.2q.36.24.56.38.52.4.52.92%200%20.5-.42%201.14-.72%201.1-1.38%201.1-.38%200-1.08-.44-.36-.34-1.04-.34-.66%200-1.24.48-.58.48-.58%201.34z%22%20fill%3D%22green%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"/>
</a>
</div>
</nav>
<main class="pdoc">
<section class="module-info">
<a class="pdoc-button git-button" href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/tree/main/sqlglot/__init__.py">Edit on GitHub</a>
<div class="docstring"><p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="SQLGlot logo" /></p>
<p>SQLGlot is a no-dependency SQL parser, transpiler, optimizer, and engine. It can be used to format SQL or translate between <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/sqlglot/dialects/__init__.py">21 different dialects</a> like <a href="https://duckdb.org/">DuckDB</a>, <a href="https://prestodb.io/">Presto</a> / <a href="https://trino.io/">Trino</a>, <a href="https://spark.apache.org/">Spark</a> / <a href="https://www.databricks.com/">Databricks</a>, <a href="https://www.snowflake.com/en/">Snowflake</a>, and <a href="https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/">BigQuery</a>. It aims to read a wide variety of SQL inputs and output syntactically and semantically correct SQL in the targeted dialects.</p>
<p>It is a very comprehensive generic SQL parser with a robust <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/tests/">test suite</a>. It is also quite <a href="#benchmarks">performant</a>, while being written purely in Python.</p>
<p>You can easily <a href="#custom-dialects">customize</a> the parser, <a href="#metadata">analyze</a> queries, traverse expression trees, and programmatically <a href="#build-and-modify-sql">build</a> SQL.</p>
<p>Syntax <a href="#parser-errors">errors</a> are highlighted and dialect incompatibilities can warn or raise depending on configurations. However, SQLGlot does not aim to be a SQL validator, so it may fail to detect certain syntax errors.</p>
<p>Learn more about SQLGlot in the API <a href="https://sqlglot.com/">documentation</a> and the expression tree <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/ast_primer.md">primer</a>.</p>
<p>Contributions are very welcome in SQLGlot; read the <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md">contribution guide</a> to get started!</p>
<h2 id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#install">Install</a></li>
<li><a href="#versioning">Versioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#get-in-touch">Get in Touch</a></li>
<li><a href="#faq">FAQ</a></li>
<li><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#formatting-and-transpiling">Formatting and Transpiling</a></li>
<li><a href="#metadata">Metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="#parser-errors">Parser Errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#unsupported-errors">Unsupported Errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#build-and-modify-sql">Build and Modify SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql-optimizer">SQL Optimizer</a></li>
<li><a href="#ast-introspection">AST Introspection</a></li>
<li><a href="#ast-diff">AST Diff</a></li>
<li><a href="#custom-dialects">Custom Dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql-execution">SQL Execution</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#used-by">Used By</a></li>
<li><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#run-tests-and-lint">Run Tests and Lint</a></li>
<li><a href="#benchmarks">Benchmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="#optional-dependencies">Optional Dependencies</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="install">Install</h2>
<p>From PyPI:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code>pip3<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"sqlglot[rs]"</span>
<span class="c1"># Without Rust tokenizer (slower):</span>
<span class="c1"># pip3 install sqlglot</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Or with a local checkout:</p>
<pre><code>make install
</code></pre>
<p>Requirements for development (optional):</p>
<pre><code>make install-dev
</code></pre>
<h2 id="versioning">Versioning</h2>
<p>Given a version number <code>MAJOR</code>.<code>MINOR</code>.<code>PATCH</code>, SQLGlot uses the following versioning strategy:</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code>PATCH</code> version is incremented when there are backwards-compatible fixes or feature additions.</li>
<li>The <code>MINOR</code> version is incremented when there are backwards-incompatible fixes or feature additions.</li>
<li>The <code>MAJOR</code> version is incremented when there are significant backwards-incompatible fixes or feature additions.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="get-in-touch">Get in Touch</h2>
<p>We'd love to hear from you. Join our community <a href="https://tobikodata.com/slack">Slack channel</a>!</p>
<h2 id="faq">FAQ</h2>
<p>I tried to parse SQL that should be valid but it failed, why did that happen?</p>
<ul>
<li>Most of the time, issues like this occur because the "source" dialect is omitted during parsing. For example, this is how to correctly parse a SQL query written in Spark SQL: <code>parse_one(sql, dialect="spark")</code> (alternatively: <code>read="spark"</code>). If no dialect is specified, <code><a href="#parse_one">parse_one</a></code> will attempt to parse the query according to the "SQLGlot dialect", which is designed to be a superset of all supported dialects. If you tried specifying the dialect and it still doesn't work, please file an issue.</li>
</ul>
<p>I tried to output SQL but it's not in the correct dialect!</p>
<ul>
<li>Like parsing, generating SQL also requires the target dialect to be specified, otherwise the SQLGlot dialect will be used by default. For example, to transpile a query from Spark SQL to DuckDB, do <code>parse_one(sql, dialect="spark").sql(dialect="duckdb")</code> (alternatively: <code>transpile(sql, read="spark", write="duckdb")</code>).</li>
</ul>
<p>I tried to parse invalid SQL and it worked, even though it should raise an error! Why didn't it validate my SQL?</p>
<ul>
<li>SQLGlot does not aim to be a SQL validator - it is designed to be very forgiving. This makes the codebase more comprehensive and also gives more flexibility to its users, e.g. by allowing them to include trailing commas in their projection lists.</li>
</ul>
<p>What happened to sqlglot.dataframe?</p>
<ul>
<li>The PySpark dataframe api was moved to a standalone library called <a href="https://github.com/eakmanrq/sqlframe">sqlframe</a> in v24. It now allows you to run queries as opposed to just generate SQL.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<h3 id="formatting-and-transpiling">Formatting and Transpiling</h3>
<p>Easily translate from one dialect to another. For example, date/time functions vary between dialects and can be hard to deal with:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT EPOCH_MS(1618088028295)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"duckdb"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1618088028295 / POW(10, 3))'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>SQLGlot can even translate custom time formats:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT STRFTIME(x, '%y-%-m-%S')"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"duckdb"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="ss">"SELECT DATE_FORMAT(x, 'yy-M-ss')"</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Identifier delimiters and data types can be translated as well:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="c1"># Spark SQL requires backticks (`) for delimited identifiers and uses `FLOAT` over `REAL`</span>
<span class="n">sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"""WITH baz AS (SELECT a, c FROM foo WHERE a = 1) SELECT f.a, b.b, baz.c, CAST("b"."a" AS REAL) d FROM foo f JOIN bar b ON f.a = b.a LEFT JOIN baz ON f.a = baz.a"""</span>
<span class="c1"># Translates the query into Spark SQL, formats it, and delimits all of its identifiers</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"spark"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">identify</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pretty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">WITH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="k">c</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="k">c</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">FLOAT</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="k">LEFT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Comments are also preserved on a best-effort basis:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="s2">/* multi</span>
<span class="s2"> line</span>
<span class="s2"> comment</span>
<span class="s2">*/</span>
<span class="s2">SELECT</span>
<span class="s2"> tbl.cola /* comment 1 */ + tbl.colb /* comment 2 */,</span>
<span class="s2"> CAST(x AS SIGNED), # comment 3</span>
<span class="s2"> y -- comment 4</span>
<span class="s2">FROM</span>
<span class="s2"> bar /* comment 5 */,</span>
<span class="s2"> tbl # comment 6</span>
<span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="c1"># Note: MySQL-specific comments (`#`) are converted into standard syntax</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'mysql'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pretty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="cm">/* multi</span>
<span class="cm"> line</span>
<span class="cm"> comment</span>
