summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/tests/test_expressions.py
blob: ecbdc24bbecaa341ab3cdb28f384cf5342c6a32a (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
import datetime
import math
import unittest

from sqlglot import alias, exp, parse_one


class TestExpressions(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_arg_key(self):
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("sum(1)").find(exp.Literal).arg_key, "this")

    def test_depth(self):
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("x(1)").find(exp.Literal).depth, 1)

    def test_eq(self):
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("`a`", read="hive"), parse_one('"a"'))
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("`a`", read="hive"), parse_one('"a"  '))
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("`a`.b", read="hive"), parse_one('"a"."b"'))
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("select a, b+1"), parse_one("SELECT a, b + 1"))
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("`a`.`b`.`c`", read="hive"), parse_one("a.b.c"))
        self.assertNotEqual(parse_one("a.b.c.d", read="hive"), parse_one("a.b.c"))
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("a.b.c.d", read="hive"), parse_one("a.b.c.d"))
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("a + b * c - 1.0"), parse_one("a+b*c-1.0"))
        self.assertNotEqual(parse_one("a + b * c - 1.0"), parse_one("a + b * c + 1.0"))
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("a as b"), parse_one("a AS b"))
        self.assertNotEqual(parse_one("a as b"), parse_one("a"))
        self.assertEqual(
            parse_one("ROW() OVER(Partition by y)"),
            parse_one("ROW() OVER (partition BY y)"),
        )
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("TO_DATE(x)", read="hive"), parse_one("ts_or_ds_to_date(x)"))
        self.assertEqual(exp.Table(pivots=[]), exp.Table())
        self.assertNotEqual(exp.Table(pivots=[None]), exp.Table())
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.DataType.build("int"), exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT, nested=False)
        )

    def test_find(self):
        expression = parse_one("CREATE TABLE x STORED AS PARQUET AS SELECT * FROM y")
        self.assertTrue(expression.find(exp.Create))
        self.assertFalse(expression.find(exp.Group))
        self.assertEqual(
            [table.name for table in expression.find_all(exp.Table)],
            ["x", "y"],
        )

    def test_find_all(self):
        expression = parse_one(
            """
            SELECT *
            FROM (
                SELECT b.*
                FROM a.b b
            ) x
            JOIN (
              SELECT c.foo
              FROM a.c c
              WHERE foo = 1
            ) y
              ON x.c = y.foo
            CROSS JOIN (
              SELECT *
              FROM (
                SELECT d.bar
                FROM d
              ) nested
            ) z
              ON x.c = y.foo
            """
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            [table.name for table in expression.find_all(exp.Table)],
            ["b", "c", "d"],
        )

        expression = parse_one("select a + b + c + d")

        self.assertEqual(
            [column.name for column in expression.find_all(exp.Column)],
            ["d", "c", "a", "b"],
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            [column.name for column in expression.find_all(exp.Column, bfs=False)],
            ["a", "b", "c", "d"],
        )

    def test_find_ancestor(self):
        column = parse_one("select * from foo where (a + 1 > 2)").find(exp.Column)
        self.assertIsInstance(column, exp.Column)
        self.assertIsInstance(column.parent_select, exp.Select)
        self.assertIsNone(column.find_ancestor(exp.Join))

    def test_root(self):
        ast = parse_one("select * from (select a from x)")
        self.assertIs(ast, ast.root())
        self.assertIs(ast, ast.find(exp.Column).root())

    def test_alias_or_name(self):
        expression = parse_one(
            "SELECT a, b AS B, c + d AS e, *, 'zz', 'zz' AS z FROM foo as bar, baz"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            [e.alias_or_name for e in expression.expressions],
            ["a", "B", "e", "*", "zz", "z"],
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            [e.alias_or_name for e in expression.args["from"].expressions],
            ["bar", "baz"],
        )

