Adding upstream version 15.5.upstream/15.5

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 1393 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/opr_sanity.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/opr_sanity.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b29285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/opr_sanity.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,1393 @@
+--
+-- OPR_SANITY
+-- Sanity checks for common errors in making operator/procedure system tables:
+-- pg_operator, pg_proc, pg_cast, pg_conversion, pg_aggregate, pg_am,
+-- pg_amop, pg_amproc, pg_opclass, pg_opfamily, pg_index.
+--
+-- Every test failure in this file should be closely inspected.
+-- The description of the failing test should be read carefully before
+-- adjusting the expected output.  In most cases, the queries should
+-- not find *any* matching entries.
+--
+-- NB: we assume the oidjoins test will have caught any dangling links,
+-- that is OID or REGPROC fields that are not zero and do not match some
+-- row in the linked-to table.  However, if we want to enforce that a link
+-- field can't be 0, we have to check it here.
+--
+-- NB: run this test earlier than the create_operator test, because
+-- that test creates some bogus operators...
+
+
+-- **************** pg_proc ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_proc fields.
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE p1.prolang = 0 OR p1.prorettype = 0 OR
+       p1.pronargs < 0 OR
+       p1.pronargdefaults < 0 OR
+       p1.pronargdefaults > p1.pronargs OR
+       array_lower(p1.proargtypes, 1) != 0 OR
+       array_upper(p1.proargtypes, 1) != p1.pronargs-1 OR
+       0::oid = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+       procost <= 0 OR
+       CASE WHEN proretset THEN prorows <= 0 ELSE prorows != 0 END OR
+       prokind NOT IN ('f', 'a', 'w', 'p') OR
+       provolatile NOT IN ('i', 's', 'v') OR
+       proparallel NOT IN ('s', 'r', 'u');
+
+-- prosrc should never be null; it can be empty only if prosqlbody isn't null
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE prosrc IS NULL;
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE (prosrc = '' OR prosrc = '-') AND prosqlbody IS NULL;
+
+-- proretset should only be set for normal functions
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE proretset AND prokind != 'f';
+
+-- currently, no built-in functions should be SECURITY DEFINER;
+-- this might change in future, but there will probably never be many.
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE prosecdef
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- pronargdefaults should be 0 iff proargdefaults is null
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE (pronargdefaults <> 0) != (proargdefaults IS NOT NULL);
+
+-- probin should be non-empty for C functions, null everywhere else
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE prolang = 13 AND (probin IS NULL OR probin = '' OR probin = '-');
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE prolang != 13 AND probin IS NOT NULL;
+
+-- Look for conflicting proc definitions (same names and input datatypes).
+-- (This test should be dead code now that we have the unique index
+-- pg_proc_proname_args_nsp_index, but I'll leave it in anyway.)
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname, p2.oid, p2.proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.proname = p2.proname AND
+    p1.pronargs = p2.pronargs AND
+    p1.proargtypes = p2.proargtypes;
+
+-- Considering only built-in procs (prolang = 12), look for multiple uses
+-- of the same internal function (ie, matching prosrc fields).  It's OK to
+-- have several entries with different pronames for the same internal function,
+-- but conflicts in the number of arguments and other critical items should
+-- be complained of.  (We don't check data types here; see next query.)
+-- Note: ignore aggregate functions here, since they all point to the same
+-- dummy built-in function.
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname, p2.oid, p2.proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid < p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    (p1.prokind != 'a' OR p2.prokind != 'a') AND
+    (p1.prolang != p2.prolang OR
+     p1.prokind != p2.prokind OR
+     p1.prosecdef != p2.prosecdef OR
+     p1.proleakproof != p2.proleakproof OR
+     p1.proisstrict != p2.proisstrict OR
+     p1.proretset != p2.proretset OR
+     p1.provolatile != p2.provolatile OR
+     p1.pronargs != p2.pronargs);
+
+-- Look for uses of different type OIDs in the argument/result type fields
+-- for different aliases of the same built-in function.
+-- This indicates that the types are being presumed to be binary-equivalent,
+-- or that the built-in function is prepared to deal with different types.
+-- That's not wrong, necessarily, but we make lists of all the types being
+-- so treated.  Note that the expected output of this part of the test will
+-- need to be modified whenever new pairs of types are made binary-equivalent,
+-- or when new polymorphic built-in functions are added!
+-- Note: ignore aggregate functions here, since they all point to the same
+-- dummy built-in function.  Likewise, ignore range and multirange constructor
+-- functions.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.prorettype::regtype, p2.prorettype::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    p1.prosrc NOT LIKE E'range\\_constructor_' AND
+    p2.prosrc NOT LIKE E'range\\_constructor_' AND
+    p1.prosrc NOT LIKE E'multirange\\_constructor_' AND
+    p2.prosrc NOT LIKE E'multirange\\_constructor_' AND
+    (p1.prorettype < p2.prorettype)
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[0]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[0]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    p1.prosrc NOT LIKE E'range\\_constructor_' AND
+    p2.prosrc NOT LIKE E'range\\_constructor_' AND
+    p1.prosrc NOT LIKE E'multirange\\_constructor_' AND
+    p2.prosrc NOT LIKE E'multirange\\_constructor_' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[0] < p2.proargtypes[0])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[1]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[1]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    p1.prosrc NOT LIKE E'range\\_constructor_' AND
+    p2.prosrc NOT LIKE E'range\\_constructor_' AND
+    p1.prosrc NOT LIKE E'multirange\\_constructor_' AND
+    p2.prosrc NOT LIKE E'multirange\\_constructor_' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[1] < p2.proargtypes[1])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[2]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[2]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[2] < p2.proargtypes[2])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[3]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[3]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[3] < p2.proargtypes[3])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[4]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[4]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[4] < p2.proargtypes[4])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[5]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[5]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[5] < p2.proargtypes[5])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[6]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[6]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[6] < p2.proargtypes[6])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+SELECT DISTINCT p1.proargtypes[7]::regtype, p2.proargtypes[7]::regtype
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid != p2.oid AND
+    p1.prosrc = p2.prosrc AND
+    p1.prolang = 12 AND p2.prolang = 12 AND
+    p1.prokind != 'a' AND p2.prokind != 'a' AND
+    (p1.proargtypes[7] < p2.proargtypes[7])
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+-- Look for functions that return type "internal" and do not have any
+-- "internal" argument.  Such a function would be a security hole since
+-- it might be used to call an internal function from an SQL command.
+-- As of 7.3 this query should find only internal_in, which is safe because
+-- it always throws an error when called.
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE p1.prorettype = 'internal'::regtype AND NOT
+    'internal'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes);
+
+-- Look for functions that return a polymorphic type and do not have any
+-- polymorphic argument.  Calls of such functions would be unresolvable
+-- at parse time.  As of 9.6 this query should find only some input functions
+-- and GiST support functions associated with these pseudotypes.
