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<title>sqlglot.optimizer.normalize_identifiers API documentation</title>
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<h1 class="modulename">
<a href="./../../sqlglot.html">sqlglot</a><wbr>.<a href="./../optimizer.html">optimizer</a><wbr>.normalize_identifiers </h1>
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<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="L-1"><a href="#L-1"><span class="linenos"> 1</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">annotations</span>
</span><span id="L-2"><a href="#L-2"><span class="linenos"> 2</span></a>
</span><span id="L-3"><a href="#L-3"><span class="linenos"> 3</span></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">typing</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">t</span>
</span><span id="L-4"><a href="#L-4"><span class="linenos"> 4</span></a>
</span><span id="L-5"><a href="#L-5"><span class="linenos"> 5</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
</span><span id="L-6"><a href="#L-6"><span class="linenos"> 6</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot._typing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">E</span>
</span><span id="L-7"><a href="#L-7"><span class="linenos"> 7</span></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot.dialects.dialect</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span>
</span><span id="L-8"><a href="#L-8"><span class="linenos"> 8</span></a>
</span><span id="L-9"><a href="#L-9"><span class="linenos"> 9</span></a>
</span><span id="L-10"><a href="#L-10"><span class="linenos">10</span></a><span class="nd">@t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">overload</span>
</span><span id="L-11"><a href="#L-11"><span class="linenos">11</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">normalize_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-12"><a href="#L-12"><span class="linenos">12</span></a> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="L-13"><a href="#L-13"><span class="linenos">13</span></a>
</span><span id="L-14"><a href="#L-14"><span class="linenos">14</span></a>
</span><span id="L-15"><a href="#L-15"><span class="linenos">15</span></a><span class="nd">@t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">overload</span>
</span><span id="L-16"><a href="#L-16"><span class="linenos">16</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">normalize_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-17"><a href="#L-17"><span class="linenos">17</span></a> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="L-18"><a href="#L-18"><span class="linenos">18</span></a>
</span><span id="L-19"><a href="#L-19"><span class="linenos">19</span></a>
</span><span id="L-20"><a href="#L-20"><span class="linenos">20</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">normalize_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="L-21"><a href="#L-21"><span class="linenos">21</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-22"><a href="#L-22"><span class="linenos">22</span></a><span class="sd"> Normalize all unquoted identifiers to either lower or upper case, depending</span>
</span><span id="L-23"><a href="#L-23"><span class="linenos">23</span></a><span class="sd"> on the dialect. This essentially makes those identifiers case-insensitive.</span>
</span><span id="L-24"><a href="#L-24"><span class="linenos">24</span></a>
</span><span id="L-25"><a href="#L-25"><span class="linenos">25</span></a><span class="sd"> It's possible to make this a no-op by adding a special comment next to the</span>
</span><span id="L-26"><a href="#L-26"><span class="linenos">26</span></a><span class="sd"> identifier of interest:</span>
</span><span id="L-27"><a href="#L-27"><span class="linenos">27</span></a>
</span><span id="L-28"><a href="#L-28"><span class="linenos">28</span></a><span class="sd"> SELECT a /* sqlglot.meta case_sensitive */ FROM table</span>
</span><span id="L-29"><a href="#L-29"><span class="linenos">29</span></a>
</span><span id="L-30"><a href="#L-30"><span class="linenos">30</span></a><span class="sd"> In this example, the identifier `a` will not be normalized.</span>
</span><span id="L-31"><a href="#L-31"><span class="linenos">31</span></a>
</span><span id="L-32"><a href="#L-32"><span class="linenos">32</span></a><span class="sd"> Note:</span>
</span><span id="L-33"><a href="#L-33"><span class="linenos">33</span></a><span class="sd"> Some dialects (e.g. BigQuery) treat identifiers as case-insensitive even</span>
</span><span id="L-34"><a href="#L-34"><span class="linenos">34</span></a><span class="sd"> when they're quoted, so in these cases all identifiers are normalized.</span>
</span><span id="L-35"><a href="#L-35"><span class="linenos">35</span></a>
</span><span id="L-36"><a href="#L-36"><span class="linenos">36</span></a><span class="sd"> Example:</span>
</span><span id="L-37"><a href="#L-37"><span class="linenos">37</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> import sqlglot</span>
</span><span id="L-38"><a href="#L-38"><span class="linenos">38</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one('SELECT Bar.A AS A FROM "Foo".Bar')</span>
</span><span id="L-39"><a href="#L-39"><span class="linenos">39</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> normalize_identifiers(expression).sql()</span>
</span><span id="L-40"><a href="#L-40"><span class="linenos">40</span></a><span class="sd"> 'SELECT bar.a AS a FROM "Foo".bar'</span>
</span><span id="L-41"><a href="#L-41"><span class="linenos">41</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> normalize_identifiers("foo", dialect="snowflake").sql(dialect="snowflake")</span>
</span><span id="L-42"><a href="#L-42"><span class="linenos">42</span></a><span class="sd"> 'FOO'</span>
</span><span id="L-43"><a href="#L-43"><span class="linenos">43</span></a>
</span><span id="L-44"><a href="#L-44"><span class="linenos">44</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-45"><a href="#L-45"><span class="linenos">45</span></a><span class="sd"> expression: The expression to transform.</span>
</span><span id="L-46"><a href="#L-46"><span class="linenos">46</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: The dialect to use in order to decide how to normalize identifiers.</span>
</span><span id="L-47"><a href="#L-47"><span class="linenos">47</span></a>