<span class="cm">*/</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tbl</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cola</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 1 */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tbl</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">colb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 2 */</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">INT</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 3 */</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 4 */</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 5 */</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tbl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 6 */</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="metadata">Metadata</h3>
<p>You can explore SQL with expression helpers to do things like find columns and tables in a query:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exp</span>
<span class="c1"># print all column references (a and b)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">column</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a, b + 1 AS c FROM d"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias_or_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># find all projections in select statements (a and c)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">select</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a, b + 1 AS c FROM d"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Select</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">projection</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">select</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">projection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias_or_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># find all tables (x, y, z)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">table</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM x JOIN y JOIN z"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Table</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Read the <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/ast_primer.md">ast primer</a> to learn more about SQLGlot's internals.</p>
<h3 id="parser-errors">Parser Errors</h3>
<p>When the parser detects an error in the syntax, it raises a <code>ParseError</code>:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM t"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<pre><code><a href="sqlglot/errors.html#ParseError">sqlglot.errors.ParseError</a>: Expecting ). Line 1, Col: 34.
SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM t
~
</code></pre>
<p>Structured syntax errors are accessible for programmatic use:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM t"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/errors.html#ParseError">sqlglot.errors.ParseError</a></span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[{</span>
<span class="s1">'description'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Expecting )'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'line'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'col'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">34</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'start_context'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM '</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'highlight'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'t'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'end_context'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'into_expression'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="p">}]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="unsupported-errors">Unsupported Errors</h3>
<p>It may not be possible to translate some queries between certain dialects. For these cases, SQLGlot may emit a warning and will proceed to do a best-effort translation by default:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT APPROX_DISTINCT(a, 0.1) FROM foo"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"presto"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">does</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">support</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accuracy</span>
<span class="s1">'SELECT APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(a) FROM foo'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>This behavior can be changed by setting the <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/b0e8dc96ba179edb1776647b5bde4e704238b44d/sqlglot/errors.py#L9"><code>unsupported_level</code></a> attribute. For example, we can set it to either <code>RAISE</code> or <code>IMMEDIATE</code> to ensure an exception is raised instead:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT APPROX_DISTINCT(a, 0.1) FROM foo"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"presto"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unsupported_level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sqlglot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ErrorLevel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RAISE</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<pre><code><a href="sqlglot/errors.html#UnsupportedError">sqlglot.errors.UnsupportedError</a>: APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy
</code></pre>
<p>There are queries that require additional information to be accurately transpiled, such as the schemas of the tables referenced in them. This is because certain transformations are type-sensitive, meaning that type inference is needed in order to understand their semantics. Even though the <code>qualify</code> and <code>annotate_types</code> optimizer <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/tree/main/sqlglot/optimizer">rules</a> can help with this, they are not used by default because they add significant overhead and complexity.</p>
<p>Transpilation is generally a hard problem, so SQLGlot employs an "incremental" approach to solving it. This means that there may be dialect pairs that currently lack support for some inputs, but this is expected to improve over time. We highly appreciate well-documented and tested issues or PRs, so feel free to <a href="#get-in-touch">reach out</a> if you need guidance!</p>
<h3 id="build-and-modify-sql">Build and Modify SQL</h3>
<p>SQLGlot supports incrementally building SQL expressions:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">select</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">condition</span>
<span class="n">where</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"x=1"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"y=1"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"*"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"y"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">where</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT * FROM y WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>It's possible to modify a parsed tree:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT x FROM y"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"z"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT x FROM z'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Parsed expressions can also be transformed recursively by applying a mapping function to each node in the tree:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="n">expression_tree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a FROM x"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">transformer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"a"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"FUN(a)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">node</span>
<span class="n">transformed_tree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">expression_tree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transformer</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">transformed_tree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT FUN(a) FROM x'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="sql-optimizer">SQL Optimizer</h3>
<p>SQLGlot can rewrite queries into an "optimized" form. It performs a variety of <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/sqlglot/optimizer/optimizer.py">techniques</a> to create a new canonical AST. This AST can be used to standardize queries or provide the foundations for implementing an actual engine. For example:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/optimizer.html">sqlglot.optimizer</a></span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">optimize</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">optimize</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#parse_one">parse_one</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="s2"> SELECT A OR (B OR (C AND D))</span>
<span class="s2"> FROM x</span>
<span class="s2"> WHERE Z = date '2021-01-01' + INTERVAL '1' month OR 1 = 0</span>
<span class="s2"> """</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"x"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"A"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"B"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"C"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"D"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Z"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"STRING"</span><span class="p">}}</span>
<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pretty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"b"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"c"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"b"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"d"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"_col_0"</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span>
<span class="k">WHERE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"z"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">DATE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'2021-02-01'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">DATE</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="ast-introspection">AST Introspection</h3>