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE p1.prorettype IN
+    ('anyelement'::regtype, 'anyarray'::regtype, 'anynonarray'::regtype,
+     'anyenum'::regtype)
+  AND NOT
+    ('anyelement'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anyarray'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anynonarray'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anyenum'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anyrange'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anymultirange'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes))
+ORDER BY 2;
+
+-- anyrange and anymultirange are tighter than the rest, can only resolve
+-- from each other
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE p1.prorettype IN ('anyrange'::regtype, 'anymultirange'::regtype)
+  AND NOT
+    ('anyrange'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+      'anymultirange'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes))
+ORDER BY 2;
+
+-- similarly for the anycompatible family
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE p1.prorettype IN
+    ('anycompatible'::regtype, 'anycompatiblearray'::regtype,
+     'anycompatiblenonarray'::regtype)
+  AND NOT
+    ('anycompatible'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anycompatiblearray'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anycompatiblenonarray'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes) OR
+     'anycompatiblerange'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes))
+ORDER BY 2;
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE p1.prorettype = 'anycompatiblerange'::regtype
+  AND NOT
+     'anycompatiblerange'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes)
+ORDER BY 2;
+
+
+-- Look for functions that accept cstring and are neither datatype input
+-- functions nor encoding conversion functions.  It's almost never a good
+-- idea to use cstring input for a function meant to be called from SQL;
+-- text should be used instead, because cstring lacks suitable casts.
+-- As of 9.6 this query should find only cstring_out and cstring_send.
+-- However, we must manually exclude shell_in, which might or might not be
+-- rejected by the EXISTS clause depending on whether there are currently
+-- any shell types.
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE 'cstring'::regtype = ANY (p1.proargtypes)
+    AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM pg_type WHERE typinput = p1.oid)
+    AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM pg_conversion WHERE conproc = p1.oid)
+    AND p1.oid != 'shell_in(cstring)'::regprocedure
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- Likewise, look for functions that return cstring and aren't datatype output
+-- functions nor typmod output functions.
+-- As of 9.6 this query should find only cstring_in and cstring_recv.
+-- However, we must manually exclude shell_out.
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE  p1.prorettype = 'cstring'::regtype
+    AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM pg_type WHERE typoutput = p1.oid)
+    AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM pg_type WHERE typmodout = p1.oid)
+    AND p1.oid != 'shell_out(void)'::regprocedure
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- Check for length inconsistencies between the various argument-info arrays.
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE proallargtypes IS NOT NULL AND
+    array_length(proallargtypes,1) < array_length(proargtypes,1);
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE proargmodes IS NOT NULL AND
+    array_length(proargmodes,1) < array_length(proargtypes,1);
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE proargnames IS NOT NULL AND
+    array_length(proargnames,1) < array_length(proargtypes,1);
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE proallargtypes IS NOT NULL AND proargmodes IS NOT NULL AND
+    array_length(proallargtypes,1) <> array_length(proargmodes,1);
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE proallargtypes IS NOT NULL AND proargnames IS NOT NULL AND
+    array_length(proallargtypes,1) <> array_length(proargnames,1);
+
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE proargmodes IS NOT NULL AND proargnames IS NOT NULL AND
+    array_length(proargmodes,1) <> array_length(proargnames,1);
+
+-- Check that proallargtypes matches proargtypes
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname, p1.proargtypes, p1.proallargtypes, p1.proargmodes
+FROM pg_proc as p1
+WHERE proallargtypes IS NOT NULL AND
+  ARRAY(SELECT unnest(proargtypes)) <>
+  ARRAY(SELECT proallargtypes[i]
+        FROM generate_series(1, array_length(proallargtypes, 1)) g(i)
+        WHERE proargmodes IS NULL OR proargmodes[i] IN ('i', 'b', 'v'));
+
+-- Check for prosupport functions with the wrong signature
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname, p2.oid, p2.proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p2.oid = p1.prosupport AND
+    (p2.prorettype != 'internal'::regtype OR p2.proretset OR p2.pronargs != 1
+     OR p2.proargtypes[0] != 'internal'::regtype);
+
+-- Insist that all built-in pg_proc entries have descriptions
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc as p1 LEFT JOIN pg_description as d
+     ON p1.tableoid = d.classoid and p1.oid = d.objoid and d.objsubid = 0
+WHERE d.classoid IS NULL AND p1.oid <= 9999;
+
+-- List of built-in leakproof functions
+--
+-- Leakproof functions should only be added after carefully
+-- scrutinizing all possibly executed codepaths for possible
+-- information leaks. Don't add functions here unless you know what a
+-- leakproof function is. If unsure, don't mark it as such.
+
+-- temporarily disable fancy output, so catalog changes create less diff noise
+\a\t
+
+SELECT p1.oid::regprocedure
+FROM pg_proc p1 JOIN pg_namespace pn
+     ON pronamespace = pn.oid
+WHERE nspname = 'pg_catalog' AND proleakproof
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- restore normal output mode
+\a\t
+
+-- List of functions used by libpq's fe-lobj.c
+--
+-- If the output of this query changes, you probably broke libpq.
+-- lo_initialize() assumes that there will be at most one match for
+-- each listed name.
+select proname, oid from pg_catalog.pg_proc
+where proname in (
+  'lo_open',
+  'lo_close',
+  'lo_creat',
+  'lo_create',
+  'lo_unlink',
+  'lo_lseek',
+  'lo_lseek64',
+  'lo_tell',
+  'lo_tell64',
+  'lo_truncate',
+  'lo_truncate64',
+  'loread',
+  'lowrite')
+and pronamespace = (select oid from pg_catalog.pg_namespace
+                    where nspname = 'pg_catalog')
+order by 1;
+
+-- Check that all immutable functions are marked parallel safe
+SELECT p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE provolatile = 'i' AND proparallel = 'u';
+
+
+-- **************** pg_cast ****************
+
+-- Catch bogus values in pg_cast columns (other than cases detected by
+-- oidjoins test).
+
+SELECT *
+FROM pg_cast c
+WHERE castsource = 0 OR casttarget = 0 OR castcontext NOT IN ('e', 'a', 'i')
+    OR castmethod NOT IN ('f', 'b' ,'i');
+
+-- Check that castfunc is nonzero only for cast methods that need a function,
+-- and zero otherwise
+
+SELECT *
+FROM pg_cast c
+WHERE (castmethod = 'f' AND castfunc = 0)
+   OR (castmethod IN ('b', 'i') AND castfunc <> 0);
+
+-- Look for casts to/from the same type that aren't length coercion functions.
+-- (We assume they are length coercions if they take multiple arguments.)
+-- Such entries are not necessarily harmful, but they are useless.
+
+SELECT *
+FROM pg_cast c
+WHERE castsource = casttarget AND castfunc = 0;
+
+SELECT c.*
+FROM pg_cast c, pg_proc p
+WHERE c.castfunc = p.oid AND p.pronargs < 2 AND castsource = casttarget;
+
+-- Look for cast functions that don't have the right signature.  The
+-- argument and result types in pg_proc must be the same as, or binary
+-- compatible with, what it says in pg_cast.