</span><span id="L-48"><a href="#L-48"><span class="linenos">48</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-49"><a href="#L-49"><span class="linenos">49</span></a><span class="sd"> The transformed expression.</span>
</span><span id="L-50"><a href="#L-50"><span class="linenos">50</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-51"><a href="#L-51"><span class="linenos">51</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="L-52"><a href="#L-52"><span class="linenos">52</span></a> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">into</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-53"><a href="#L-53"><span class="linenos">53</span></a>
</span><span id="L-54"><a href="#L-54"><span class="linenos">54</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-55"><a href="#L-55"><span class="linenos">55</span></a>
</span><span id="L-56"><a href="#L-56"><span class="linenos">56</span></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-57"><a href="#L-57"><span class="linenos">57</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">meta</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"case_sensitive"</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="L-58"><a href="#L-58"><span class="linenos">58</span></a> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace_children</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_normalize</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-59"><a href="#L-59"><span class="linenos">59</span></a> <span class="n">node</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normalize_identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-60"><a href="#L-60"><span class="linenos">60</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">node</span>
</span><span id="L-61"><a href="#L-61"><span class="linenos">61</span></a>
</span><span id="L-62"><a href="#L-62"><span class="linenos">62</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></pre></div>
</section>
<section id="normalize_identifiers">
<input id="normalize_identifiers-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div class="attr function">
<span class="def">def</span>
<span class="name">normalize_identifiers</span><span class="signature pdoc-code condensed">(<span class="param"><span class="n">expression</span>, </span><span class="param"><span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span></span><span class="return-annotation">):</span></span>
<label class="view-source-button" for="normalize_identifiers-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#normalize_identifiers"></a>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="normalize_identifiers-21"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-21"><span class="linenos">21</span></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">normalize_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-22"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-22"><span class="linenos">22</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-23"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-23"><span class="linenos">23</span></a><span class="sd"> Normalize all unquoted identifiers to either lower or upper case, depending</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-24"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-24"><span class="linenos">24</span></a><span class="sd"> on the dialect. This essentially makes those identifiers case-insensitive.</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-25"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-25"><span class="linenos">25</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-26"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-26"><span class="linenos">26</span></a><span class="sd"> It's possible to make this a no-op by adding a special comment next to the</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-27"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-27"><span class="linenos">27</span></a><span class="sd"> identifier of interest:</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-28"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-28"><span class="linenos">28</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-29"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-29"><span class="linenos">29</span></a><span class="sd"> SELECT a /* sqlglot.meta case_sensitive */ FROM table</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-30"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-30"><span class="linenos">30</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-31"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-31"><span class="linenos">31</span></a><span class="sd"> In this example, the identifier `a` will not be normalized.</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-32"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-32"><span class="linenos">32</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-33"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-33"><span class="linenos">33</span></a><span class="sd"> Note:</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-34"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-34"><span class="linenos">34</span></a><span class="sd"> Some dialects (e.g. BigQuery) treat identifiers as case-insensitive even</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-35"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-35"><span class="linenos">35</span></a><span class="sd"> when they're quoted, so in these cases all identifiers are normalized.