<p>You can see the AST version of the parsed SQL by calling <code>repr</code>:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a + 1 AS z"</span><span class="p">)))</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">Select</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">expressions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">Alias</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">is_string</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">alias</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">))])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="ast-diff">AST Diff</h3>
<p>SQLGlot can calculate the semantic difference between two expressions and output changes in a form of a sequence of actions needed to transform a source expression into a target one:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">diff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="n">diff</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a + b, c, d"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT c, a - b, d"</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)))),</span>
<span class="n">Insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Sub</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)))),</span>
<span class="n">Keep</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">source</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">))),</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>See also: <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/sql_diff.md">Semantic Diff for SQL</a>.</p>
<h3 id="custom-dialects">Custom Dialects</h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/tree/main/sqlglot/dialects">Dialects</a> can be added by subclassing <code>Dialect</code>:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">exp</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html">sqlglot.dialects.dialect</a></span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/generator.html">sqlglot.generator</a></span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Generator</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/tokens.html">sqlglot.tokens</a></span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Custom</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">QUOTES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"'"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'"'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">IDENTIFIERS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"`"</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">KEYWORDS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="o">**</span><span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">KEYWORDS</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BIGINT</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"FLOAT64"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DOUBLE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">TRANSFORMS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"[</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">]"</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">TYPE_MAPPING</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TINYINT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMALLINT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">INT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BIGINT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DECIMAL</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"NUMERIC"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FLOAT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"FLOAT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DOUBLE</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"FLOAT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BOOLEAN</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"BOOL"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TEXT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"STRING"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"custom"</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<pre><code><class '__main__.Custom'>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="sql-execution">SQL Execution</h3>
<p>SQLGlot is able to interpret SQL queries, where the tables are represented as Python dictionaries. The engine is not supposed to be fast, but it can be useful for unit testing and running SQL natively across Python objects. Additionally, the foundation can be easily integrated with fast compute kernels, such as <a href="https://arrow.apache.org/docs/index.html">Arrow</a> and <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/">Pandas</a>.</p>
<p>The example below showcases the execution of a query that involves aggregations and joins:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/executor.html">sqlglot.executor</a></span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">execute</span>
<span class="n">tables</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">"sushi"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"price"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"price"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"price"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">3.0</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s2">"order_items"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s2">"orders"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"user_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"user_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd"> SELECT</span>
<span class="sd"> o.user_id,</span>
<span class="sd"> SUM(s.price) AS price</span>
<span class="sd"> FROM orders o</span>
<span class="sd"> JOIN order_items i</span>
<span class="sd"> ON o.id = i.order_id</span>
<span class="sd"> JOIN sushi s</span>
<span class="sd"> ON i.sushi_id = s.id</span>
<span class="sd"> GROUP BY o.user_id</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">tables</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">tables</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">user_id</span> <span class="n">price</span>
<span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mf">4.0</span>
<span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mf">3.0</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>See also: <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/python_sql_engine.md">Writing a Python SQL engine from scratch</a>.</p>
<h2 id="used-by">Used By</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/TobikoData/sqlmesh">SQLMesh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/apache/superset">Apache Superset</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/dagster-io/dagster">Dagster</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/fugue-project/fugue">Fugue</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis">ibis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kelsin/mysql-mimic">mysql-mimic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/pinterest/querybook">Querybook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/marsupialtail/quokka">Quokka</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/moj-analytical-services/splink">Splink</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/eakmanrq/sqlframe">sqlframe</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="documentation">Documentation</h2>
<p>SQLGlot uses <a href="https://pdoc.dev/">pdoc</a> to serve its API documentation.</p>
<p>A hosted version is on the <a href="https://sqlglot.com/">SQLGlot website</a>, or you can build locally with:</p>
<pre><code>make docs-serve
</code></pre>
<h2 id="run-tests-and-lint">Run Tests and Lint</h2>
<pre><code>make style # Only linter checks
make unit # Only unit tests (or unit-rs, to use the Rust tokenizer)
make test # Unit and integration tests (or test-rs, to use the Rust tokenizer)
make check # Full test suite & linter checks
</code></pre>
<h2 id="benchmarks">Benchmarks</h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/benchmarks/bench.py">Benchmarks</a> run on Python 3.10.12 in seconds.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Query</th>
<th>sqlglot</th>
<th>sqlglotrs</th>
<th>sqlfluff</th>
<th>sqltree</th>
<th>sqlparse</th>
<th>moz_sql_parser</th>
<th>sqloxide</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>tpch</td>
<td>0.00944 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.00590 (0.625)</td>
<td>0.32116 (33.98)</td>
<td>0.00693 (0.734)</td>
<td>0.02858 (3.025)</td>
<td>0.03337 (3.532)</td>
<td>0.00073 (0.077)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>0.00065 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.00044 (0.687)</td>
<td>0.03511 (53.82)</td>
<td>0.00049 (0.759)</td>
<td>0.00163 (2.506)</td>
<td>0.00234 (3.601)</td>
<td>0.00005 (0.073)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long</td>
<td>0.00889 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.00572 (0.643)</td>
<td>0.36982 (41.56)</td>
<td>0.00614 (0.690)</td>
<td>0.02530 (2.844)</td>
<td>0.02931 (3.294)</td>
<td>0.00059 (0.066)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>crazy</td>
<td>0.02918 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.01991 (0.682)</td>
<td>1.88695 (64.66)</td>
<td>0.02003 (0.686)</td>
<td>7.46894 (255.9)</td>
<td>0.64994 (22.27)</td>
<td>0.00327 (0.112)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="optional-dependencies">Optional Dependencies</h2>
<p>SQLGlot uses <a href="https://github.com/dateutil/dateutil">dateutil</a> to simplify literal timedelta expressions. The optimizer will not simplify expressions like the following if the module cannot be found:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">interval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'1'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">month</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr />
</div>