        expression = parse_one(
            """
            WITH first AS (SELECT * FROM foo),
                 second AS (SELECT * FROM bar)
            SELECT * FROM first, second, (SELECT * FROM baz) AS third
        """
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            [e.alias_or_name for e in expression.args["with"].expressions],
            ["first", "second"],
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            [e.alias_or_name for e in expression.args["from"].expressions],
            ["first", "second", "third"],
        )

        self.assertEqual(parse_one("x.*").name, "*")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("NULL").name, "NULL")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("a.b.c").name, "c")

    def test_table_name(self):
        self.assertEqual(exp.table_name(parse_one("a", into=exp.Table)), "a")
        self.assertEqual(exp.table_name(parse_one("a.b", into=exp.Table)), "a.b")
        self.assertEqual(exp.table_name(parse_one("a.b.c", into=exp.Table)), "a.b.c")
        self.assertEqual(exp.table_name("a.b.c"), "a.b.c")

    def test_table(self):
        self.assertEqual(exp.table_("a", alias="b"), parse_one("select * from a b").find(exp.Table))

    def test_replace_tables(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.replace_tables(
                parse_one("select * from a AS a join b join c.a join d.a join e.a"),
                {"a": "a1", "b": "b.a", "c.a": "c.a2", "d.a": "d2"},
            ).sql(),
            "SELECT * FROM a1 AS a JOIN b.a JOIN c.a2 JOIN d2 JOIN e.a",
        )

    def test_replace_placeholders(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.replace_placeholders(
                parse_one("select * from :tbl1 JOIN :tbl2 ON :col1 = :col2 WHERE :col3 > 100"),
                tbl1="foo",
                tbl2="bar",
                col1="a",
                col2="b",
                col3="c",
            ).sql(),
            "SELECT * FROM foo JOIN bar ON a = b WHERE c > 100",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.replace_placeholders(
                parse_one("select * from ? JOIN ? ON ? = ? WHERE ? > 100"),
                "foo",
                "bar",
                "a",
                "b",
                "c",
            ).sql(),
            "SELECT * FROM foo JOIN bar ON a = b WHERE c > 100",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.replace_placeholders(
                parse_one("select * from ? WHERE ? > 100"),
                "foo",
            ).sql(),
            "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE ? > 100",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.replace_placeholders(
                parse_one("select * from :name WHERE ? > 100"), another_name="bla"
            ).sql(),
            "SELECT * FROM :name WHERE ? > 100",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.replace_placeholders(
                parse_one("select * from (SELECT :col1 FROM ?) WHERE :col2 > 100"),
                "tbl1",
                "tbl2",
                "tbl3",
                col1="a",
                col2="b",
                col3="c",
            ).sql(),
            "SELECT * FROM (SELECT a FROM tbl1) WHERE b > 100",
        )

    def test_function_building(self):
        self.assertEqual(exp.func("max", 1).sql(), "MAX(1)")
        self.assertEqual(exp.func("max", 1, 2).sql(), "MAX(1, 2)")
        self.assertEqual(exp.func("bla", 1, "foo").sql(), "BLA(1, 'foo')")
        self.assertEqual(exp.func("COUNT", exp.Star()).sql(), "COUNT(*)")
        self.assertEqual(exp.func("bloo").sql(), "BLOO()")
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.func("locate", "x", "xo", dialect="hive").sql("hive"), "LOCATE('x', 'xo')"
        )

        self.assertIsInstance(exp.func("instr", "x", "b", dialect="mysql"), exp.StrPosition)
        self.assertIsInstance(exp.func("bla", 1, "foo"), exp.Anonymous)
        self.assertIsInstance(
            exp.func("cast", this=exp.Literal.number(5), to=exp.DataType.build("DOUBLE")),
            exp.Cast,
        )

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exp.func("some_func", 1, arg2="foo")