+-- As a special case, we allow casts from CHAR(n) that use functions
+-- declared to take TEXT.  This does not pass the binary-coercibility test
+-- because CHAR(n)-to-TEXT normally invokes rtrim().  However, the results
+-- are the same, so long as the function is one that ignores trailing blanks.
+
+SELECT c.*
+FROM pg_cast c, pg_proc p
+WHERE c.castfunc = p.oid AND
+    (p.pronargs < 1 OR p.pronargs > 3
+     OR NOT (binary_coercible(c.castsource, p.proargtypes[0])
+             OR (c.castsource = 'character'::regtype AND
+                 p.proargtypes[0] = 'text'::regtype))
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(p.prorettype, c.casttarget));
+
+SELECT c.*
+FROM pg_cast c, pg_proc p
+WHERE c.castfunc = p.oid AND
+    ((p.pronargs > 1 AND p.proargtypes[1] != 'int4'::regtype) OR
+     (p.pronargs > 2 AND p.proargtypes[2] != 'bool'::regtype));
+
+-- Look for binary compatible casts that do not have the reverse
+-- direction registered as well, or where the reverse direction is not
+-- also binary compatible.  This is legal, but usually not intended.
+
+-- As of 7.4, this finds the casts from text and varchar to bpchar, because
+-- those are binary-compatible while the reverse way goes through rtrim().
+
+-- As of 8.2, this finds the cast from cidr to inet, because that is a
+-- trivial binary coercion while the other way goes through inet_to_cidr().
+
+-- As of 8.3, this finds the casts from xml to text, varchar, and bpchar,
+-- because those are binary-compatible while the reverse goes through
+-- texttoxml(), which does an XML syntax check.
+
+-- As of 9.1, this finds the cast from pg_node_tree to text, which we
+-- intentionally do not provide a reverse pathway for.
+
+SELECT castsource::regtype, casttarget::regtype, castfunc, castcontext
+FROM pg_cast c
+WHERE c.castmethod = 'b' AND
+    NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_cast k
+                WHERE k.castmethod = 'b' AND
+                    k.castsource = c.casttarget AND
+                    k.casttarget = c.castsource);
+
+
+-- **************** pg_conversion ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_conversion fields.
+
+SELECT c.oid, c.conname
+FROM pg_conversion as c
+WHERE c.conproc = 0 OR
+    pg_encoding_to_char(conforencoding) = '' OR
+    pg_encoding_to_char(contoencoding) = '';
+
+-- Look for conprocs that don't have the expected signature.
+
+SELECT p.oid, p.proname, c.oid, c.conname
+FROM pg_proc p, pg_conversion c
+WHERE p.oid = c.conproc AND
+    (p.prorettype != 'int4'::regtype OR p.proretset OR
+     p.pronargs != 6 OR
+     p.proargtypes[0] != 'int4'::regtype OR
+     p.proargtypes[1] != 'int4'::regtype OR
+     p.proargtypes[2] != 'cstring'::regtype OR
+     p.proargtypes[3] != 'internal'::regtype OR
+     p.proargtypes[4] != 'int4'::regtype OR
+     p.proargtypes[5] != 'bool'::regtype);
+
+-- Check for conprocs that don't perform the specific conversion that
+-- pg_conversion alleges they do, by trying to invoke each conversion
+-- on some simple ASCII data.  (The conproc should throw an error if
+-- it doesn't accept the encodings that are passed to it.)
+-- Unfortunately, we can't test non-default conprocs this way, because
+-- there is no way to ask convert() to invoke them, and we cannot call
+-- them directly from SQL.  But there are no non-default built-in
+-- conversions anyway.
+-- (Similarly, this doesn't cope with any search path issues.)
+
+SELECT c.oid, c.conname
+FROM pg_conversion as c
+WHERE condefault AND
+    convert('ABC'::bytea, pg_encoding_to_char(conforencoding),
+            pg_encoding_to_char(contoencoding)) != 'ABC';
+
+
+-- **************** pg_operator ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_operator fields.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname
+FROM pg_operator as o1
+WHERE (o1.oprkind != 'b' AND o1.oprkind != 'l') OR
+    o1.oprresult = 0 OR o1.oprcode = 0;
+
+-- Look for missing or unwanted operand types
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname
+FROM pg_operator as o1
+WHERE (o1.oprleft = 0 and o1.oprkind != 'l') OR
+    (o1.oprleft != 0 and o1.oprkind = 'l') OR
+    o1.oprright = 0;
+
+-- Look for conflicting operator definitions (same names and input datatypes).
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprcode, o2.oid, o2.oprcode
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_operator AS o2
+WHERE o1.oid != o2.oid AND
+    o1.oprname = o2.oprname AND
+    o1.oprkind = o2.oprkind AND
+    o1.oprleft = o2.oprleft AND
+    o1.oprright = o2.oprright;
+
+-- Look for commutative operators that don't commute.
+-- DEFINITIONAL NOTE: If A.oprcom = B, then x A y has the same result as y B x.
+-- We expect that B will always say that B.oprcom = A as well; that's not
+-- inherently essential, but it would be inefficient not to mark it so.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprcode, o2.oid, o2.oprcode
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_operator AS o2
+WHERE o1.oprcom = o2.oid AND
+    (o1.oprkind != 'b' OR
+     o1.oprleft != o2.oprright OR
+     o1.oprright != o2.oprleft OR
+     o1.oprresult != o2.oprresult OR
+     o1.oid != o2.oprcom);
+
+-- Look for negatory operators that don't agree.
+-- DEFINITIONAL NOTE: If A.oprnegate = B, then both A and B must yield
+-- boolean results, and (x A y) == ! (x B y), or the equivalent for
+-- single-operand operators.
+-- We expect that B will always say that B.oprnegate = A as well; that's not
+-- inherently essential, but it would be inefficient not to mark it so.
+-- Also, A and B had better not be the same operator.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprcode, o2.oid, o2.oprcode
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_operator AS o2
+WHERE o1.oprnegate = o2.oid AND
+    (o1.oprkind != o2.oprkind OR
+     o1.oprleft != o2.oprleft OR
+     o1.oprright != o2.oprright OR
+     o1.oprresult != 'bool'::regtype OR
+     o2.oprresult != 'bool'::regtype OR
+     o1.oid != o2.oprnegate OR
+     o1.oid = o2.oid);
+
+-- Make a list of the names of operators that are claimed to be commutator
+-- pairs.  This list will grow over time, but before accepting a new entry
+-- make sure you didn't link the wrong operators.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT o1.oprname AS op1, o2.oprname AS op2
+FROM pg_operator o1, pg_operator o2
+WHERE o1.oprcom = o2.oid AND o1.oprname <= o2.oprname
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+-- Likewise for negator pairs.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT o1.oprname AS op1, o2.oprname AS op2
+FROM pg_operator o1, pg_operator o2
+WHERE o1.oprnegate = o2.oid AND o1.oprname <= o2.oprname
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+-- A mergejoinable or hashjoinable operator must be binary, must return
+-- boolean, and must have a commutator (itself, unless it's a cross-type
+-- operator).