<input id="mod-sqlglot-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<label class="view-source-button" for="mod-sqlglot-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="L-1"><a href="#L-1"><span class="linenos"> 1</span></a><span class="c1"># ruff: noqa: F401</span>
</span><span id="L-2"><a href="#L-2"><span class="linenos"> 2</span></a><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-3"><a href="#L-3"><span class="linenos"> 3</span></a><span class="sd">.. include:: ../README.md</span>
</span><span id="L-4"><a href="#L-4"><span class="linenos"> 4</span></a>
</span><span id="L-5"><a href="#L-5"><span class="linenos"> 5</span></a><span class="sd">----</span>
</span><span id="L-6"><a href="#L-6"><span class="linenos"> 6</span></a><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-7"><a href="#L-7"><span class="linenos"> 7</span></a>
</span><span id="L-8"><a href="#L-8"><span class="linenos"> 8</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">annotations</span>
</span><span id="L-9"><a href="#L-9"><span class="linenos"> 9</span></a>
</span><span id="L-10"><a href="#L-10"><span class="linenos"> 10</span></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">logging</span>
</span><span id="L-11"><a href="#L-11"><span class="linenos"> 11</span></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">typing</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">t</span>
</span><span id="L-12"><a href="#L-12"><span class="linenos"> 12</span></a>
</span><span id="L-13"><a href="#L-13"><span class="linenos"> 13</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">expressions</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">exp</span>
</span><span id="L-14"><a href="#L-14"><span class="linenos"> 14</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.dialects.dialect</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Dialects</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Dialects</span>
</span><span id="L-15"><a href="#L-15"><span class="linenos"> 15</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.diff</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">diff</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">diff</span>
</span><span id="L-16"><a href="#L-16"><span class="linenos"> 16</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.errors</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-17"><a href="#L-17"><span class="linenos"> 17</span></a> <span class="n">ErrorLevel</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ErrorLevel</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-18"><a href="#L-18"><span class="linenos"> 18</span></a> <span class="n">ParseError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-19"><a href="#L-19"><span class="linenos"> 19</span></a> <span class="n">TokenError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">TokenError</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-20"><a href="#L-20"><span class="linenos"> 20</span></a> <span class="n">UnsupportedError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">UnsupportedError</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-21"><a href="#L-21"><span class="linenos"> 21</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-22"><a href="#L-22"><span class="linenos"> 22</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.expressions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-23"><a href="#L-23"><span class="linenos"> 23</span></a> <span class="n">Expression</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-24"><a href="#L-24"><span class="linenos"> 24</span></a> <span class="n">alias_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-25"><a href="#L-25"><span class="linenos"> 25</span></a> <span class="n">and_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">and_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-26"><a href="#L-26"><span class="linenos"> 26</span></a> <span class="n">case</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">case</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-27"><a href="#L-27"><span class="linenos"> 27</span></a> <span class="n">cast</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">cast</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-28"><a href="#L-28"><span class="linenos"> 28</span></a> <span class="n">column</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-29"><a href="#L-29"><span class="linenos"> 29</span></a> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-30"><a href="#L-30"><span class="linenos"> 30</span></a> <span class="n">except_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">except_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-31"><a href="#L-31"><span class="linenos"> 31</span></a> <span class="n">from_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">from_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-32"><a href="#L-32"><span class="linenos"> 32</span></a> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-33"><a href="#L-33"><span class="linenos"> 33</span></a> <span class="n">intersect</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">intersect</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-34"><a href="#L-34"><span class="linenos"> 34</span></a> <span class="n">maybe_parse</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">maybe_parse</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-35"><a href="#L-35"><span class="linenos"> 35</span></a> <span class="n">not_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">not_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-36"><a href="#L-36"><span class="linenos"> 36</span></a> <span class="n">or_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">or_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-37"><a href="#L-37"><span class="linenos"> 37</span></a> <span class="n">select</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">select</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-38"><a href="#L-38"><span class="linenos"> 38</span></a> <span class="n">subquery</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">subquery</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-39"><a href="#L-39"><span class="linenos"> 39</span></a> <span class="n">table_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-40"><a href="#L-40"><span class="linenos"> 40</span></a> <span class="n">to_column</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">to_column</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-41"><a href="#L-41"><span class="linenos"> 41</span></a> <span class="n">to_identifier</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">to_identifier</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-42"><a href="#L-42"><span class="linenos"> 42</span></a> <span class="n">to_table</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">to_table</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-43"><a href="#L-43"><span class="linenos"> 43</span></a> <span class="n">union</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">union</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-44"><a href="#L-44"><span class="linenos"> 44</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-45"><a href="#L-45"><span class="linenos"> 45</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.generator</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Generator</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Generator</span>
</span><span id="L-46"><a href="#L-46"><span class="linenos"> 46</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.parser</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Parser</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Parser</span>
</span><span id="L-47"><a href="#L-47"><span class="linenos"> 47</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.schema</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MappingSchema</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MappingSchema</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Schema</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Schema</span>
</span><span id="L-48"><a href="#L-48"><span class="linenos"> 48</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.tokens</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Tokenizer</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span>
</span><span id="L-49"><a href="#L-49"><span class="linenos"> 49</span></a>
</span><span id="L-50"><a href="#L-50"><span class="linenos"> 50</span></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TYPE_CHECKING</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-51"><a href="#L-51"><span class="linenos"> 51</span></a> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot._typing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">E</span>
</span><span id="L-52"><a href="#L-52"><span class="linenos"> 52</span></a> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.dialects.dialect</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span>
</span><span id="L-53"><a href="#L-53"><span class="linenos"> 53</span></a>
</span><span id="L-54"><a href="#L-54"><span class="linenos"> 54</span></a><span class="n">logger</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getLogger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"sqlglot"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-55"><a href="#L-55"><span class="linenos"> 55</span></a>
</span><span id="L-56"><a href="#L-56"><span class="linenos"> 56</span></a>
</span><span id="L-57"><a href="#L-57"><span class="linenos"> 57</span></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-58"><a href="#L-58"><span class="linenos"> 58</span></a> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot._version</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">__version__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__version_tuple__</span>