</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-36"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-36"><span class="linenos">36</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-37"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-37"><span class="linenos">37</span></a><span class="sd"> Example:</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-38"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-38"><span class="linenos">38</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> import sqlglot</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-39"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-39"><span class="linenos">39</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one('SELECT Bar.A AS A FROM "Foo".Bar')</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-40"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-40"><span class="linenos">40</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> normalize_identifiers(expression).sql()</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-41"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-41"><span class="linenos">41</span></a><span class="sd"> 'SELECT bar.a AS a FROM "Foo".bar'</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-42"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-42"><span class="linenos">42</span></a><span class="sd"> >>> normalize_identifiers("foo", dialect="snowflake").sql(dialect="snowflake")</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-43"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-43"><span class="linenos">43</span></a><span class="sd"> 'FOO'</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-44"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-44"><span class="linenos">44</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-45"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-45"><span class="linenos">45</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-46"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-46"><span class="linenos">46</span></a><span class="sd"> expression: The expression to transform.</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-47"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-47"><span class="linenos">47</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: The dialect to use in order to decide how to normalize identifiers.</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-48"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-48"><span class="linenos">48</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-49"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-49"><span class="linenos">49</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-50"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-50"><span class="linenos">50</span></a><span class="sd"> The transformed expression.</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-51"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-51"><span class="linenos">51</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-52"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-52"><span class="linenos">52</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-53"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-53"><span class="linenos">53</span></a> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">into</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-54"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-54"><span class="linenos">54</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-55"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-55"><span class="linenos">55</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-56"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-56"><span class="linenos">56</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-57"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-57"><span class="linenos">57</span></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-58"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-58"><span class="linenos">58</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">meta</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"case_sensitive"</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-59"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-59"><span class="linenos">59</span></a> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace_children</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_normalize</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-60"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-60"><span class="linenos">60</span></a> <span class="n">node</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normalize_identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-61"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-61"><span class="linenos">61</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">node</span>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-62"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-62"><span class="linenos">62</span></a>
</span><span id="normalize_identifiers-63"><a href="#normalize_identifiers-63"><span class="linenos">63</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></pre></div>
<div class="docstring"><p>Normalize all unquoted identifiers to either lower or upper case, depending
on the dialect. This essentially makes those identifiers case-insensitive.</p>
<p>It's possible to make this a no-op by adding a special comment next to the
identifier of interest:</p>
<pre><code>SELECT a /* sqlglot.meta case_sensitive */ FROM table
</code></pre>
<p>In this example, the identifier <code>a</code> will not be normalized.</p>
<h6 id="note">Note:</h6>
<blockquote>
<p>Some dialects (e.g. BigQuery) treat identifiers as case-insensitive even
when they're quoted, so in these cases all identifiers are normalized.</p>
</blockquote>
<h6 id="example">Example:</h6>
<blockquote>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expression</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n"><a href="../../sqlglot.html#parse_one">sqlglot.parse_one</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'SELECT Bar.A AS A FROM "Foo".Bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">normalize_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'SELECT bar.a AS a FROM "Foo".bar'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">normalize_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"foo"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"snowflake"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"snowflake"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'FOO'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
</blockquote>
<h6 id="arguments">Arguments:</h6>
<ul>
<li><strong>expression:</strong> The expression to transform.</li>
<li><strong>dialect:</strong> The dialect to use in order to decide how to normalize identifiers.</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="returns">Returns:</h6>
<blockquote>
<p>The transformed expression.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
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