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname FROM pg_operator AS o1
+WHERE (o1.oprcanmerge OR o1.oprcanhash) AND NOT
+    (o1.oprkind = 'b' AND o1.oprresult = 'bool'::regtype AND o1.oprcom != 0);
+
+-- What's more, the commutator had better be mergejoinable/hashjoinable too.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, o2.oid, o2.oprname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_operator AS o2
+WHERE o1.oprcom = o2.oid AND
+    (o1.oprcanmerge != o2.oprcanmerge OR
+     o1.oprcanhash != o2.oprcanhash);
+
+-- Mergejoinable operators should appear as equality members of btree index
+-- opfamilies.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1
+WHERE o1.oprcanmerge AND NOT EXISTS
+  (SELECT 1 FROM pg_amop
+   WHERE amopmethod = (SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree') AND
+         amopopr = o1.oid AND amopstrategy = 3);
+
+-- And the converse.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, p.amopfamily
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_amop p
+WHERE amopopr = o1.oid
+  AND amopmethod = (SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree')
+  AND amopstrategy = 3
+  AND NOT o1.oprcanmerge;
+
+-- Hashable operators should appear as members of hash index opfamilies.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1
+WHERE o1.oprcanhash AND NOT EXISTS
+  (SELECT 1 FROM pg_amop
+   WHERE amopmethod = (SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'hash') AND
+         amopopr = o1.oid AND amopstrategy = 1);
+
+-- And the converse.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, p.amopfamily
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_amop p
+WHERE amopopr = o1.oid
+  AND amopmethod = (SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'hash')
+  AND NOT o1.oprcanhash;
+
+-- Check that each operator defined in pg_operator matches its oprcode entry
+-- in pg_proc.  Easiest to do this separately for each oprkind.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE o1.oprcode = p1.oid AND
+    o1.oprkind = 'b' AND
+    (p1.pronargs != 2
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(p1.prorettype, o1.oprresult)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(o1.oprleft, p1.proargtypes[0])
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(o1.oprright, p1.proargtypes[1]));
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE o1.oprcode = p1.oid AND
+    o1.oprkind = 'l' AND
+    (p1.pronargs != 1
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(p1.prorettype, o1.oprresult)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(o1.oprright, p1.proargtypes[0])
+     OR o1.oprleft != 0);
+
+-- If the operator is mergejoinable or hashjoinable, its underlying function
+-- should not be volatile.
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE o1.oprcode = p1.oid AND
+    (o1.oprcanmerge OR o1.oprcanhash) AND
+    p1.provolatile = 'v';
+
+-- If oprrest is set, the operator must return boolean,
+-- and it must link to a proc with the right signature
+-- to be a restriction selectivity estimator.
+-- The proc signature we want is: float8 proc(internal, oid, internal, int4)
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, p2.oid, p2.proname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE o1.oprrest = p2.oid AND
+    (o1.oprresult != 'bool'::regtype OR
+     p2.prorettype != 'float8'::regtype OR p2.proretset OR
+     p2.pronargs != 4 OR
+     p2.proargtypes[0] != 'internal'::regtype OR
+     p2.proargtypes[1] != 'oid'::regtype OR
+     p2.proargtypes[2] != 'internal'::regtype OR
+     p2.proargtypes[3] != 'int4'::regtype);
+
+-- If oprjoin is set, the operator must be a binary boolean op,
+-- and it must link to a proc with the right signature
+-- to be a join selectivity estimator.
+-- The proc signature we want is: float8 proc(internal, oid, internal, int2, internal)
+-- (Note: the old signature with only 4 args is still allowed, but no core
+-- estimator should be using it.)
+
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname, p2.oid, p2.proname
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE o1.oprjoin = p2.oid AND
+    (o1.oprkind != 'b' OR o1.oprresult != 'bool'::regtype OR
+     p2.prorettype != 'float8'::regtype OR p2.proretset OR
+     p2.pronargs != 5 OR
+     p2.proargtypes[0] != 'internal'::regtype OR
+     p2.proargtypes[1] != 'oid'::regtype OR
+     p2.proargtypes[2] != 'internal'::regtype OR
+     p2.proargtypes[3] != 'int2'::regtype OR
+     p2.proargtypes[4] != 'internal'::regtype);
+
+-- Insist that all built-in pg_operator entries have descriptions
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprname
+FROM pg_operator as o1 LEFT JOIN pg_description as d
+     ON o1.tableoid = d.classoid and o1.oid = d.objoid and d.objsubid = 0
+WHERE d.classoid IS NULL AND o1.oid <= 9999;
+
+-- Check that operators' underlying functions have suitable comments,
+-- namely 'implementation of XXX operator'.  (Note: it's not necessary to
+-- put such comments into pg_proc.dat; initdb will generate them as needed.)
+-- In some cases involving legacy names for operators, there are multiple
+-- operators referencing the same pg_proc entry, so ignore operators whose
+-- comments say they are deprecated.
+-- We also have a few functions that are both operator support and meant to
+-- be called directly; those should have comments matching their operator.
+WITH funcdescs AS (
+  SELECT p.oid as p_oid, proname, o.oid as o_oid,
+    pd.description as prodesc,
+    'implementation of ' || oprname || ' operator' as expecteddesc,
+    od.description as oprdesc
+  FROM pg_proc p JOIN pg_operator o ON oprcode = p.oid
+       LEFT JOIN pg_description pd ON
+         (pd.objoid = p.oid and pd.classoid = p.tableoid and pd.objsubid = 0)
+       LEFT JOIN pg_description od ON
+         (od.objoid = o.oid and od.classoid = o.tableoid and od.objsubid = 0)
+  WHERE o.oid <= 9999
+)
+SELECT * FROM funcdescs
+  WHERE prodesc IS DISTINCT FROM expecteddesc
+    AND oprdesc NOT LIKE 'deprecated%'
+    AND prodesc IS DISTINCT FROM oprdesc;
+
+-- Show all the operator-implementation functions that have their own
+-- comments.  This should happen only in cases where the function and
+-- operator syntaxes are both documented at the user level.
+-- This should be a pretty short list; it's mostly legacy cases.