</span><span id="L-59"><a href="#L-59"><span class="linenos"> 59</span></a><span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-60"><a href="#L-60"><span class="linenos"> 60</span></a> <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-61"><a href="#L-61"><span class="linenos"> 61</span></a> <span class="s2">"Unable to set __version__, run `pip install -e .` or `python setup.py develop` first."</span>
</span><span id="L-62"><a href="#L-62"><span class="linenos"> 62</span></a> <span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-63"><a href="#L-63"><span class="linenos"> 63</span></a>
</span><span id="L-64"><a href="#L-64"><span class="linenos"> 64</span></a>
</span><span id="L-65"><a href="#L-65"><span class="linenos"> 65</span></a><span class="n">pretty</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
</span><span id="L-66"><a href="#L-66"><span class="linenos"> 66</span></a><span class="sd">"""Whether to format generated SQL by default."""</span>
</span><span id="L-67"><a href="#L-67"><span class="linenos"> 67</span></a>
</span><span id="L-68"><a href="#L-68"><span class="linenos"> 68</span></a>
</span><span id="L-69"><a href="#L-69"><span class="linenos"> 69</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Token</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</span><span id="L-70"><a href="#L-70"><span class="linenos"> 70</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-71"><a href="#L-71"><span class="linenos"> 71</span></a><span class="sd"> Tokenizes the given SQL string.</span>
</span><span id="L-72"><a href="#L-72"><span class="linenos"> 72</span></a>
</span><span id="L-73"><a href="#L-73"><span class="linenos"> 73</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-74"><a href="#L-74"><span class="linenos"> 74</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to tokenize.</span>
</span><span id="L-75"><a href="#L-75"><span class="linenos"> 75</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during tokenizing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-76"><a href="#L-76"><span class="linenos"> 76</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read).</span>
</span><span id="L-77"><a href="#L-77"><span class="linenos"> 77</span></a>
</span><span id="L-78"><a href="#L-78"><span class="linenos"> 78</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-79"><a href="#L-79"><span class="linenos"> 79</span></a><span class="sd"> The resulting list of tokens.</span>
</span><span id="L-80"><a href="#L-80"><span class="linenos"> 80</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-81"><a href="#L-81"><span class="linenos"> 81</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-82"><a href="#L-82"><span class="linenos"> 82</span></a>
</span><span id="L-83"><a href="#L-83"><span class="linenos"> 83</span></a>
</span><span id="L-84"><a href="#L-84"><span class="linenos"> 84</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-85"><a href="#L-85"><span class="linenos"> 85</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span>
</span><span id="L-86"><a href="#L-86"><span class="linenos"> 86</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">]]:</span>
</span><span id="L-87"><a href="#L-87"><span class="linenos"> 87</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-88"><a href="#L-88"><span class="linenos"> 88</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string into a collection of syntax trees, one per parsed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-89"><a href="#L-89"><span class="linenos"> 89</span></a>
</span><span id="L-90"><a href="#L-90"><span class="linenos"> 90</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-91"><a href="#L-91"><span class="linenos"> 91</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to parse.</span>
</span><span id="L-92"><a href="#L-92"><span class="linenos"> 92</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-93"><a href="#L-93"><span class="linenos"> 93</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read).</span>
</span><span id="L-94"><a href="#L-94"><span class="linenos"> 94</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.parser.Parser` options.</span>
</span><span id="L-95"><a href="#L-95"><span class="linenos"> 95</span></a>
</span><span id="L-96"><a href="#L-96"><span class="linenos"> 96</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-97"><a href="#L-97"><span class="linenos"> 97</span></a><span class="sd"> The resulting syntax tree collection.</span>
</span><span id="L-98"><a href="#L-98"><span class="linenos"> 98</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-99"><a href="#L-99"><span class="linenos"> 99</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-100"><a href="#L-100"><span class="linenos">100</span></a>
</span><span id="L-101"><a href="#L-101"><span class="linenos">101</span></a>
</span><span id="L-102"><a href="#L-102"><span class="linenos">102</span></a><span class="nd">@t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">overload</span>
</span><span id="L-103"><a href="#L-103"><span class="linenos">103</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="L-104"><a href="#L-104"><span class="linenos">104</span></a>
</span><span id="L-105"><a href="#L-105"><span class="linenos">105</span></a>
</span><span id="L-106"><a href="#L-106"><span class="linenos">106</span></a><span class="nd">@t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">overload</span>
</span><span id="L-107"><a href="#L-107"><span class="linenos">107</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="L-108"><a href="#L-108"><span class="linenos">108</span></a>
</span><span id="L-109"><a href="#L-109"><span class="linenos">109</span></a>
</span><span id="L-110"><a href="#L-110"><span class="linenos">110</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-111"><a href="#L-111"><span class="linenos">111</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-112"><a href="#L-112"><span class="linenos">112</span></a> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-113"><a href="#L-113"><span class="linenos">113</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-114"><a href="#L-114"><span class="linenos">114</span></a> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IntoType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-115"><a href="#L-115"><span class="linenos">115</span></a> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-116"><a href="#L-116"><span class="linenos">116</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-117"><a href="#L-117"><span class="linenos">117</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-118"><a href="#L-118"><span class="linenos">118</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string and returns a syntax tree for the first parsed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-119"><a href="#L-119"><span class="linenos">119</span></a>
</span><span id="L-120"><a href="#L-120"><span class="linenos">120</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-121"><a href="#L-121"><span class="linenos">121</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to parse.</span>
</span><span id="L-122"><a href="#L-122"><span class="linenos">122</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-123"><a href="#L-123"><span class="linenos">123</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read)</span>
</span><span id="L-124"><a href="#L-124"><span class="linenos">124</span></a><span class="sd"> into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into.</span>
</span><span id="L-125"><a href="#L-125"><span class="linenos">125</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.parser.Parser` options.</span>
</span><span id="L-126"><a href="#L-126"><span class="linenos">126</span></a>
</span><span id="L-127"><a href="#L-127"><span class="linenos">127</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-128"><a href="#L-128"><span class="linenos">128</span></a><span class="sd"> The syntax tree for the first parsed statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-129"><a href="#L-129"><span class="linenos">129</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-130"><a href="#L-130"><span class="linenos">130</span></a>
</span><span id="L-131"><a href="#L-131"><span class="linenos">131</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-132"><a href="#L-132"><span class="linenos">132</span></a>
</span><span id="L-133"><a href="#L-133"><span class="linenos">133</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-134"><a href="#L-134"><span class="linenos">134</span></a> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_into</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">into</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-135"><a href="#L-135"><span class="linenos">135</span></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-136"><a href="#L-136"><span class="linenos">136</span></a> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-137"><a href="#L-137"><span class="linenos">137</span></a>
</span><span id="L-138"><a href="#L-138"><span class="linenos">138</span></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-139"><a href="#L-139"><span class="linenos">139</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-140"><a href="#L-140"><span class="linenos">140</span></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"No expression was parsed from '</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">'"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-141"><a href="#L-141"><span class="linenos">141</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
</span><span id="L-142"><a href="#L-142"><span class="linenos">142</span></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-143"><a href="#L-143"><span class="linenos">143</span></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"No expression was parsed from '</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">'"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-144"><a href="#L-144"><span class="linenos">144</span></a>