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exp.func("abs")

    def test_named_selects(self):
        expression = parse_one(
            "SELECT a, b AS B, c + d AS e, *, 'zz', 'zz' AS z FROM foo as bar, baz"
        )
        self.assertEqual(expression.named_selects, ["a", "B", "e", "*", "zz", "z"])

        expression = parse_one(
            """
            WITH first AS (SELECT * FROM foo)
            SELECT foo.bar, foo.baz as bazz, SUM(x) FROM first
        """
        )
        self.assertEqual(expression.named_selects, ["bar", "bazz"])

        expression = parse_one(
            """
            SELECT foo, bar FROM first
            UNION SELECT "ss" as foo, bar FROM second
            UNION ALL SELECT foo, bazz FROM third
        """
        )
        self.assertEqual(expression.named_selects, ["foo", "bar"])

    def test_selects(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT FROM x")
        self.assertEqual(expression.selects, [])

        expression = parse_one("SELECT a FROM x")
        self.assertEqual([s.sql() for s in expression.selects], ["a"])

        expression = parse_one("SELECT a, b FROM x")
        self.assertEqual([s.sql() for s in expression.selects], ["a", "b"])

    def test_alias_column_names(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM x) AS y")
        subquery = expression.find(exp.Subquery)
        self.assertEqual(subquery.alias_column_names, [])

        expression = parse_one("SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM x) AS y(a)")
        subquery = expression.find(exp.Subquery)
        self.assertEqual(subquery.alias_column_names, ["a"])

        expression = parse_one("SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM x) AS y(a, b)")
        subquery = expression.find(exp.Subquery)
        self.assertEqual(subquery.alias_column_names, ["a", "b"])

        expression = parse_one("WITH y AS (SELECT * FROM x) SELECT * FROM y")
        cte = expression.find(exp.CTE)
        self.assertEqual(cte.alias_column_names, [])

        expression = parse_one("WITH y(a, b) AS (SELECT * FROM x) SELECT * FROM y")
        cte = expression.find(exp.CTE)
        self.assertEqual(cte.alias_column_names, ["a", "b"])

    def test_ctes(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT a FROM x")
        self.assertEqual(expression.ctes, [])

        expression = parse_one("WITH x AS (SELECT a FROM y) SELECT a FROM x")
        self.assertEqual([s.sql() for s in expression.ctes], ["x AS (SELECT a FROM y)"])

    def test_hash(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            {
                parse_one("select a.b"),
                parse_one("1+2"),
                parse_one('"a".b'),
                parse_one("a.b.c.d"),
            },
            {
                parse_one("select a.b"),
                parse_one("1+2"),
                parse_one('"a"."b"'),
                parse_one("a.b.c.d"),
            },
        )

    def test_sql(self):
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("x + y * 2").sql(), "x + y * 2")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one('select "x"').sql(dialect="hive", pretty=True), "SELECT\n  `x`")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("X + y").sql(identify=True, normalize=True), '"x" + "y"')
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("SUM(X)").sql(identify=True, normalize=True), 'SUM("x")')

    def test_transform_with_arguments(self):
        expression = parse_one("a")

        def fun(node, alias_=True):
            if alias_:
                return parse_one("a AS a")
            return node

        transformed_expression = expression.transform(fun)
        self.assertEqual(transformed_expression.sql(dialect="presto"), "a AS a")

        transformed_expression_2 = expression.transform(fun, alias_=False)
        self.assertEqual(transformed_expression_2.sql(dialect="presto"), "a")

    def test_transform_simple(self):
        expression = parse_one("IF(a > 0, a, b)")

        def fun(node):
            if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and node.name == "a":
                return parse_one("c - 2")
            return node

        actual_expression_1 = expression.transform(fun)
        self.assertEqual(actual_expression_1.sql(dialect="presto"), "IF(c - 2 > 0, c - 2, b)")
        self.assertIsNot(actual_expression_1, expression)

        actual_expression_2 = expression.transform(fun, copy=False)
        self.assertEqual(actual_expression_2.sql(dialect="presto"), "IF(c - 2 > 0, c - 2, b)")
        self.assertIs(actual_expression_2, expression)

    def test_transform_no_infinite_recursion(self):
        expression = parse_one("a")