+WITH funcdescs AS (
+  SELECT p.oid as p_oid, proname, o.oid as o_oid,
+    pd.description as prodesc,
+    'implementation of ' || oprname || ' operator' as expecteddesc,
+    od.description as oprdesc
+  FROM pg_proc p JOIN pg_operator o ON oprcode = p.oid
+       LEFT JOIN pg_description pd ON
+         (pd.objoid = p.oid and pd.classoid = p.tableoid and pd.objsubid = 0)
+       LEFT JOIN pg_description od ON
+         (od.objoid = o.oid and od.classoid = o.tableoid and od.objsubid = 0)
+  WHERE o.oid <= 9999
+)
+SELECT p_oid, proname, prodesc FROM funcdescs
+  WHERE prodesc IS DISTINCT FROM expecteddesc
+    AND oprdesc NOT LIKE 'deprecated%'
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- Operators that are commutator pairs should have identical volatility
+-- and leakproofness markings on their implementation functions.
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprcode, o2.oid, o2.oprcode
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_operator AS o2, pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE o1.oprcom = o2.oid AND p1.oid = o1.oprcode AND p2.oid = o2.oprcode AND
+    (p1.provolatile != p2.provolatile OR
+     p1.proleakproof != p2.proleakproof);
+
+-- Likewise for negator pairs.
+SELECT o1.oid, o1.oprcode, o2.oid, o2.oprcode
+FROM pg_operator AS o1, pg_operator AS o2, pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE o1.oprnegate = o2.oid AND p1.oid = o1.oprcode AND p2.oid = o2.oprcode AND
+    (p1.provolatile != p2.provolatile OR
+     p1.proleakproof != p2.proleakproof);
+
+-- Btree comparison operators' functions should have the same volatility
+-- and leakproofness markings as the associated comparison support function.
+SELECT pp.oid::regprocedure as proc, pp.provolatile as vp, pp.proleakproof as lp,
+       po.oid::regprocedure as opr, po.provolatile as vo, po.proleakproof as lo
+FROM pg_proc pp, pg_proc po, pg_operator o, pg_amproc ap, pg_amop ao
+WHERE pp.oid = ap.amproc AND po.oid = o.oprcode AND o.oid = ao.amopopr AND
+    ao.amopmethod = (SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree') AND
+    ao.amopfamily = ap.amprocfamily AND
+    ao.amoplefttype = ap.amproclefttype AND
+    ao.amoprighttype = ap.amprocrighttype AND
+    ap.amprocnum = 1 AND
+    (pp.provolatile != po.provolatile OR
+     pp.proleakproof != po.proleakproof)
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+
+-- **************** pg_aggregate ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_aggregate fields.
+
+SELECT ctid, aggfnoid::oid
+FROM pg_aggregate as a
+WHERE aggfnoid = 0 OR aggtransfn = 0 OR
+    aggkind NOT IN ('n', 'o', 'h') OR
+    aggnumdirectargs < 0 OR
+    (aggkind = 'n' AND aggnumdirectargs > 0) OR
+    aggfinalmodify NOT IN ('r', 's', 'w') OR
+    aggmfinalmodify NOT IN ('r', 's', 'w') OR
+    aggtranstype = 0 OR aggtransspace < 0 OR aggmtransspace < 0;
+
+-- Make sure the matching pg_proc entry is sensible, too.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate as a, pg_proc as p
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    (p.prokind != 'a' OR p.proretset OR p.pronargs < a.aggnumdirectargs);
+
+-- Make sure there are no prokind = PROKIND_AGGREGATE pg_proc entries without matches.
+
+SELECT oid, proname
+FROM pg_proc as p
+WHERE p.prokind = 'a' AND
+    NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_aggregate a WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid);
+
+-- If there is no finalfn then the output type must be the transtype.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate as a, pg_proc as p
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggfinalfn = 0 AND p.prorettype != a.aggtranstype;
+
+-- Cross-check transfn against its entry in pg_proc.
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, ptr.oid, ptr.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS ptr
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggtransfn = ptr.oid AND
+    (ptr.proretset
+     OR NOT (ptr.pronargs =
+             CASE WHEN a.aggkind = 'n' THEN p.pronargs + 1
+             ELSE greatest(p.pronargs - a.aggnumdirectargs, 1) + 1 END)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(ptr.prorettype, a.aggtranstype)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(a.aggtranstype, ptr.proargtypes[0])
+     OR (p.pronargs > 0 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[0], ptr.proargtypes[1]))
+     OR (p.pronargs > 1 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[1], ptr.proargtypes[2]))
+     OR (p.pronargs > 2 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[2], ptr.proargtypes[3]))
+     -- we could carry the check further, but 3 args is enough for now
+     OR (p.pronargs > 3)
+    );
+
+-- Cross-check finalfn (if present) against its entry in pg_proc.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, pfn.oid, pfn.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS pfn
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggfinalfn = pfn.oid AND
+    (pfn.proretset OR
+     NOT binary_coercible(pfn.prorettype, p.prorettype) OR
+     NOT binary_coercible(a.aggtranstype, pfn.proargtypes[0]) OR
+     CASE WHEN a.aggfinalextra THEN pfn.pronargs != p.pronargs + 1
+          ELSE pfn.pronargs != a.aggnumdirectargs + 1 END
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 1 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[0], pfn.proargtypes[1]))
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 2 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[1], pfn.proargtypes[2]))
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 3 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[2], pfn.proargtypes[3]))
+     -- we could carry the check further, but 4 args is enough for now
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 4)
+    );
+
+-- If transfn is strict then either initval should be non-NULL, or
+-- input type should match transtype so that the first non-null input
+-- can be assigned as the state value.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, ptr.oid, ptr.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS ptr
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggtransfn = ptr.oid AND ptr.proisstrict AND
+    a.agginitval IS NULL AND
+    NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[0], a.aggtranstype);
+
+-- Check for inconsistent specifications of moving-aggregate columns.
+
+SELECT ctid, aggfnoid::oid
+FROM pg_aggregate as a
+WHERE aggmtranstype != 0 AND
+    (aggmtransfn = 0 OR aggminvtransfn = 0);
+
+SELECT ctid, aggfnoid::oid
+FROM pg_aggregate as a
+WHERE aggmtranstype = 0 AND
+    (aggmtransfn != 0 OR aggminvtransfn != 0 OR aggmfinalfn != 0 OR
+     aggmtransspace != 0 OR aggminitval IS NOT NULL);
+
+-- If there is no mfinalfn then the output type must be the mtranstype.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate as a, pg_proc as p
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggmtransfn != 0 AND
+    a.aggmfinalfn = 0 AND p.prorettype != a.aggmtranstype;
+
+-- Cross-check mtransfn (if present) against its entry in pg_proc.
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, ptr.oid, ptr.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS ptr
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggmtransfn = ptr.oid AND
+    (ptr.proretset
+     OR NOT (ptr.pronargs =
+             CASE WHEN a.aggkind = 'n' THEN p.pronargs + 1
+             ELSE greatest(p.pronargs - a.aggnumdirectargs, 1) + 1 END)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(ptr.prorettype, a.aggmtranstype)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(a.aggmtranstype, ptr.proargtypes[0])
+     OR (p.pronargs > 0 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[0], ptr.proargtypes[1]))
+     OR (p.pronargs > 1 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[1], ptr.proargtypes[2]))
+     OR (p.pronargs > 2 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[2], ptr.proargtypes[3]))
+     -- we could carry the check further, but 3 args is enough for now
+     OR (p.pronargs > 3)
+    );
+
+-- Cross-check minvtransfn (if present) against its entry in pg_proc.