</span><span id="L-145"><a href="#L-145"><span class="linenos">145</span></a>
</span><span id="L-146"><a href="#L-146"><span class="linenos">146</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">transpile</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-147"><a href="#L-147"><span class="linenos">147</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-148"><a href="#L-148"><span class="linenos">148</span></a> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-149"><a href="#L-149"><span class="linenos">149</span></a> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-150"><a href="#L-150"><span class="linenos">150</span></a> <span class="n">identity</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-151"><a href="#L-151"><span class="linenos">151</span></a> <span class="n">error_level</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ErrorLevel</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-152"><a href="#L-152"><span class="linenos">152</span></a> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-153"><a href="#L-153"><span class="linenos">153</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</span><span id="L-154"><a href="#L-154"><span class="linenos">154</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-155"><a href="#L-155"><span class="linenos">155</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string in accordance with the source dialect and returns a list of SQL strings transformed</span>
</span><span id="L-156"><a href="#L-156"><span class="linenos">156</span></a><span class="sd"> to conform to the target dialect. Each string in the returned list represents a single transformed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-157"><a href="#L-157"><span class="linenos">157</span></a>
</span><span id="L-158"><a href="#L-158"><span class="linenos">158</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-159"><a href="#L-159"><span class="linenos">159</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to transpile.</span>
</span><span id="L-160"><a href="#L-160"><span class="linenos">160</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the source dialect used to parse the input string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-161"><a href="#L-161"><span class="linenos">161</span></a><span class="sd"> write: the target dialect into which the input should be transformed (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-162"><a href="#L-162"><span class="linenos">162</span></a><span class="sd"> identity: if set to `True` and if the target dialect is not specified the source dialect will be used as both:</span>
</span><span id="L-163"><a href="#L-163"><span class="linenos">163</span></a><span class="sd"> the source and the target dialect.</span>
</span><span id="L-164"><a href="#L-164"><span class="linenos">164</span></a><span class="sd"> error_level: the desired error level of the parser.</span>
</span><span id="L-165"><a href="#L-165"><span class="linenos">165</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.</span>
</span><span id="L-166"><a href="#L-166"><span class="linenos">166</span></a>
</span><span id="L-167"><a href="#L-167"><span class="linenos">167</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-168"><a href="#L-168"><span class="linenos">168</span></a><span class="sd"> The list of transpiled SQL statements.</span>
</span><span id="L-169"><a href="#L-169"><span class="linenos">169</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-170"><a href="#L-170"><span class="linenos">170</span></a> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">identity</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">write</span>
</span><span id="L-171"><a href="#L-171"><span class="linenos">171</span></a> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-172"><a href="#L-172"><span class="linenos">172</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="L-173"><a href="#L-173"><span class="linenos">173</span></a> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">copy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s2">""</span>
</span><span id="L-174"><a href="#L-174"><span class="linenos">174</span></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">error_level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">error_level</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-175"><a href="#L-175"><span class="linenos">175</span></a> <span class="p">]</span>
</span></pre></div>
</section>
<section id="logger">
<div class="attr variable">
<span class="name">logger</span> =
<span class="default_value"><Logger sqlglot (WARNING)></span>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#logger"></a>
</section>
<section id="pretty">
<div class="attr variable">
<span class="name">pretty</span> =
<span class="default_value">False</span>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#pretty"></a>
<div class="docstring"><p>Whether to format generated SQL by default.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="tokenize">
<input id="tokenize-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div class="attr function">
<span class="def">def</span>
<span class="name">tokenize</span><span class="signature pdoc-code multiline">(<span class="param"> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span></span><span class="return-annotation">) -> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/tokens.html#Token">sqlglot.tokens.Token</a></span><span class="p">]</span>:</span></span>
<label class="view-source-button" for="tokenize-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize"></a>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="tokenize-70"><a href="#tokenize-70"><span class="linenos">70</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Token</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-71"><a href="#tokenize-71"><span class="linenos">71</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-72"><a href="#tokenize-72"><span class="linenos">72</span></a><span class="sd"> Tokenizes the given SQL string.</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-73"><a href="#tokenize-73"><span class="linenos">73</span></a>
</span><span id="tokenize-74"><a href="#tokenize-74"><span class="linenos">74</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-75"><a href="#tokenize-75"><span class="linenos">75</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to tokenize.</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-76"><a href="#tokenize-76"><span class="linenos">76</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during tokenizing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-77"><a href="#tokenize-77"><span class="linenos">77</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read).</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-78"><a href="#tokenize-78"><span class="linenos">78</span></a>
</span><span id="tokenize-79"><a href="#tokenize-79"><span class="linenos">79</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-80"><a href="#tokenize-80"><span class="linenos">80</span></a><span class="sd"> The resulting list of tokens.</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-81"><a href="#tokenize-81"><span class="linenos">81</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-82"><a href="#tokenize-82"><span class="linenos">82</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></pre></div>
<div class="docstring"><p>Tokenizes the given SQL string.</p>
<h6 id="arguments">Arguments:</h6>
<ul>
<li><strong>sql:</strong> the SQL code string to tokenize.</li>
<li><strong>read:</strong> the SQL dialect to apply during tokenizing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</li>
<li><strong>dialect:</strong> the SQL dialect (alias for read).</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="returns">Returns:</h6>
<blockquote>
<p>The resulting list of tokens.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</section>
<section id="parse">
<input id="parse-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div class="attr function">
<span class="def">def</span>
<span class="name">parse</span><span class="signature pdoc-code multiline">(<span class="param"> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span></span><span class="return-annotation">) -> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/expressions.html#Expression">sqlglot.expressions.Expression</a></span><span class="p">]]</span>:</span></span>
<label class="view-source-button" for="parse-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#parse"></a>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="parse-85"><a href="#parse-85"><span class="linenos"> 85</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="parse-86"><a href="#parse-86"><span class="linenos"> 86</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span>
</span><span id="parse-87"><a href="#parse-87"><span class="linenos"> 87</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">]]:</span>
</span><span id="parse-88"><a href="#parse-88"><span class="linenos"> 88</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="parse-89"><a href="#parse-89"><span class="linenos"> 89</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string into a collection of syntax trees, one per parsed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="parse-90"><a href="#parse-90"><span class="linenos"> 90</span></a>
</span><span id="parse-91"><a href="#parse-91"><span class="linenos"> 91</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="parse-92"><a href="#parse-92"><span class="linenos"> 92</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to parse.</span>