        def fun(node):
            if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and node.name == "a":
                return parse_one("FUN(a)")
            return node

        self.assertEqual(expression.transform(fun).sql(), "FUN(a)")

    def test_transform_multiple_children(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT * FROM x")

        def fun(node):
            if isinstance(node, exp.Star):
                return [parse_one(c) for c in ["a", "b"]]
            return node

        self.assertEqual(expression.transform(fun).sql(), "SELECT a, b FROM x")

    def test_transform_node_removal(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT a, b FROM x")

        def remove_column_b(node):
            if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and node.name == "b":
                return None
            return node

        self.assertEqual(expression.transform(remove_column_b).sql(), "SELECT a FROM x")
        self.assertEqual(expression.transform(lambda _: None), None)

        expression = parse_one("CAST(x AS FLOAT)")

        def remove_non_list_arg(node):
            if isinstance(node, exp.DataType):
                return None
            return node

        self.assertEqual(expression.transform(remove_non_list_arg).sql(), "CAST(x AS )")

        expression = parse_one("SELECT a, b FROM x")

        def remove_all_columns(node):
            if isinstance(node, exp.Column):
                return None
            return node

        self.assertEqual(expression.transform(remove_all_columns).sql(), "SELECT FROM x")

    def test_replace(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT a, b FROM x")
        expression.find(exp.Column).replace(parse_one("c"))
        self.assertEqual(expression.sql(), "SELECT c, b FROM x")
        expression.find(exp.Table).replace(parse_one("y"))
        self.assertEqual(expression.sql(), "SELECT c, b FROM y")

    def test_pop(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT a, b FROM x")
        expression.find(exp.Column).pop()
        self.assertEqual(expression.sql(), "SELECT b FROM x")
        expression.find(exp.Column).pop()
        self.assertEqual(expression.sql(), "SELECT FROM x")
        expression.pop()
        self.assertEqual(expression.sql(), "SELECT FROM x")

        expression = parse_one("WITH x AS (SELECT a FROM x) SELECT * FROM x")
        expression.find(exp.With).pop()
        self.assertEqual(expression.sql(), "SELECT * FROM x")

    def test_walk(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM x)")
        self.assertEqual(len(list(expression.walk())), 9)
        self.assertEqual(len(list(expression.walk(bfs=False))), 9)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(e, exp.Expression) for e, _, _ in expression.walk()))
        self.assertTrue(
            all(isinstance(e, exp.Expression) for e, _, _ in expression.walk(bfs=False))
        )