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, ptr.oid, ptr.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS ptr
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggminvtransfn = ptr.oid AND
+    (ptr.proretset
+     OR NOT (ptr.pronargs =
+             CASE WHEN a.aggkind = 'n' THEN p.pronargs + 1
+             ELSE greatest(p.pronargs - a.aggnumdirectargs, 1) + 1 END)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(ptr.prorettype, a.aggmtranstype)
+     OR NOT binary_coercible(a.aggmtranstype, ptr.proargtypes[0])
+     OR (p.pronargs > 0 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[0], ptr.proargtypes[1]))
+     OR (p.pronargs > 1 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[1], ptr.proargtypes[2]))
+     OR (p.pronargs > 2 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[2], ptr.proargtypes[3]))
+     -- we could carry the check further, but 3 args is enough for now
+     OR (p.pronargs > 3)
+    );
+
+-- Cross-check mfinalfn (if present) against its entry in pg_proc.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, pfn.oid, pfn.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS pfn
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggmfinalfn = pfn.oid AND
+    (pfn.proretset OR
+     NOT binary_coercible(pfn.prorettype, p.prorettype) OR
+     NOT binary_coercible(a.aggmtranstype, pfn.proargtypes[0]) OR
+     CASE WHEN a.aggmfinalextra THEN pfn.pronargs != p.pronargs + 1
+          ELSE pfn.pronargs != a.aggnumdirectargs + 1 END
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 1 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[0], pfn.proargtypes[1]))
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 2 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[1], pfn.proargtypes[2]))
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 3 AND
+         NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[2], pfn.proargtypes[3]))
+     -- we could carry the check further, but 4 args is enough for now
+     OR (pfn.pronargs > 4)
+    );
+
+-- If mtransfn is strict then either minitval should be non-NULL, or
+-- input type should match mtranstype so that the first non-null input
+-- can be assigned as the state value.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, ptr.oid, ptr.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS ptr
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggmtransfn = ptr.oid AND ptr.proisstrict AND
+    a.aggminitval IS NULL AND
+    NOT binary_coercible(p.proargtypes[0], a.aggmtranstype);
+
+-- mtransfn and minvtransfn should have same strictness setting.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, p.proname, ptr.oid, ptr.proname, iptr.oid, iptr.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p, pg_proc AS ptr, pg_proc AS iptr
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND
+    a.aggmtransfn = ptr.oid AND
+    a.aggminvtransfn = iptr.oid AND
+    ptr.proisstrict != iptr.proisstrict;
+
+-- Check that all combine functions have signature
+-- combine(transtype, transtype) returns transtype
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid, p.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate as a, pg_proc as p
+WHERE a.aggcombinefn = p.oid AND
+    (p.pronargs != 2 OR
+     p.prorettype != p.proargtypes[0] OR
+     p.prorettype != p.proargtypes[1] OR
+     NOT binary_coercible(a.aggtranstype, p.proargtypes[0]));
+
+-- Check that no combine function for an INTERNAL transtype is strict.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid, p.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate as a, pg_proc as p
+WHERE a.aggcombinefn = p.oid AND
+    a.aggtranstype = 'internal'::regtype AND p.proisstrict;
+
+-- serialize/deserialize functions should be specified only for aggregates
+-- with transtype internal and a combine function, and we should have both
+-- or neither of them.
+
+SELECT aggfnoid, aggtranstype, aggserialfn, aggdeserialfn
+FROM pg_aggregate
+WHERE (aggserialfn != 0 OR aggdeserialfn != 0)
+  AND (aggtranstype != 'internal'::regtype OR aggcombinefn = 0 OR
+       aggserialfn = 0 OR aggdeserialfn = 0);
+
+-- Check that all serialization functions have signature
+-- serialize(internal) returns bytea
+-- Also insist that they be strict; it's wasteful to run them on NULLs.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid, p.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate as a, pg_proc as p
+WHERE a.aggserialfn = p.oid AND
+    (p.prorettype != 'bytea'::regtype OR p.pronargs != 1 OR
+     p.proargtypes[0] != 'internal'::regtype OR
+     NOT p.proisstrict);
+
+-- Check that all deserialization functions have signature
+-- deserialize(bytea, internal) returns internal
+-- Also insist that they be strict; it's wasteful to run them on NULLs.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid, p.proname
+FROM pg_aggregate as a, pg_proc as p
+WHERE a.aggdeserialfn = p.oid AND
+    (p.prorettype != 'internal'::regtype OR p.pronargs != 2 OR
+     p.proargtypes[0] != 'bytea'::regtype OR
+     p.proargtypes[1] != 'internal'::regtype OR
+     NOT p.proisstrict);
+
+-- Check that aggregates which have the same transition function also have
+-- the same combine, serialization, and deserialization functions.
+-- While that isn't strictly necessary, it's fishy if they don't.
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid, a.aggcombinefn, a.aggserialfn, a.aggdeserialfn,
+       b.aggfnoid, b.aggcombinefn, b.aggserialfn, b.aggdeserialfn
+FROM
+    pg_aggregate a, pg_aggregate b
+WHERE
+    a.aggfnoid < b.aggfnoid AND a.aggtransfn = b.aggtransfn AND
+    (a.aggcombinefn != b.aggcombinefn OR a.aggserialfn != b.aggserialfn
+     OR a.aggdeserialfn != b.aggdeserialfn);
+
+-- Cross-check aggsortop (if present) against pg_operator.
+-- We expect to find entries for bool_and, bool_or, every, max, and min.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT proname, oprname
+FROM pg_operator AS o, pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND a.aggsortop = o.oid
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+-- Check datatypes match
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, o.oid
+FROM pg_operator AS o, pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND a.aggsortop = o.oid AND
+    (oprkind != 'b' OR oprresult != 'boolean'::regtype
+     OR oprleft != p.proargtypes[0] OR oprright != p.proargtypes[0]);
+
+-- Check operator is a suitable btree opfamily member
+
+SELECT a.aggfnoid::oid, o.oid
+FROM pg_operator AS o, pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND a.aggsortop = o.oid AND
+    NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM pg_amop
+               WHERE amopmethod = (SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree')
+                     AND amopopr = o.oid
+                     AND amoplefttype = o.oprleft
+                     AND amoprighttype = o.oprright);
+
+-- Check correspondence of btree strategies and names
+
+SELECT DISTINCT proname, oprname, amopstrategy
+FROM pg_operator AS o, pg_aggregate AS a, pg_proc AS p,
+     pg_amop as ao
+WHERE a.aggfnoid = p.oid AND a.aggsortop = o.oid AND
+    amopopr = o.oid AND
+    amopmethod = (SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree')
+ORDER BY 1, 2;
+
+-- Check that there are not aggregates with the same name and different
+-- numbers of arguments.  While not technically wrong, we have a project policy
+-- to avoid this because it opens the door for confusion in connection with
+-- ORDER BY: novices frequently put the ORDER BY in the wrong place.