</span><span id="parse-93"><a href="#parse-93"><span class="linenos"> 93</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="parse-94"><a href="#parse-94"><span class="linenos"> 94</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read).</span>
</span><span id="parse-95"><a href="#parse-95"><span class="linenos"> 95</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.parser.Parser` options.</span>
</span><span id="parse-96"><a href="#parse-96"><span class="linenos"> 96</span></a>
</span><span id="parse-97"><a href="#parse-97"><span class="linenos"> 97</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="parse-98"><a href="#parse-98"><span class="linenos"> 98</span></a><span class="sd"> The resulting syntax tree collection.</span>
</span><span id="parse-99"><a href="#parse-99"><span class="linenos"> 99</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="parse-100"><a href="#parse-100"><span class="linenos">100</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></pre></div>
<div class="docstring"><p>Parses the given SQL string into a collection of syntax trees, one per parsed SQL statement.</p>
<h6 id="arguments">Arguments:</h6>
<ul>
<li><strong>sql:</strong> the SQL code string to parse.</li>
<li><strong>read:</strong> the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</li>
<li><strong>dialect:</strong> the SQL dialect (alias for read).</li>
<li><strong>**opts:</strong> other <code><a href="sqlglot/parser.html#Parser">sqlglot.parser.Parser</a></code> options.</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="returns">Returns:</h6>
<blockquote>
<p>The resulting syntax tree collection.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</section>
<section id="parse_one">
<input id="parse_one-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div class="attr function">
<span class="def">def</span>
<span class="name">parse_one</span><span class="signature pdoc-code multiline">(<span class="param"> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/expressions.html#Expression">sqlglot.expressions.Expression</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Collection</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/expressions.html#Expression">sqlglot.expressions.Expression</a></span><span class="p">]]],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span></span><span class="return-annotation">) -> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/expressions.html#Expression">sqlglot.expressions.Expression</a></span>:</span></span>
<label class="view-source-button" for="parse_one-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#parse_one"></a>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="parse_one-111"><a href="#parse_one-111"><span class="linenos">111</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-112"><a href="#parse_one-112"><span class="linenos">112</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-113"><a href="#parse_one-113"><span class="linenos">113</span></a> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-114"><a href="#parse_one-114"><span class="linenos">114</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-115"><a href="#parse_one-115"><span class="linenos">115</span></a> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IntoType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-116"><a href="#parse_one-116"><span class="linenos">116</span></a> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-117"><a href="#parse_one-117"><span class="linenos">117</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-118"><a href="#parse_one-118"><span class="linenos">118</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-119"><a href="#parse_one-119"><span class="linenos">119</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string and returns a syntax tree for the first parsed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-120"><a href="#parse_one-120"><span class="linenos">120</span></a>
</span><span id="parse_one-121"><a href="#parse_one-121"><span class="linenos">121</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-122"><a href="#parse_one-122"><span class="linenos">122</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to parse.</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-123"><a href="#parse_one-123"><span class="linenos">123</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-124"><a href="#parse_one-124"><span class="linenos">124</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read)</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-125"><a href="#parse_one-125"><span class="linenos">125</span></a><span class="sd"> into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into.</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-126"><a href="#parse_one-126"><span class="linenos">126</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.parser.Parser` options.</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-127"><a href="#parse_one-127"><span class="linenos">127</span></a>
</span><span id="parse_one-128"><a href="#parse_one-128"><span class="linenos">128</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-129"><a href="#parse_one-129"><span class="linenos">129</span></a><span class="sd"> The syntax tree for the first parsed statement.</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-130"><a href="#parse_one-130"><span class="linenos">130</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-131"><a href="#parse_one-131"><span class="linenos">131</span></a>
</span><span id="parse_one-132"><a href="#parse_one-132"><span class="linenos">132</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-133"><a href="#parse_one-133"><span class="linenos">133</span></a>
</span><span id="parse_one-134"><a href="#parse_one-134"><span class="linenos">134</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-135"><a href="#parse_one-135"><span class="linenos">135</span></a> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_into</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">into</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-136"><a href="#parse_one-136"><span class="linenos">136</span></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-137"><a href="#parse_one-137"><span class="linenos">137</span></a> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-138"><a href="#parse_one-138"><span class="linenos">138</span></a>
</span><span id="parse_one-139"><a href="#parse_one-139"><span class="linenos">139</span></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-140"><a href="#parse_one-140"><span class="linenos">140</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-141"><a href="#parse_one-141"><span class="linenos">141</span></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"No expression was parsed from '</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">'"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-142"><a href="#parse_one-142"><span class="linenos">142</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-143"><a href="#parse_one-143"><span class="linenos">143</span></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="parse_one-144"><a href="#parse_one-144"><span class="linenos">144</span></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"No expression was parsed from '</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">'"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></pre></div>
<div class="docstring"><p>Parses the given SQL string and returns a syntax tree for the first parsed SQL statement.</p>
<h6 id="arguments">Arguments:</h6>
<ul>
<li><strong>sql:</strong> the SQL code string to parse.</li>
<li><strong>read:</strong> the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</li>
<li><strong>dialect:</strong> the SQL dialect (alias for read)</li>
<li><strong>into:</strong> the SQLGlot Expression to parse into.</li>
<li><strong>**opts:</strong> other <code><a href="sqlglot/parser.html#Parser">sqlglot.parser.Parser</a></code> options.</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="returns">Returns:</h6>
<blockquote>
<p>The syntax tree for the first parsed statement.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</section>
<section id="transpile">
<input id="transpile-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div class="attr function">
<span class="def">def</span>
<span class="name">transpile</span><span class="signature pdoc-code multiline">(<span class="param"> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects/dialect.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">identity</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">error_level</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/errors.html#ErrorLevel">sqlglot.errors.ErrorLevel</a></span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span></span><span class="return-annotation">) -> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>:</span></span>
<label class="view-source-button" for="transpile-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#transpile"></a>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="transpile-147"><a href="#transpile-147"><span class="linenos">147</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">transpile</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="transpile-148"><a href="#transpile-148"><span class="linenos">148</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="transpile-149"><a href="#transpile-149"><span class="linenos">149</span></a> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="transpile-150"><a href="#transpile-150"><span class="linenos">150</span></a> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="transpile-151"><a href="#transpile-151"><span class="linenos">151</span></a> <span class="n">identity</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="transpile-152"><a href="#transpile-152"><span class="linenos">152</span></a> <span class="n">error_level</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ErrorLevel</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="transpile-153"><a href="#transpile-153"><span class="linenos">153</span></a> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="transpile-154"><a href="#transpile-154"><span class="linenos">154</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</span><span id="transpile-155"><a href="#transpile-155"><span class="linenos">155</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="transpile-156"><a href="#transpile-156"><span class="linenos">156</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string in accordance with the source dialect and returns a list of SQL strings transformed</span>