    def test_functions(self):
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("x LIKE ANY (y)"), exp.Like)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("x ILIKE ANY (y)"), exp.ILike)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ABS(a)"), exp.Abs)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("APPROX_DISTINCT(a)"), exp.ApproxDistinct)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ARRAY(a)"), exp.Array)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ARRAY_AGG(a)"), exp.ArrayAgg)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ARRAY_CONTAINS(a, 'a')"), exp.ArrayContains)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ARRAY_SIZE(a)"), exp.ArraySize)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("AVG(a)"), exp.Avg)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("CEIL(a)"), exp.Ceil)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("CEILING(a)"), exp.Ceil)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("COALESCE(a, b)"), exp.Coalesce)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("COUNT(a)"), exp.Count)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("DATE_ADD(a, 1)"), exp.DateAdd)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("DATE_DIFF(a, 2)"), exp.DateDiff)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("DATE_STR_TO_DATE(a)"), exp.DateStrToDate)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("DAY(a)"), exp.Day)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("EXP(a)"), exp.Exp)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("FLOOR(a)"), exp.Floor)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("GREATEST(a, b)"), exp.Greatest)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("IF(a, b, c)"), exp.If)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("INITCAP(a)"), exp.Initcap)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("JSON_EXTRACT(a, '$.name')"), exp.JSONExtract)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR(a, '$.name')"), exp.JSONExtractScalar)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("LEAST(a, b)"), exp.Least)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("LN(a)"), exp.Ln)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("LOG10(a)"), exp.Log10)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("MAX(a)"), exp.Max)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("MIN(a)"), exp.Min)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("MONTH(a)"), exp.Month)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("POSITION(' ' IN a)"), exp.StrPosition)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("POW(a, 2)"), exp.Pow)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("POWER(a, 2)"), exp.Pow)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("QUANTILE(a, 0.90)"), exp.Quantile)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("REGEXP_LIKE(a, 'test')"), exp.RegexpLike)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("REGEXP_SPLIT(a, 'test')"), exp.RegexpSplit)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ROUND(a)"), exp.Round)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ROUND(a, 2)"), exp.Round)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("SPLIT(a, 'test')"), exp.Split)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("STR_POSITION(a, 'test')"), exp.StrPosition)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("STR_TO_UNIX(a, 'format')"), exp.StrToUnix)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("STRUCT_EXTRACT(a, 'test')"), exp.StructExtract)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("SUM(a)"), exp.Sum)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("SQRT(a)"), exp.Sqrt)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("STDDEV(a)"), exp.Stddev)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("STDDEV_POP(a)"), exp.StddevPop)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("STDDEV_SAMP(a)"), exp.StddevSamp)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TIME_TO_STR(a, 'format')"), exp.TimeToStr)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TIME_TO_TIME_STR(a)"), exp.Cast)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TIME_TO_UNIX(a)"), exp.TimeToUnix)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TIME_STR_TO_DATE(a)"), exp.TimeStrToDate)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TIME_STR_TO_TIME(a)"), exp.TimeStrToTime)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TIME_STR_TO_UNIX(a)"), exp.TimeStrToUnix)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TRIM(LEADING 'b' FROM 'bla')"), exp.Trim)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TS_OR_DS_ADD(a, 1, 'day')"), exp.TsOrDsAdd)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE(a)"), exp.TsOrDsToDate)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR(a)"), exp.Substring)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("UNIX_TO_STR(a, 'format')"), exp.UnixToStr)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("UNIX_TO_TIME(a)"), exp.UnixToTime)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("UNIX_TO_TIME_STR(a)"), exp.UnixToTimeStr)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("VARIANCE(a)"), exp.Variance)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("VARIANCE_POP(a)"), exp.VariancePop)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("YEAR(a)"), exp.Year)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("BEGIN DEFERRED TRANSACTION"), exp.Transaction)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("COMMIT"), exp.Commit)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("ROLLBACK"), exp.Rollback)
        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("GENERATE_SERIES(a, b, c)"), exp.GenerateSeries)

    def test_column(self):
        column = parse_one("a.b.c.d")
        self.assertEqual(column.catalog, "a")
        self.assertEqual(column.db, "b")
        self.assertEqual(column.table, "c")
        self.assertEqual(column.name, "d")

        column = parse_one("a")
        self.assertEqual(column.name, "a")
        self.assertEqual(column.table, "")

        fields = parse_one("a.b.c.d.e")
        self.assertIsInstance(fields, exp.Dot)
        self.assertEqual(fields.text("expression"), "e")
        column = fields.find(exp.Column)
        self.assertEqual(column.name, "d")
        self.assertEqual(column.table, "c")
        self.assertEqual(column.db, "b")
        self.assertEqual(column.catalog, "a")

        column = parse_one("a[0].b")
        self.assertIsInstance(column, exp.Dot)
        self.assertIsInstance(column.this, exp.Bracket)
        self.assertIsInstance(column.this.this, exp.Column)

        column = parse_one("a.*")
        self.assertIsInstance(column, exp.Column)
        self.assertIsInstance(column.this, exp.Star)
        self.assertIsInstance(column.args["table"], exp.Identifier)
        self.assertEqual(column.table, "a")

        self.assertIsInstance(parse_one("*"), exp.Star)

    def test_text(self):
        column = parse_one("a.b.c.d.e")
        self.assertEqual(column.text("expression"), "e")
        self.assertEqual(column.text("y"), "")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("select * from x.y").find(exp.Table).text("db"), "x")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("select *").name, "")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("1 + 1").name, "1")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("'a'").name, "a")