+-- See the fate of the single-argument form of string_agg() for history.
+-- (Note: we don't forbid users from creating such aggregates; the policy is
+-- just to think twice before creating built-in aggregates like this.)
+-- The only aggregates that should show up here are count(x) and count(*).
+
+SELECT p1.oid::regprocedure, p2.oid::regprocedure
+FROM pg_proc AS p1, pg_proc AS p2
+WHERE p1.oid < p2.oid AND p1.proname = p2.proname AND
+    p1.prokind = 'a' AND p2.prokind = 'a' AND
+    array_dims(p1.proargtypes) != array_dims(p2.proargtypes)
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- For the same reason, built-in aggregates with default arguments are no good.
+
+SELECT oid, proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p
+WHERE prokind = 'a' AND proargdefaults IS NOT NULL;
+
+-- For the same reason, we avoid creating built-in variadic aggregates, except
+-- that variadic ordered-set aggregates are OK (since they have special syntax
+-- that is not subject to the misplaced ORDER BY issue).
+
+SELECT p.oid, proname
+FROM pg_proc AS p JOIN pg_aggregate AS a ON a.aggfnoid = p.oid
+WHERE prokind = 'a' AND provariadic != 0 AND a.aggkind = 'n';
+
+
+-- **************** pg_opfamily ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_opfamily fields
+
+SELECT f.oid
+FROM pg_opfamily as f
+WHERE f.opfmethod = 0 OR f.opfnamespace = 0;
+
+-- Look for opfamilies having no opclasses.  While most validation of
+-- opfamilies is now handled by AM-specific amvalidate functions, that's
+-- driven from pg_opclass entries below, so an empty opfamily would not
+-- get noticed.
+
+SELECT oid, opfname FROM pg_opfamily f
+WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_opclass WHERE opcfamily = f.oid);
+
+
+-- **************** pg_opclass ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_opclass fields
+
+SELECT c1.oid
+FROM pg_opclass AS c1
+WHERE c1.opcmethod = 0 OR c1.opcnamespace = 0 OR c1.opcfamily = 0
+    OR c1.opcintype = 0;
+
+-- opcmethod must match owning opfamily's opfmethod
+
+SELECT c1.oid, f1.oid
+FROM pg_opclass AS c1, pg_opfamily AS f1
+WHERE c1.opcfamily = f1.oid AND c1.opcmethod != f1.opfmethod;
+
+-- There should not be multiple entries in pg_opclass with opcdefault true
+-- and the same opcmethod/opcintype combination.
+
+SELECT c1.oid, c2.oid
+FROM pg_opclass AS c1, pg_opclass AS c2
+WHERE c1.oid != c2.oid AND
+    c1.opcmethod = c2.opcmethod AND c1.opcintype = c2.opcintype AND
+    c1.opcdefault AND c2.opcdefault;
+
+-- Ask access methods to validate opclasses
+-- (this replaces a lot of SQL-level checks that used to be done in this file)
+
+SELECT oid, opcname FROM pg_opclass WHERE NOT amvalidate(oid);
+
+
+-- **************** pg_am ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_am fields
+
+SELECT a1.oid, a1.amname
+FROM pg_am AS a1
+WHERE a1.amhandler = 0;
+
+-- Check for index amhandler functions with the wrong signature
+
+SELECT a1.oid, a1.amname, p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_am AS a1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE p1.oid = a1.amhandler AND a1.amtype = 'i' AND
+    (p1.prorettype != 'index_am_handler'::regtype
+     OR p1.proretset
+     OR p1.pronargs != 1
+     OR p1.proargtypes[0] != 'internal'::regtype);
+
+-- Check for table amhandler functions with the wrong signature
+
+SELECT a1.oid, a1.amname, p1.oid, p1.proname
+FROM pg_am AS a1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE p1.oid = a1.amhandler AND a1.amtype = 's' AND
+    (p1.prorettype != 'table_am_handler'::regtype
+     OR p1.proretset
+     OR p1.pronargs != 1
+     OR p1.proargtypes[0] != 'internal'::regtype);
+
+-- **************** pg_amop ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_amop fields
+
+SELECT a1.amopfamily, a1.amopstrategy
+FROM pg_amop as a1
+WHERE a1.amopfamily = 0 OR a1.amoplefttype = 0 OR a1.amoprighttype = 0
+    OR a1.amopopr = 0 OR a1.amopmethod = 0 OR a1.amopstrategy < 1;
+
+SELECT a1.amopfamily, a1.amopstrategy
+FROM pg_amop as a1
+WHERE NOT ((a1.amoppurpose = 's' AND a1.amopsortfamily = 0) OR
+           (a1.amoppurpose = 'o' AND a1.amopsortfamily <> 0));
+
+-- amopmethod must match owning opfamily's opfmethod
+
+SELECT a1.oid, f1.oid
+FROM pg_amop AS a1, pg_opfamily AS f1
+WHERE a1.amopfamily = f1.oid AND a1.amopmethod != f1.opfmethod;
+
+-- Make a list of all the distinct operator names being used in particular
+-- strategy slots.  This is a bit hokey, since the list might need to change
+-- in future releases, but it's an effective way of spotting mistakes such as
+-- swapping two operators within a family.
+
+SELECT DISTINCT amopmethod, amopstrategy, oprname
+FROM pg_amop a1 LEFT JOIN pg_operator o1 ON amopopr = o1.oid
+ORDER BY 1, 2, 3;
+
+-- Check that all opclass search operators have selectivity estimators.
+-- This is not absolutely required, but it seems a reasonable thing
+-- to insist on for all standard datatypes.
+
+SELECT a1.amopfamily, a1.amopopr, o1.oid, o1.oprname
+FROM pg_amop AS a1, pg_operator AS o1
+WHERE a1.amopopr = o1.oid AND a1.amoppurpose = 's' AND
+    (o1.oprrest = 0 OR o1.oprjoin = 0);
+
+-- Check that each opclass in an opfamily has associated operators, that is
+-- ones whose oprleft matches opcintype (possibly by coercion).
+
+SELECT c1.opcname, c1.opcfamily
+FROM pg_opclass AS c1
+WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM pg_amop AS a1
+                 WHERE a1.amopfamily = c1.opcfamily
+                   AND binary_coercible(c1.opcintype, a1.amoplefttype));
+
+-- Check that each operator listed in pg_amop has an associated opclass,
+-- that is one whose opcintype matches oprleft (possibly by coercion).
+-- Otherwise the operator is useless because it cannot be matched to an index.