</span><span id="transpile-157"><a href="#transpile-157"><span class="linenos">157</span></a><span class="sd"> to conform to the target dialect. Each string in the returned list represents a single transformed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="transpile-158"><a href="#transpile-158"><span class="linenos">158</span></a>
</span><span id="transpile-159"><a href="#transpile-159"><span class="linenos">159</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="transpile-160"><a href="#transpile-160"><span class="linenos">160</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to transpile.</span>
</span><span id="transpile-161"><a href="#transpile-161"><span class="linenos">161</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the source dialect used to parse the input string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="transpile-162"><a href="#transpile-162"><span class="linenos">162</span></a><span class="sd"> write: the target dialect into which the input should be transformed (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="transpile-163"><a href="#transpile-163"><span class="linenos">163</span></a><span class="sd"> identity: if set to `True` and if the target dialect is not specified the source dialect will be used as both:</span>
</span><span id="transpile-164"><a href="#transpile-164"><span class="linenos">164</span></a><span class="sd"> the source and the target dialect.</span>
</span><span id="transpile-165"><a href="#transpile-165"><span class="linenos">165</span></a><span class="sd"> error_level: the desired error level of the parser.</span>
</span><span id="transpile-166"><a href="#transpile-166"><span class="linenos">166</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.</span>
</span><span id="transpile-167"><a href="#transpile-167"><span class="linenos">167</span></a>
</span><span id="transpile-168"><a href="#transpile-168"><span class="linenos">168</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="transpile-169"><a href="#transpile-169"><span class="linenos">169</span></a><span class="sd"> The list of transpiled SQL statements.</span>
</span><span id="transpile-170"><a href="#transpile-170"><span class="linenos">170</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="transpile-171"><a href="#transpile-171"><span class="linenos">171</span></a> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">identity</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">write</span>
</span><span id="transpile-172"><a href="#transpile-172"><span class="linenos">172</span></a> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="transpile-173"><a href="#transpile-173"><span class="linenos">173</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="transpile-174"><a href="#transpile-174"><span class="linenos">174</span></a> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">copy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s2">""</span>
</span><span id="transpile-175"><a href="#transpile-175"><span class="linenos">175</span></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">error_level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">error_level</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="transpile-176"><a href="#transpile-176"><span class="linenos">176</span></a> <span class="p">]</span>
</span></pre></div>
<div class="docstring"><p>Parses the given SQL string in accordance with the source dialect and returns a list of SQL strings transformed
to conform to the target dialect. Each string in the returned list represents a single transformed SQL statement.</p>
<h6 id="arguments">Arguments:</h6>
<ul>
<li><strong>sql:</strong> the SQL code string to transpile.</li>
<li><strong>read:</strong> the source dialect used to parse the input string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</li>
<li><strong>write:</strong> the target dialect into which the input should be transformed (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</li>
<li><strong>identity:</strong> if set to <code>True</code> and if the target dialect is not specified the source dialect will be used as both:
the source and the target dialect.</li>
<li><strong>error_level:</strong> the desired error level of the parser.</li>
<li><strong>**opts:</strong> other <code><a href="sqlglot/generator.html#Generator">sqlglot.generator.Generator</a></code> options.</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="returns">Returns:</h6>
<blockquote>
<p>The list of transpiled SQL statements.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</section>
</main>
<script>
function escapeHTML(html) {
return document.createElement('div').appendChild(document.createTextNode(html)).parentNode.innerHTML;
}
const originalContent = document.querySelector("main.pdoc");
let currentContent = originalContent;
function setContent(innerHTML) {
let elem;
if (innerHTML) {
elem = document.createElement("main");
elem.classList.add("pdoc");
elem.innerHTML = innerHTML;
} else {
elem = originalContent;
}
if (currentContent !== elem) {
currentContent.replaceWith(elem);
currentContent = elem;
}
}
function getSearchTerm() {
return (new URL(window.location)).searchParams.get("search");
}
const searchBox = document.querySelector(".pdoc input[type=search]");
searchBox.addEventListener("input", function () {
let url = new URL(window.location);
if (searchBox.value.trim()) {
url.hash = "";
url.searchParams.set("search", searchBox.value);
} else {
url.searchParams.delete("search");
}
history.replaceState("", "", url.toString());
onInput();
});
window.addEventListener("popstate", onInput);
let search, searchErr;
async function initialize() {
try {
search = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const script = document.createElement("script");
script.type = "text/javascript";
script.async = true;
script.onload = () => resolve(window.pdocSearch);
script.onerror = (e) => reject(e);
script.src = "search.js";
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script);
});
} catch (e) {
console.error("Cannot fetch pdoc search index");
searchErr = "Cannot fetch search index.";
}
onInput();
document.querySelector("nav.pdoc").addEventListener("click", e => {
if (e.target.hash) {
searchBox.value = "";
searchBox.dispatchEvent(new Event("input"));
}
});
}
function onInput() {
setContent((() => {
const term = getSearchTerm();
if (!term) {
return null
}
if (searchErr) {
return `<h3>Error: ${searchErr}</h3>`
}
if (!search) {
return "<h3>Searching...</h3>"
}
window.scrollTo({top: 0, left: 0, behavior: 'auto'});
const results = search(term);
let html;
if (results.length === 0) {
html = `No search results for '${escapeHTML(term)}'.`
} else {
html = `<h4>${results.length} search result${results.length > 1 ? "s" : ""} for '${escapeHTML(term)}'.</h4>`;
}
for (let result of results.slice(0, 10)) {
let doc = result.doc;
let url = `${doc.modulename.replaceAll(".", "/")}.html`;
if (doc.qualname) {
url += `#${doc.qualname}`;
}
let heading;
switch (result.doc.kind) {
case "function":
if (doc.fullname.endsWith(".__init__")) {
heading = `<span class="name">${doc.fullname.replace(/\.__init__$/, "")}</span>${doc.signature}`;
} else {
heading = `<span class="def">${doc.funcdef}</span> <span class="name">${doc.fullname}</span>${doc.signature}`;
}
break;
case "class":
heading = `<span class="def">class</span> <span class="name">${doc.fullname}</span>`;
if (doc.bases)
heading += `<wbr>(<span class="base">${doc.bases}</span>)`;
heading += `:`;
break;
case "variable":
heading = `<span class="name">${doc.fullname}</span>`;
if (doc.annotation)
heading += `<span class="annotation">${doc.annotation}</span>`;
if (doc.default_value)
heading += `<span class="default_value"> = ${doc.default_value}</span>`;
break;
default:
heading = `<span class="name">${doc.fullname}</span>`;
break;
}
html += `
<section class="search-result">
<a href="${url}" class="attr ${doc.kind}">${heading}</a>
<div class="docstring">${doc.doc}</div>
</section>
`;
}
return html;
})());
}
if (getSearchTerm()) {
initialize();
searchBox.value = getSearchTerm();
onInput();
} else {
searchBox.addEventListener("focus", initialize, {once: true});
}
searchBox.addEventListener("keydown", e => {
if (["ArrowDown", "ArrowUp", "Enter"].includes(e.key)) {
let focused = currentContent.querySelector(".search-result.focused");
if (!focused) {
currentContent.querySelector(".search-result").classList.add("focused");
} else if (
e.key === "ArrowDown"
&& focused.nextElementSibling
&& focused.nextElementSibling.classList.contains("search-result")
) {
focused.classList.remove("focused");
focused.nextElementSibling.classList.add("focused");
focused.nextElementSibling.scrollIntoView({
behavior: "smooth",
block: "nearest",
inline: "nearest"
});
} else if (
e.key === "ArrowUp"
&& focused.previousElementSibling
&& focused.previousElementSibling.classList.contains("search-result")
) {
focused.classList.remove("focused");
focused.previousElementSibling.classList.add("focused");
focused.previousElementSibling.scrollIntoView({
behavior: "smooth",
block: "nearest",
inline: "nearest"
});
} else if (
e.key === "Enter"
) {
focused.querySelector("a").click();
}
}
});
</script></body>
</html>
|