    def test_alias(self):
        self.assertEqual(alias("foo", "bar").sql(), "foo AS bar")
        self.assertEqual(alias("foo", "bar-1").sql(), 'foo AS "bar-1"')
        self.assertEqual(alias("foo", "bar_1").sql(), "foo AS bar_1")
        self.assertEqual(alias("foo * 2", "2bar").sql(), 'foo * 2 AS "2bar"')
        self.assertEqual(alias('"foo"', "_bar").sql(), '"foo" AS _bar')
        self.assertEqual(alias("foo", "bar", quoted=True).sql(), 'foo AS "bar"')

    def test_unit(self):
        unit = parse_one("timestamp_trunc(current_timestamp, week(thursday))")
        self.assertIsNotNone(unit.find(exp.CurrentTimestamp))
        week = unit.find(exp.Week)
        self.assertEqual(week.this, exp.Var(this="thursday"))

    def test_identifier(self):
        self.assertTrue(exp.to_identifier('"x"').quoted)
        self.assertFalse(exp.to_identifier("x").quoted)
        self.assertTrue(exp.to_identifier("foo ").quoted)
        self.assertFalse(exp.to_identifier("_x").quoted)

    def test_function_normalizer(self):
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("HELLO()").sql(normalize_functions="lower"), "hello()")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("hello()").sql(normalize_functions="upper"), "HELLO()")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("heLLO()").sql(normalize_functions=None), "heLLO()")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("SUM(x)").sql(normalize_functions="lower"), "sum(x)")
        self.assertEqual(parse_one("sum(x)").sql(normalize_functions="upper"), "SUM(x)")

    def test_properties_from_dict(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.Properties.from_dict(
                {
                    "FORMAT": "parquet",
                    "PARTITIONED_BY": (exp.to_identifier("a"), exp.to_identifier("b")),
                    "custom": 1,
                    "TABLE_FORMAT": exp.to_identifier("test_format"),
                    "ENGINE": None,
                    "COLLATE": True,
                }
            ),
            exp.Properties(
                expressions=[
                    exp.FileFormatProperty(this=exp.Literal.string("parquet")),
                    exp.PartitionedByProperty(
                        this=exp.Tuple(expressions=[exp.to_identifier("a"), exp.to_identifier("b")])
                    ),
                    exp.Property(this=exp.Literal.string("custom"), value=exp.Literal.number(1)),
                    exp.TableFormatProperty(this=exp.to_identifier("test_format")),
                    exp.EngineProperty(this=exp.null()),
                    exp.CollateProperty(this=exp.true()),
                ]
            ),
        )

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, exp.Properties.from_dict, {"FORMAT": object})

    def test_convert(self):
        for value, expected in [
            (1, "1"),
            ("1", "'1'"),
            (None, "NULL"),
            (True, "TRUE"),
            ((1, "2", None), "(1, '2', NULL)"),
            ([1, "2", None], "ARRAY(1, '2', NULL)"),
            ({"x": None}, "MAP('x', NULL)"),
            (
                datetime.datetime(2022, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
                "TIME_STR_TO_TIME('2022-10-01T01:01:01.000001+00:00')",
            ),
            (
                datetime.datetime(2022, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc),
                "TIME_STR_TO_TIME('2022-10-01T01:01:01+00:00')",
            ),
            (datetime.date(2022, 10, 1), "DATE_STR_TO_DATE('2022-10-01')"),
            (math.nan, "NULL"),
        ]:
            with self.subTest(value):
                self.assertEqual(exp.convert(value).sql(), expected)