+-- (In principle it could be useful to list such operators in multiple-datatype
+-- btree opfamilies, but in practice you'd expect there to be an opclass for
+-- every datatype the family knows about.)
+
+SELECT a1.amopfamily, a1.amopstrategy, a1.amopopr
+FROM pg_amop AS a1
+WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM pg_opclass AS c1
+                 WHERE c1.opcfamily = a1.amopfamily
+                   AND binary_coercible(c1.opcintype, a1.amoplefttype));
+
+-- Operators that are primary members of opclasses must be immutable (else
+-- it suggests that the index ordering isn't fixed).  Operators that are
+-- cross-type members need only be stable, since they are just shorthands
+-- for index probe queries.
+
+SELECT a1.amopfamily, a1.amopopr, o1.oprname, p1.prosrc
+FROM pg_amop AS a1, pg_operator AS o1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE a1.amopopr = o1.oid AND o1.oprcode = p1.oid AND
+    a1.amoplefttype = a1.amoprighttype AND
+    p1.provolatile != 'i';
+
+SELECT a1.amopfamily, a1.amopopr, o1.oprname, p1.prosrc
+FROM pg_amop AS a1, pg_operator AS o1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE a1.amopopr = o1.oid AND o1.oprcode = p1.oid AND
+    a1.amoplefttype != a1.amoprighttype AND
+    p1.provolatile = 'v';
+
+
+-- **************** pg_amproc ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_amproc fields
+
+SELECT a1.amprocfamily, a1.amprocnum
+FROM pg_amproc as a1
+WHERE a1.amprocfamily = 0 OR a1.amproclefttype = 0 OR a1.amprocrighttype = 0
+    OR a1.amprocnum < 0 OR a1.amproc = 0;
+
+-- Support routines that are primary members of opfamilies must be immutable
+-- (else it suggests that the index ordering isn't fixed).  But cross-type
+-- members need only be stable, since they are just shorthands
+-- for index probe queries.
+
+SELECT a1.amprocfamily, a1.amproc, p1.prosrc
+FROM pg_amproc AS a1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE a1.amproc = p1.oid AND
+    a1.amproclefttype = a1.amprocrighttype AND
+    p1.provolatile != 'i';
+
+SELECT a1.amprocfamily, a1.amproc, p1.prosrc
+FROM pg_amproc AS a1, pg_proc AS p1
+WHERE a1.amproc = p1.oid AND
+    a1.amproclefttype != a1.amprocrighttype AND
+    p1.provolatile = 'v';
+
+-- Almost all of the core distribution's Btree opclasses can use one of the
+-- two generic "equalimage" functions as their support function 4.  Look for
+-- opclasses that don't allow deduplication unconditionally here.
+--
+-- Newly added Btree opclasses don't have to support deduplication.  It will
+-- usually be trivial to add support, though.  Note that the expected output
+-- of this part of the test will need to be updated when a new opclass cannot
+-- support deduplication (by using btequalimage).
+SELECT amp.amproc::regproc AS proc, opf.opfname AS opfamily_name,
+       opc.opcname AS opclass_name, opc.opcintype::regtype AS opcintype
+FROM pg_am AS am
+JOIN pg_opclass AS opc ON opc.opcmethod = am.oid
+JOIN pg_opfamily AS opf ON opc.opcfamily = opf.oid
+LEFT JOIN pg_amproc AS amp ON amp.amprocfamily = opf.oid AND
+    amp.amproclefttype = opc.opcintype AND amp.amprocnum = 4
+WHERE am.amname = 'btree' AND
+    amp.amproc IS DISTINCT FROM 'btequalimage'::regproc
+ORDER BY 1, 2, 3;
+
+-- **************** pg_index ****************
+
+-- Look for illegal values in pg_index fields.
+
+SELECT indexrelid, indrelid
+FROM pg_index
+WHERE indexrelid = 0 OR indrelid = 0 OR
+      indnatts <= 0 OR indnatts > 32;
+
+-- oidvector and int2vector fields should be of length indnatts.
+
+SELECT indexrelid, indrelid
+FROM pg_index
+WHERE array_lower(indkey, 1) != 0 OR array_upper(indkey, 1) != indnatts-1 OR
+    array_lower(indclass, 1) != 0 OR array_upper(indclass, 1) != indnatts-1 OR
+    array_lower(indcollation, 1) != 0 OR array_upper(indcollation, 1) != indnatts-1 OR
+    array_lower(indoption, 1) != 0 OR array_upper(indoption, 1) != indnatts-1;
+
+-- Check that opclasses and collations match the underlying columns.
+-- (As written, this test ignores expression indexes.)
+
+SELECT indexrelid::regclass, indrelid::regclass, attname, atttypid::regtype, opcname
+FROM (SELECT indexrelid, indrelid, unnest(indkey) as ikey,
+             unnest(indclass) as iclass, unnest(indcollation) as icoll
+      FROM pg_index) ss,
+      pg_attribute a,
+      pg_opclass opc
+WHERE a.attrelid = indrelid AND a.attnum = ikey AND opc.oid = iclass AND
+      (NOT binary_coercible(atttypid, opcintype) OR icoll != attcollation);
+
+-- For system catalogs, be even tighter: nearly all indexes should be
+-- exact type matches not binary-coercible matches.  At this writing
+-- the only exception is an OID index on a regproc column.
+
+SELECT indexrelid::regclass, indrelid::regclass, attname, atttypid::regtype, opcname
+FROM (SELECT indexrelid, indrelid, unnest(indkey) as ikey,
+             unnest(indclass) as iclass, unnest(indcollation) as icoll
+      FROM pg_index
+      WHERE indrelid < 16384) ss,
+      pg_attribute a,
+      pg_opclass opc
+WHERE a.attrelid = indrelid AND a.attnum = ikey AND opc.oid = iclass AND
+      (opcintype != atttypid OR icoll != attcollation)
+ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- Check for system catalogs with collation-sensitive ordering.  This is not
+-- a representational error in pg_index, but simply wrong catalog design.
+-- It's bad because we expect to be able to clone template0 and assign the
+-- copy a different database collation.  It would especially not work for
+-- shared catalogs.
+
+SELECT relname, attname, attcollation
+FROM pg_class c, pg_attribute a
+WHERE c.oid = attrelid AND c.oid < 16384 AND
+    c.relkind != 'v' AND  -- we don't care about columns in views
+    attcollation != 0 AND
+    attcollation != (SELECT oid FROM pg_collation WHERE collname = 'C');
+
+-- Double-check that collation-sensitive indexes have "C" collation, too.
+
+SELECT indexrelid::regclass, indrelid::regclass, iclass, icoll
+FROM (SELECT indexrelid, indrelid,
+             unnest(indclass) as iclass, unnest(indcollation) as icoll
+      FROM pg_index
+      WHERE indrelid < 16384) ss
+WHERE icoll != 0 AND
+    icoll != (SELECT oid FROM pg_collation WHERE collname = 'C');