    def test_comment_alias(self):
        sql = """
        SELECT
            a,
            b AS B,
            c, /*comment*/
            d AS D, -- another comment
            CAST(x AS INT) -- final comment
        FROM foo
        """
        expression = parse_one(sql)
        self.assertEqual(
            [e.alias_or_name for e in expression.expressions],
            ["a", "B", "c", "D", "x"],
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            expression.sql(),
            "SELECT a, b AS B, c /* comment */, d AS D /* another comment */, CAST(x AS INT) /* final comment */ FROM foo",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            expression.sql(comments=False),
            "SELECT a, b AS B, c, d AS D, CAST(x AS INT) FROM foo",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            expression.sql(pretty=True, comments=False),
            """SELECT
  a,
  b AS B,
  c,
  d AS D,
  CAST(x AS INT)
FROM foo""",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            expression.sql(pretty=True),
            """SELECT
  a,
  b AS B,
  c, /* comment */
  d AS D, /* another comment */
  CAST(x AS INT) /* final comment */
FROM foo""",
        )

    def test_to_interval(self):
        self.assertEqual(exp.to_interval("1day").sql(), "INTERVAL '1' day")
        self.assertEqual(exp.to_interval("  5     months").sql(), "INTERVAL '5' months")
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exp.to_interval("bla")

        self.assertEqual(exp.to_interval(exp.Literal.string("1day")).sql(), "INTERVAL '1' day")
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.to_interval(exp.Literal.string("  5   months")).sql(), "INTERVAL '5' months"
        )
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exp.to_interval(exp.Literal.string("bla"))

    def test_to_table(self):
        table_only = exp.to_table("table_name")
        self.assertEqual(table_only.name, "table_name")
        self.assertIsNone(table_only.args.get("db"))
        self.assertIsNone(table_only.args.get("catalog"))
        db_and_table = exp.to_table("db.table_name")
        self.assertEqual(db_and_table.name, "table_name")
        self.assertEqual(db_and_table.args.get("db"), exp.to_identifier("db"))
        self.assertIsNone(db_and_table.args.get("catalog"))
        catalog_db_and_table = exp.to_table("catalog.db.table_name")
        self.assertEqual(catalog_db_and_table.name, "table_name")
        self.assertEqual(catalog_db_and_table.args.get("db"), exp.to_identifier("db"))
        self.assertEqual(catalog_db_and_table.args.get("catalog"), exp.to_identifier("catalog"))
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exp.to_table(1)
        empty_string = exp.to_table("")
        self.assertEqual(empty_string.name, "")
        self.assertIsNone(table_only.args.get("db"))
        self.assertIsNone(table_only.args.get("catalog"))

    def test_to_column(self):
        column_only = exp.to_column("column_name")
        self.assertEqual(column_only.name, "column_name")
        self.assertIsNone(column_only.args.get("table"))
        table_and_column = exp.to_column("table_name.column_name")
        self.assertEqual(table_and_column.name, "column_name")
        self.assertEqual(table_and_column.args.get("table"), exp.to_identifier("table_name"))
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exp.to_column(1)

    def test_union(self):
        expression = parse_one("SELECT cola, colb UNION SELECT colx, coly")
        self.assertIsInstance(expression, exp.Union)
        self.assertEqual(expression.named_selects, ["cola", "colb"])
        self.assertEqual(
            expression.selects,
            [
                exp.Column(this=exp.to_identifier("cola")),
                exp.Column(this=exp.to_identifier("colb")),
            ],
        )

    def test_values(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.values([(1, 2), (3, 4)], "t", ["a", "b"]).sql(),
            "(VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4)) AS t(a, b)",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.values(
                [(1, 2), (3, 4)],
                "t",
                {"a": exp.DataType.build("TEXT"), "b": exp.DataType.build("TEXT")},
            ).sql(),
            "(VALUES (CAST(1 AS TEXT), CAST(2 AS TEXT)), (3, 4)) AS t(a, b)",
        )
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exp.values([(1, 2), (3, 4)], columns=["a"])

    def test_data_type_builder(self):
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("TEXT").sql(), "TEXT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("DECIMAL(10, 2)").sql(), "DECIMAL(10, 2)")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("VARCHAR(255)").sql(), "VARCHAR(255)")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<INT>").sql(), "ARRAY<INT>")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("CHAR").sql(), "CHAR")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("NCHAR").sql(), "CHAR")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("VARCHAR").sql(), "VARCHAR")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("NVARCHAR").sql(), "VARCHAR")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("TEXT").sql(), "TEXT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("BINARY").sql(), "BINARY")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("VARBINARY").sql(), "VARBINARY")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("INT").sql(), "INT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("TINYINT").sql(), "TINYINT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("SMALLINT").sql(), "SMALLINT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("BIGINT").sql(), "BIGINT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("FLOAT").sql(), "FLOAT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("DOUBLE").sql(), "DOUBLE")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("DECIMAL").sql(), "DECIMAL")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("BOOLEAN").sql(), "BOOLEAN")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("JSON").sql(), "JSON")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("JSONB").sql(), "JSONB")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("INTERVAL").sql(), "INTERVAL")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("TIME").sql(), "TIME")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP").sql(), "TIMESTAMP")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMPTZ").sql(), "TIMESTAMPTZ")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMPLTZ").sql(), "TIMESTAMPLTZ")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("DATE").sql(), "DATE")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("DATETIME").sql(), "DATETIME")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("ARRAY").sql(), "ARRAY")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("MAP").sql(), "MAP")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("UUID").sql(), "UUID")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("GEOGRAPHY").sql(), "GEOGRAPHY")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("GEOMETRY").sql(), "GEOMETRY")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("STRUCT").sql(), "STRUCT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("NULLABLE").sql(), "NULLABLE")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("HLLSKETCH").sql(), "HLLSKETCH")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("HSTORE").sql(), "HSTORE")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("SUPER").sql(), "SUPER")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("SERIAL").sql(), "SERIAL")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("SMALLSERIAL").sql(), "SMALLSERIAL")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("BIGSERIAL").sql(), "BIGSERIAL")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("XML").sql(), "XML")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("UNIQUEIDENTIFIER").sql(), "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("MONEY").sql(), "MONEY")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("SMALLMONEY").sql(), "SMALLMONEY")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("ROWVERSION").sql(), "ROWVERSION")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("IMAGE").sql(), "IMAGE")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("VARIANT").sql(), "VARIANT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("OBJECT").sql(), "OBJECT")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("NULL").sql(), "NULL")
        self.assertEqual(exp.DataType.build("UNKNOWN").sql(), "UNKNOWN")

    def test_rename_table(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            exp.rename_table("t1", "t2").sql(),
            "ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME TO t2",
        )

    def test_is_star(self):
        assert parse_one("*").is_star
        assert parse_one("foo.*").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").is_star
        assert parse_one("(SELECT * FROM foo)").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT *, 1 FROM foo").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT foo.* FROM foo").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT * EXCEPT (a, b) FROM foo").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT foo.* EXCEPT (foo.a, foo.b) FROM foo").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT * REPLACE (a AS b, b AS C)").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT * EXCEPT (a, b) REPLACE (a AS b, b AS C)").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT * INTO newevent FROM event").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bar").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT * FROM bla UNION SELECT 1 AS x").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT 1 AS x UNION SELECT * FROM bla").is_star
        assert parse_one("SELECT 1 AS x UNION SELECT 1 AS x UNION SELECT * FROM foo").is_star

    def test_set_metadata(self):
        ast = parse_one("SELECT foo.col FROM foo")

        self.assertIsNone(ast._meta)

        # calling ast.meta would lazily instantiate self._meta
        self.assertEqual(ast.meta, {})
        self.assertEqual(ast._meta, {})

        ast.meta["some_meta_key"] = "some_meta_value"
        self.assertEqual(ast.meta.get("some_meta_key"), "some_meta_value")
        self.assertEqual(ast.meta.get("some_other_meta_key"), None)

        ast.meta["some_other_meta_key"] = "some_other_meta_value"
        self.assertEqual(ast.meta.get("some_other_meta_key"), "some_other_meta_value")